Sec. 20-671. Registration of homemaker-companion agencies required.
Sec. 20-672. Application for registration. Fees. Failure to register.
Sec. 20-673. Certificate of registration; issuance or denial; suspension; revocation.
Sec. 20-674. Hearing on denial of certificate. Subsequent application.
Sec. 20-675. Disciplinary actions against homemaker-companion agency. Grounds. Notice and hearing.
Sec. 20-676. Inspection of records and investigations. Powers of commissioner. Injunctions.
Sec. 20-679a. Written notice requirements for registries.
Sec. 20-679b. Client cancellation of contract or service plan.
Sec. 20-680. Regulations. Report.
Sec. 20-683. Prohibition on “no hire” clauses, penalties in contracts.
Secs. 20-684 to 20-690. Reserved
Sec. 20-670. Definitions. As used in sections 20-670 to 20-682, inclusive:
(1) “Certificate” means a certificate of registration issued under section 20-672.
(2) “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Consumer Protection or any person designated by the commissioner to administer and enforce the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-682, inclusive.
(3) “Companion services” means nonmedical, basic supervision services to ensure the safety and well-being of a person in the person's home.
(4) “Covenant not to compete” means any agreement or contract that restricts the right of an individual to provide companion services, home health services or homemaker services (A) in any geographic area of the state for any period of time, or (B) to a specific individual.
(5) “Comprehensive background check” means a background investigation of a prospective employee performed by a homemaker-companion agency, that includes (A) a review of any application materials prepared or requested by the homemaker-companion agency and completed by the prospective employee, (B) an in-person or video-conference interview of the prospective employee, (C) verification of the prospective employee's Social Security number, (D) if the prospective employee has applied for a position within the homemaker-companion agency that requires licensure on the part of such prospective employee, verification that the required license is in good standing, (E) a check of the registry established and maintained pursuant to section 54-257, (F) a local and national criminal background check of criminal matters of public record based on the prospective employee's name and date of birth that includes a search of a multistate and multijurisdiction criminal record locator or other similar commercial nationwide database with validation, and a search of the United States Department of Justice National Sex Offender Public Website, conducted by a third-party consumer reporting agency or background screening company that is accredited by the Professional Background Screening Association and in compliance with the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act, (G) if the prospective employee has resided in this state for less than three years prior to the date of such prospective employee's application with the homemaker-companion agency, a review of criminal conviction information from the state or states where such prospective employee resided during such three-year period, and (H) a review of any other information that the homemaker-companion agency deems necessary in order to evaluate the suitability of the prospective employee for the position.
(6) “Employee” means any person employed by, or who enters into a contract to perform services for, a homemaker-companion agency, including, but not limited to, pool employees, temporary employees and persons the homemaker-companion agency treats as independent contractors.
(7) (A) “Homemaker-companion agency” means any (i) public or private organization that employs one or more persons and is engaged in the business of providing companion services or homemaker services, or (ii) registry.
(B) “Homemaker-companion agency” does not include (i) a home health care agency, as defined in subsection (d) of section 19a-490, or (ii) a home health aide agency, as defined in subsection (e) of section 19a-490.
(8) “Homemaker services” means nonmedical and supportive services, including assistance with cooking, household cleaning, laundry, personal hygiene and other household chores, that ensure a healthy and safe environment for a person in the person's home.
(9) “Immediate family member” means a child by adoption, blood or marriage or a grandchild, grandparent, parent, sibling or spouse.
(10) “Registry” means any person or entity engaged in the business of supplying or referring an individual to, or placing an individual with, a consumer for the purpose of enabling the individual to provide to the consumer companion services or homemaker services, provided such individual is (A) directly compensated, in whole or in part, by the consumer, or (B) considered, referred to or treated by such person or entity as an independent contractor.
(11) “Service plan” means a written document, provided by a homemaker-companion agency to a person utilizing companion services or homemaker services provided by such agency, that specifies the anticipated duration, frequency, scope and type of the companion services or homemaker services that are to be provided by such agency for the benefit of such person.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 52; P.A. 11-230, S. 1; 11-242, S. 91; P.A. 19-97, S. 11; P.A. 21-37, S. 19; P.A. 22-104, S. 44.)
History: P.A. 11-230 redefined “employee” in Subdiv. (4), added new Subdiv. (7) defining “registry”, redesignated existing Subdiv. (7) as Subdiv. (8) and made a technical change, effective January 1, 2012; P.A. 11-242 redefined “employee” in Subdiv. (4), added new Subdiv. (5) defining “comprehensive background check”, redesignated existing Subdivs. (5) and (6) as Subdivs. (6) and (7), redefined “homemaker-companion agency” in said Subdiv. (7), added new Subdiv. (8) defining “registry” and redesignated existing Subdiv. (7) as Subdiv. (9), effective January 1, 2012; P.A. 19-97 amended Subdiv. (7) by replacing “homemaker-home health aide agency” with “home health aide agency”, effective July 1, 2019; P.A. 21-37 redefined “comprehensive background check” in Subdiv. (5), effective January 1, 2022; P.A. 22-104 substituted references to Sec. 20-682 for references to Sec. 20-681, redesignated existing Subdiv. (4) as new Subdiv. (6), added new Subdiv. (4) defining “covenant not to compete”, redesignated former Subdiv. (6) as new Subdiv. (8), divided existing provisions in Subdiv. (7) into Subparas., added new Subdiv. (9) defining “immediate family member”, redesignated existing Subdivs. (8) and (9) as Subdivs. (10) and (11), and made technical and conforming changes, effective May 24, 2022.
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Sec. 20-671. Registration of homemaker-companion agencies required. No person acting individually or jointly with any other person shall establish, conduct, operate or maintain a homemaker-companion agency in this state without first obtaining a certificate of registration from the Commissioner of Consumer Protection pursuant to section 20-672.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 53.)
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Sec. 20-672. Application for registration. Fees. Failure to register. (a) Any person seeking a certificate of registration as a homemaker-companion agency shall apply to the Commissioner of Consumer Protection, in writing, on a form provided by the commissioner. The application shall include the applicant's name, residence address, business address, business telephone number and such other information as the commissioner may require. An applicant shall also be required to submit to state and national criminal history records checks in accordance with section 29-17a and to certify under oath to the commissioner that: (1) Such agency complies with the requirements of section 20-678 concerning employee comprehensive background checks, (2) such agency provides all persons receiving homemaker or companion services with a written individualized contract or service plan that specifically identifies the anticipated scope, type, frequency and duration of homemaker or companion services provided by the agency to the person, (3) such agency maintains a surety bond or an insurance policy in an amount of not less than ten thousand dollars coverage, which coverage shall include theft by an employee of such agency from a person for whom homemaker or companion services are provided by the agency, and (4) all records maintained by such agency shall be open, at all reasonable hours, for inspection, copying or audit by the commissioner.
(b) Each application for a certificate of registration as a homemaker-companion agency shall be accompanied by a fee of three hundred seventy-five dollars.
(c) Upon the failure by a homemaker-companion agency to comply with the registration provisions of this section, the Attorney General, at the request of the Commissioner of Consumer Protection, is authorized to apply in the name of the state of Connecticut to the Superior Court for an order temporarily or permanently restraining and enjoining a homemaker-companion agency from continuing to do business in the state.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 54; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 276; P.A. 11-242, S. 92; P.A. 17-77, S. 11; P.A. 21-37, S. 20.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subsec. (b) to increase fee; P.A. 11-242 amended Subsec. (a) by requiring an applicant to submit to state and national criminal history records checks in accordance with Sec. 29-17a, effective January 1, 2012; P.A. 17-77 amended Subsec. (a)(3) to add provision re surety bond of not less than $10,000 to include theft by employee, effective July 1, 2017; P.A. 21-37 amended Subsec. (a)(3) by adding reference to an insurance policy and amended Subsec. (b) by making a technical change, effective June 4, 2021.
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Sec. 20-673. Certificate of registration; issuance or denial; suspension; revocation. Upon receipt of a completed application and fee, the Commissioner of Consumer Protection shall issue and deliver to the applicant a certificate to engage in the business for which the application was made; or refuse to issue the certificate. The commissioner may suspend, revoke or refuse to issue or renew any certificate issued under sections 20-670 to 20-680, inclusive, or may place a registrant on probation or issue a letter of reprimand. No application for the reinstatement of a certificate which has been revoked shall be accepted by the commissioner within one year after the date of such revocation.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 55.)
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Sec. 20-674. Hearing on denial of certificate. Subsequent application. (a) Upon refusal to issue or renew a certificate, the Commissioner of Consumer Protection shall notify the applicant of the denial and of the applicant's right to request a hearing not later than ten days after the date of receipt of the notice of denial.
(b) If the applicant requests a hearing within such ten days, the commissioner shall give notice of the grounds for the commissioner's refusal and shall conduct a hearing concerning such refusal in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54 concerning contested cases.
(c) If the commissioner's denial of a certificate is sustained after such hearing, an applicant may make new application not less than one year after the date on which such denial was sustained.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 56.)
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Sec. 20-675. Disciplinary actions against homemaker-companion agency. Grounds. Notice and hearing. (a) The Commissioner of Consumer Protection may revoke, suspend or refuse to issue or renew any certificate of registration as a homemaker-companion agency or place an agency on probation or issue a letter of reprimand for: (1) Conduct by the agency, or by an employee of the agency while in the course of employment, of a character likely to mislead, deceive or defraud the public or the commissioner; (2) engaging in any untruthful or misleading advertising; (3) failure of such agency that acts as a registry to comply with the notice requirements of section 20-679a; or (4) failing to perform a comprehensive background check of a prospective employee or maintain a copy of materials obtained during a comprehensive background check, as required by section 20-678.
(b) The commissioner shall not revoke or suspend any certificate of registration except upon notice and hearing in accordance with chapter 54.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 58; P.A. 11-230, S. 2; 11-242, S. 93.)
History: P.A. 11-230 amended Subsec. (a) by adding Subdiv. (3) re failure of agency that acts as registry to comply with notice requirements of Sec. 20-679a, effective January 1, 2012; P.A. 11-242 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provision, codified by the Revisors as Subdiv. (4), re failure to conduct or maintain copy of comprehensive background check, effective January 1, 2012.
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Sec. 20-676. Inspection of records and investigations. Powers of commissioner. Injunctions. (a) The Commissioner of Consumer Protection, at all reasonable hours, may inspect, copy or audit all records maintained by such agency. The commissioner may conduct investigations and hold hearings on any matter under the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-680, inclusive. The commissioner may issue subpoenas, administer oaths, compel testimony and order the production of books, records and documents. If any person refuses to appear, to testify or to produce any book, record, paper or document when so ordered, upon application of the commissioner, a judge of the Superior Court may make such order as may be appropriate to aid in the enforcement of this section.
(b) The Attorney General, at the request of the commissioner, is authorized to apply in the name of the state of Connecticut to the Superior Court for an order temporarily or permanently restraining and enjoining any person from violating any provision of sections 20-670 to 20-680, inclusive.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 57.)
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Sec. 20-677. Display and advertisement of certificate of registration. Prohibitions. Penalties. Expiration. Renewal. (a) Each person obtaining a homemaker-companion agency certificate of registration shall: (1) Exhibit the agency's certificate of registration upon request by any interested party, (2) state in any advertisement the fact that the agency is registered, and (3) include the agency's registration number in any advertisement.
(b) No person shall: (1) Present or attempt to present, as such person's own, the certificate of another, (2) knowingly give false evidence of a material nature to the Commissioner of Consumer Protection for the purpose of procuring a certificate, (3) represent himself or herself falsely as, or impersonate, a registered homemaker-companion agency, (4) use or attempt to use a certificate which has expired or which has been suspended or revoked, (5) offer or provide homemaker or companion services without having a current certificate of registration under the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-680, inclusive, or (6) represent in any manner that such person's registration constitutes an endorsement by the commissioner of the quality of services provided by such person.
(c) In addition to any other remedy provided for in sections 20-670 to 20-676, inclusive, any person who violates any provision of subsection (b) of this section shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.
(d) Certificates issued to a homemaker-companion agency shall not be transferable or assignable.
(e) All certificates issued under the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-680, inclusive, shall expire annually. The fee for renewal of a certificate shall be the same as the fee charged for an original application pursuant to section 20-672. Fees collected pursuant to the issuance of a certificate or renewal of a certificate shall be deposited in the General Fund.
(f) Failure to receive a notice of expiration of registration or a renewal application shall not exempt a homemaker-companion agency from the obligation to renew.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 59; P.A. 08-17, S. 1; P.A. 10-32, S. 78.)
History: P.A. 08-17 amended Subsec. (b)(5) by replacing “to” with “or” to prohibit any person from offering or providing homemaker or companion services without a certificate of registration; P.A. 10-32 made a technical change in Subsec. (c), effective May 10, 2010.
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Sec. 20-678. Prospective employees required to submit to comprehensive background check. Restrictions on offers of employment or contracts. Written statements re prior criminal convictions or disciplinary action. Federal form required. Maintenance and inspection of records. (a) Each homemaker-companion agency, prior to extending an offer of employment or entering into a contract with a prospective employee who may provide companion services or homemaker services, shall require such prospective employee to submit to a comprehensive background check. No homemaker-companion agency shall extend an offer of employment or enter into a contract with a prospective employee (1) whose name appears on the list of excluded individuals or entities posted in the federal online database maintained by the United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General for a conviction that has occurred during the preceding five years, or (2) who, during the preceding five years, has been: (A) Convicted or released from incarceration for a criminal offense related to the delivery of an item or service under any state health care program, as defined in 42 USC 1320a-7(h); (B) under federal or state law, convicted or released from incarceration for a criminal offense relating to neglect or abuse of patients in connection with the delivery of a health care item or service; (C) convicted or released from incarceration for a felony relating to fraud, theft, embezzlement, breach of fiduciary responsibility or other financial misconduct, in connection with the delivery of a health care item or service or with respect to any act or omission in a health care program operated by or financed, in whole or in part, by any federal, state or local government agency; (D) under federal or state law, convicted or released from incarceration for a felony relating to the unlawful manufacture, distribution, prescription or dispensing of a controlled substance; or (E) subject to a substantiated finding of neglect, abuse, physical harm or misappropriation of property, the value of which exceeds two thousand dollars, by the administrative proceeding of a state or federal agency.
(b) Each homemaker-companion agency shall require that a prospective employee complete and sign a form which contains questions as to whether the prospective employee was convicted of a crime involving violence or dishonesty in a state court or federal court in any state; or was subject to any decision imposing disciplinary action by a licensing agency in any state, the District of Columbia, a United States possession or territory or a foreign jurisdiction. Any prospective employee who makes a false written statement regarding such prior criminal convictions or disciplinary action shall be guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
(c) Each homemaker-companion agency shall require any employee, after accepting an offer of employment or execution of a contract with such agency to perform services for such agency, to submit a completed and verified United States Citizenship and Immigration Services Form I-9 to the homemaker-companion agency.
(d) Each homemaker-companion agency shall maintain a paper or electronic copy of any materials obtained during the comprehensive background check and shall make such records available for inspection upon request of the Department of Consumer Protection. Each homemaker-companion agency shall notify, in writing, all individuals receiving services of the agency's comprehensive background check policy and cite to the provisions of this section.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 60; P.A. 11-242, S. 94; P.A. 13-88, S. 1; P.A. 21-37, S. 21.)
History: P.A. 11-242 added provisions requiring prospective employees to submit to a comprehensive background check and sign a form re past criminal convictions and disciplinary action by licensing agencies, deleted provisions re employees hired on or after October 1, 2006, and added provision requiring homemaker-companion agencies to maintain background check records and make such records available for inspection by Department of Consumer Protection, effective January 1, 2012; P.A. 13-88 made no changes, effective January 1, 2014; P.A. 21-37 designated existing provisions as Subsecs. (a), (b) and (d), amended Subsec. (a) to make technical changes and add Subdivs. (1) and (2) re prohibition on offer of employment or contracts with certain prospective employees, amended Subsec. (b) to make technical changes, added Subsec. (c) re requirement to submit federal form and amended Subsec. (d) to add provision requiring agency to notify individuals receiving services of policy, effective January 1, 2022.
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Sec. 20-679. Written contracts or service plans. Requirements. Recovery of payment for work performed. (a) Not later than seven calendar days after the date on which a homemaker-companion agency commences providing homemaker services or companion services, such agency shall provide the person who receives the services, or the authorized representative of such person, with a written contract or service plan that prescribes the anticipated scope, type, frequency, duration and cost of the services provided by the agency. In addition, any contract or service plan provided by a homemaker-companion agency to a person receiving services shall also provide conspicuous notice, in boldface type (1) of the person's right to request changes to, or review of the contract or service plan, (2) of the employees of such agency who, pursuant to section 20-678 are required to submit to a comprehensive background check, (3) that upon the request of such person or an authorized representative of such person, such agency shall provide such person or representative of such person with written notice that a comprehensive background check, as required pursuant to section 20-678, was performed for all employees of such agency performing services for such person, (4) that such agency's records are available for inspection or audit by the Department of Consumer Protection, (5) that the agency is not able to guarantee the extent to which its services will be covered under any insurance plan, and (6) that such contract or service plan may be cancelled at any time by the client if such contract or service plan does not contain a specific period of duration. No contract or service plan for the provision of homemaker or companion services shall be valid against the person who receives the services or the authorized representative of such person, unless the contract or service plan has been signed by a duly authorized representative of the homemaker-companion agency and the person who receives the services or the authorized representative of such person. The requirements of this section shall not apply to homemaker services or companion services provided under the Connecticut home-care program for the elderly administered by the Department of Social Services in accordance with section 17b-342. A written contract or service plan between a homemaker-companion agency and a person receiving services or the authorized representative of such person shall not be enforceable against such person receiving services or authorized representative unless such written contract or service plan contains all of the requirements of this section.
(b) Nothing in this section shall preclude a homemaker-companion agency that has complied with subdivisions (1) to (6), inclusive, of subsection (a) of this section from the recovery of payment for work performed based on the reasonable value of services which were requested by the person receiving services, provided the court determines that it would be inequitable to deny such recovery.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 61; P.A. 13-88, S. 2.)
History: P.A. 13-88 designated existing provisions as Subsec. (a) and amended same to make technical changes, add provision re conspicuous, boldface type notice, add Subdivs. (3) and (5) re written notice of comprehensive background check and that agency is not able to guarantee insurance coverage, redesignate existing Subdiv. (3) as Subdiv. (4), add Subdiv. (6) re cancellation of contract or service plan at any time if it does not contain a specific duration and add provision re contract or service plan not to be enforceable if it does not contain all requirements of section, and added Subsec. (b) re homemaker-companion agency recovery of payment for work performed based on reasonable value of services, effective January 1, 2014.
The plain language is clear that section does not provide an exception to the requirement that home care contracts be in writing. 172 CA 182.
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Sec. 20-679a. Written notice requirements for registries. (a) A registry that supplies, refers or places an individual with a consumer shall provide the consumer with a written notice, to be signed by the consumer, specifying the legal liabilities of such registry to the individual supplied or referred to or placed with the consumer. Such notice shall be given to the consumer before the commencement of services and such services shall not commence until the registry receives a signed copy of the notice from the consumer, unless a bona fide emergency exists and such registry details the specific nature of the emergency on a form approved by the department and signed by the consumer or an authorized representative of the consumer. If a bona fide emergency exists, the registry shall provide such notice not later than four calendar days after the date on which it supplies, refers or places an individual with a consumer. If the registry maintains an Internet web site, a sample of the notice shall be posted on such Internet web site.
(b) Each notice provided to a consumer pursuant to subsection (a) of this section shall be written in boldface type and plain language and shall comply with the plain language standard detailed in section 42-152. Such notice shall include a statement identifying the registry as an employer, joint employer, leasing employer or nonemployer, as applicable, along with a statement advising the consumer he or she may be considered an employer under law and, if that is the case, the consumer may be held responsible for the payment of federal and state taxes, Social Security, overtime and minimum wage, unemployment, workers' compensation insurance payments and any other applicable payment required under state or federal law. The notice shall also include a statement that the consumer should consult a tax professional if he or she is uncertain about his or her responsibility for the payment of such taxes or payments.
(c) For purposes of this section, a homemaker-companion agency that supplies, refers or places an independent contractor with a consumer for the provision of companion or homemaker services shall be considered a registry, as defined in section 20-670, and shall be required to provide the consumer with a notice pursuant to subsection (a) of this section.
(P.A. 11-230, S. 3; P.A. 15-230, S. 2; P.A. 17-53, S. 1.)
History: P.A. 11-230 effective January 1, 2012; P.A. 15-230 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing “seven” with “four” re calendar days; P.A. 17-53 amended Subsec. (a) to delete reference to 4 calendar days, add provision re notice to consumer before commencement of services unless bona fide emergency exists, and make technical changes, and amended Subsec. (b) to add reference to boldface type.
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Sec. 20-679b. Client cancellation of contract or service plan. A client may cancel a contract or service plan entered into with a homemaker-companion agency, pursuant to this chapter, at any time if such contract or service plan does not state a specific period of duration. A client shall only be obligated to pay for actual services rendered pursuant to such contract or service plan. A client shall not be billed by or on behalf of a homemaker-companion agency for excess fees or costs when such agency provides the services of a higher-skilled individual than needed by the client.
(P.A. 13-88, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 13-88 effective January 1, 2014.
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Sec. 20-680. Regulations. Report. (a) The Commissioner of Consumer Protection shall adopt regulations, in accordance with chapter 54, to carry out the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-679, inclusive. The Commissioner of Consumer Protection may implement policies and procedures necessary to administer the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-679, inclusive, while in the process of adopting such policies and procedures as regulations, provided the commissioner prints notice of the intent to adopt the regulations in the Connecticut Law Journal not later than twenty days after the date of implementation. Such policies and procedures shall be valid until the time final regulations are adopted.
(b) Not later than January 1, 2008, the Commissioner of Consumer Protection shall report, in accordance with section 11-4a, on the implementation of the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-679, inclusive, to the select committee of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to aging and to the office of the Governor. Such report may include recommended revisions to the general statutes or other changes that the commissioner deems necessary or advisable to enhance the implementation of the provisions of sections 20-670 to 20-679, inclusive.
(P.A. 06-187, S. 62.)
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Sec. 20-681. Covenants not to compete, homemaker, companion, home health services. Prohibition established. Any covenant not to compete is against public policy and shall be void and unenforceable.
(P.A. 19-117, S. 305; P.A. 22-104, S. 47.)
History: P.A. 19-117 effective June 26, 2019; P.A. 22-104 deleted provision defining “covenant not to compete”, effective May 24, 2022.
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Sec. 20-682. Agent, corporate officer or employee of homemaker-companion agency acting as agent under power of attorney for person receiving companion or homemaker services prohibited. Exemptions. (a) No person, other than an immediate family member, who is an agent, corporate officer or employee of a homemaker-companion agency, or has an ownership interest in a homemaker-companion agency, shall act as an agent under a power of attorney for any person who has contracted with the homemaker-companion agency to receive companion services or homemaker services.
(b) A person receiving companion services or homemaker services may petition the Commissioner of Consumer Protection for an exemption from subsection (a) of this section, and the commissioner may grant such exemption for good cause shown.
(P.A. 22-104, S. 45.)
History: P.A. 22-104 effective May 24, 2022.
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Sec. 20-683. Prohibition on “no hire” clauses, penalties in contracts. (a) As used in this section, (1) “homemaker-companion agency” and “employee” have the same meanings as provided in section 20-670, and (2) “no-hire clause” means a provision of a contract between a homemaker-companion agency and a client of such agency that (A) imposes a financial penalty, (B) assesses any charges or fees, including legal fees, or (C) contains any language that can create grounds for an assertion of breach of contract or a claim for damages or injunctive relief against the client for directly hiring an employee of such agency.
(b) Any no-hire clause in a contract between a homemaker-companion agency and a client of such agency is against public policy and shall be void.
(P.A. 22-118, S. 244.)
History: P.A. 22-118 effective May 7, 2022.
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Secs. 20-684 to 20-690. Reserved for future use.
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