CHAPTER 219
SALES AND USE TAXES

      Sec. 12-406. Title. This chapter is known and shall be cited as the "Sales and Use Taxes Act".

      (1949 Rev., S. 2090; 1953, S. 1161d; P.A. 73-288, S. 6, 8; P.A. 89-123, S. 8.)

      History: P.A. 73-288 changed name of act from "Education, Welfare and Public Health Tax Act" to "Sales and Use Tax Act"; P.A. 89-123 changed the chapter title from "Sales and Use Tax Act" to "Sales and Use Taxes Act".

      Cited. 145 C. 161.

      Sec. 12-407. Definitions. (a) Whenever used in this chapter:

      (1) "Person" means and includes any individual, firm, copartnership, joint venture, association, association of persons however formed, social club, fraternal organization, corporation, limited liability company, foreign municipal electric utility as defined in section 12-59, estate, trust, fiduciary, receiver, trustee, syndicate, the United States, this state or any political subdivision thereof or any group or combination acting as a unit, and any other individual or officer acting under the authority of any court in this state.

      (2) "Sale" and "selling" mean and include:

      (A) Any transfer of title, exchange or barter, conditional or otherwise, in any manner or by any means whatsoever, of tangible personal property for a consideration;

      (B) Any withdrawal, except a withdrawal pursuant to a transaction in foreign or interstate commerce, of tangible personal property from the place where it is located for delivery to a point in this state for the purpose of the transfer of title, exchange or barter, conditional or otherwise, in any manner or by any means whatsoever, of the property for a consideration;

      (C) The producing, fabricating, processing, printing or imprinting of tangible personal property for a consideration for consumers who furnish either directly or indirectly the materials used in the producing, fabricating, processing, printing or imprinting, including, but not limited to, sign construction, photofinishing, duplicating and photocopying;

      (D) The furnishing and distributing of tangible personal property for a consideration by social clubs and fraternal organizations to their members or others;

      (E) The furnishing, preparing, or serving for a consideration of food, meals or drinks;

      (F) A transaction whereby the possession of property is transferred but the seller retains the title as security for the payment of the price;

      (G) A transfer for a consideration of the title of tangible personal property which has been produced, fabricated or printed to the special order of the customer, or of any publication, including, but not limited to, sign construction, photofinishing, duplicating and photocopying;

      (H) A transfer for a consideration of the occupancy of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house for a period of thirty consecutive calendar days or less;

      (I) The rendering of certain services, as defined in subdivision (37) of this subsection, for a consideration, exclusive of such services rendered by an employee for the employer;

      (J) The leasing or rental of tangible personal property of any kind whatsoever, including, but not limited to, motor vehicles, linen or towels, machinery or apparatus, office equipment and data processing equipment, provided for purposes of this subdivision and the application of sales and use tax to contracts of lease or rental of tangible personal property, the leasing or rental of any motion picture film by the owner or operator of a motion picture theater for purposes of display at such theater shall not constitute a sale within the meaning of this subsection;

      (K) The rendering of telecommunications service, as defined in subdivision (26) of this subsection, for a consideration on or after January 1, 1990, exclusive of any such service rendered by an employee for the employer of such employee, subject to the provisions related to telecommunications service in accordance with section 12-407a;

      (L) (i) The rendering of community antenna television service, as defined in subdivision (27) of this subsection, for a consideration on or after January 1, 1990, exclusive of any such service rendered by an employee for the employer of such employee. For purposes of this chapter, "community antenna television service" includes service provided by a holder of a certificate of cable franchise authority pursuant to section 16-331p, and service provided by a community antenna television company issued a certificate of video franchise authority pursuant to section 16-331e for any service area in which it was not certified to provide community antenna television service pursuant to section 16-331 on or before October 1, 2007;

      (ii) The rendering of certified competitive video service, as defined in subdivision (38) of this subsection, for consideration on or after October 1, 2007, exclusive of any such service rendered by an employee for the employer of such employee;

      (M) The transfer for consideration of space or the right to use any space for the purpose of storage or mooring of any noncommercial vessel, exclusive of dry or wet storage or mooring of such vessel during the period commencing on the first day of November in any year to and including the thirtieth day of April of the next succeeding year;

      (N) The sale for consideration of naming rights to any place of amusement, entertainment or recreation within the meaning of subdivision (3) of section 12-540;

      (O) The transfer for consideration of a prepaid telephone calling service, as defined in subdivision (34) of this subsection, and the recharge of a prepaid telephone calling service, provided, if the sale or recharge of a prepaid telephone calling service does not take place at the retailer's place of business and an item is shipped by the retailer to the customer, the sale or recharge shall be deemed to take place at the customer's shipping address, but, if such sale or recharge does not take place at the retailer's place of business and no item is shipped by the retailer to the customer, the sale or recharge shall be deemed to take place at the customer's billing address or the location associated with the customer's mobile telephone number; and

      (P) The furnishing by any person, for a consideration, of space for storage of tangible personal property when such person is engaged in the business of furnishing such space, but "sale" and "selling" do not mean or include the furnishing of space which is used by a person for residential purposes. As used in this subparagraph, "space for storage" means secure areas, such as rooms, units, compartments or containers, whether accessible from outside or from within a building, that are designated for the use of a customer, where the customer can store and retrieve property, including self-storage units, mini-storage units and areas by any other name to which the customer has either unlimited free access or free access within reasonable business hours or upon reasonable notice to the service provider to add or remove property, but does not mean the rental of an entire building, such as a warehouse. For purposes of this subparagraph, furnishing space for storage shall not include general warehousing and storage, where the warehouse typically handles, stores and retrieves a customer's property using the warehouse's staff and equipment and does not allow the customer free access to the storage space and shall not include accepting specific items of property for storage, such as clothing at a dry cleaning establishment or golf bags at a golf club.

      (3) (A) "Retail sale" or "sale at retail" means and includes a sale for any purpose other than resale in the regular course of business of tangible personal property or a transfer for a consideration of the occupancy of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house for a period of thirty consecutive calendar days or less, or the rendering of any service described in subdivision (2) of this subsection. The delivery in this state of tangible personal property by an owner or former owner thereof or by a factor, if the delivery is to a consumer pursuant to a retail sale made by a retailer not engaged in business in this state, is a retail sale in this state by the person making the delivery. Such person shall include the retail selling price of the property in such person's gross receipts.

      (B) "Retail sale" or "sale at retail" does not include any sale of any tangible personal property, where, no later than one hundred twenty days after the original sale, the original purchaser sells or becomes contractually obligated to sell such property to a retailer who is contractually obligated to lease such property back to such original purchaser in a lease that is taxable under this chapter or the sale of such property by the original purchaser to the retailer who is contractually obligated to lease such property back to such original purchaser in a lease that is taxable under this chapter. If the original purchaser has paid sales or use tax on the original sale of such property to the original purchaser, such original purchaser may (i) claim a refund of such tax under the provisions of section 12-425, upon presentation of proof satisfactory to the commissioner that the mutual contractual obligations described in this subparagraph were undertaken no later than one hundred twenty days after the original sale and that such tax was paid to the original retailer on the original sale and was remitted to the commissioner by such original retailer or by such original purchaser, or (ii) issue at the time of such original sale or no later than one hundred twenty days thereafter a certificate, in the form prescribed by the commissioner, to the original retailer certifying that the mutual contractual obligations described in this subparagraph have been undertaken. If such certificate is issued to the original retailer at the time of the original sale, no tax on the original sale shall be collected by the original retailer from the original purchaser. If the certificate is issued after the time of the original sale but no later than one hundred twenty days thereafter, the original retailer shall refund to the original purchaser the tax collected on the original sale and, if the original retailer has previously remitted the tax to the commissioner, the original retailer may either treat the amount so refunded as a credit against the tax due on the return next filed under this chapter, or claim a refund under section 12-425. If such certificate is issued no later than one hundred twenty days after the time of the original sale but the tangible personal property originally purchased is not, in fact, subsequently leased by the original purchaser, such original purchaser shall be liable for and be required to pay the tax due on the original sale.

      (4) "Storage" includes any keeping or retention in this state for any purpose except sale in the regular course of business or subsequent use solely outside this state of tangible personal property purchased from a retailer.

      (5) "Use" includes the exercise of any right or power over tangible personal property incident to the ownership of that property, except that it does not include the sale of that property in the regular course of business.

      (6) "Storage" and "use" do not include (A) keeping, retaining or exercising any right or power over tangible personal property shipped or brought into this state for the purpose of subsequently transporting it outside the state for use thereafter solely outside the state, or for the purpose of being processed, fabricated or manufactured into, attached to or incorporated into, other tangible personal property to be transported outside the state and thereafter used solely outside the state, or (B) keeping, retaining or exercising any right or power over tangible personal property acquired by the customer of a commercial printer while such property is located at the premises of the commercial printer in this state pursuant to a contract with such printer for printing and distribution of printed material if the commercial printer could have acquired such property without application of tax under this chapter.

      (7) "Purchase" and "purchasing" means and includes: (A) Any transfer, exchange or barter, conditional or otherwise, in any manner or by any means whatsoever, of tangible personal property or of the occupancy of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house for a period of thirty consecutive calendar days or less for a consideration; (B) a transaction whereby the possession of property is transferred but the seller retains the title as security for the payment of the price; (C) a transfer for a consideration of tangible personal property which has been produced, fabricated or printed to the special order of the customer, or of any publication; (D) when performed outside this state or when the customer gives a resale certificate pursuant to section 12-410, the producing, fabricating, processing, printing or imprinting of tangible personal property for a consideration for consumers who furnish either directly or indirectly the materials used in the producing, fabricating, processing, printing or imprinting; (E) the acceptance or receipt of any service described in any of the subparagraphs of subdivision (2) of this subsection; (F) any leasing or rental of tangible personal property. Wherever in this chapter reference is made to the purchase or purchasing of tangible personal property, it shall be construed to include purchases as described in this subsection.

      (8) (A) "Sales price" means the total amount for which tangible personal property is sold by a retailer, the total amount of rent for which occupancy of a room is transferred by an operator, the total amount for which any service described in subdivision (2) of this subsection is rendered by a retailer or the total amount of payment or periodic payments for which tangible personal property is leased by a retailer, valued in money, whether paid in money or otherwise, which amount is due and owing to the retailer or operator and, subject to the provisions of subdivision (1) of section 12-408, whether or not actually received by the retailer or operator, without any deduction on account of any of the following: (i) The cost of the property sold; (ii) the cost of materials used, labor or service cost, interest charged, losses or any other expenses; (iii) for any sale occurring on or after July 1, 1993, any charges by the retailer to the purchaser for shipping or delivery, notwithstanding whether such charges are separately stated in a written contract, or on a bill or invoice rendered to such purchaser or whether such shipping or delivery is provided by the retailer or a third party. The provisions of subparagraph (A) (iii) of this subdivision shall not apply to any item exempt from taxation pursuant to section 12-412. Such total amount includes any services that are a part of the sale; except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (B)(v) or (B)(vi) of this subdivision, any amount for which credit is given to the purchaser by the retailer, and all compensation and all employment-related expenses, whether or not separately stated, paid to or on behalf of employees of a retailer of any service described in subdivision (2) of this subsection.

      (B) "Sales price" does not include any of the following: (i) Cash discounts allowed and taken on sales; (ii) any portion of the amount charged for property returned by purchasers, which upon rescission of the contract of sale is refunded either in cash or credit, provided the property is returned within ninety days from the date of purchase; (iii) the amount of any tax, not including any manufacturers' or importers' excise tax, imposed by the United States upon or with respect to retail sales whether imposed upon the retailer or the purchaser; (iv) the amount charged for labor rendered in installing or applying the property sold, provided such charge is separately stated and exclusive of such charge for any service rendered within the purview of subparagraph (I) of subdivision (37) of this subsection; (v) unless the provisions of subdivision (4) of section 12-430 or of section 12-430a are applicable, any amount for which credit is given to the purchaser by the retailer, provided such credit is given solely for property of the same kind accepted in part payment by the retailer and intended by the retailer to be resold; (vi) the full face value of any coupon used by a purchaser to reduce the price paid to a retailer for an item of tangible personal property, whether or not the retailer will be reimbursed for such coupon, in whole or in part, by the manufacturer of the item of tangible personal property or by a third party; (vii) the amount charged for separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to or on behalf of employees of a retailer who has contracted to manage a service recipient's property or business premises and renders management services described in subparagraph (I) or (J) of subdivision (37) of this subsection, provided, the employees perform such services solely for the service recipient at its property or business premises and "sales price" shall include the separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to or on behalf of any employee of the retailer who is an officer, director or owner of more than five per cent of the outstanding capital stock of the retailer. Determination whether an employee performs services solely for a service recipient at its property or business premises for purposes of this subdivision shall be made by reference to such employee's activities during the time period beginning on the later of the commencement of the management contract, the date of the employee's first employment by the retailer or the date which is six months immediately preceding the date of such determination; (viii) the amount charged for separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to or on behalf of (I) a leased employee, or (II) a worksite employee by a professional employer organization pursuant to a professional employer agreement. For purposes of this subparagraph, an employee shall be treated as a leased employee if the employee is provided to the client at the commencement of an agreement with an employee leasing organization under which at least seventy-five per cent of the employees provided to the client at the commencement of such initial agreement qualify as leased employees pursuant to Section 414(n) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, or the employee is added to the client's workforce by the employee leasing organization subsequent to the commencement of such initial agreement and qualifies as a leased employee pursuant to Section 414(n) of said Internal Revenue Code of 1986 without regard to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) thereof. A leased employee, or a worksite employee subject to a professional employer agreement, shall not include any employee who is hired by a temporary help service and assigned to support or supplement the workforce of a temporary help service's client; (ix) any amount received by a retailer from a purchaser as the battery deposit that is required to be paid under subsection (a) of section 22a-245h; the refund value of a beverage container that is required to be paid under subsection (a) of section 22a-244; or a deposit that is required by law to be paid by the purchaser to the retailer and that is required by law to be refunded to the purchaser by the retailer when the same or similar tangible personal property is delivered as required by law to the retailer by the purchaser, if such amount is separately stated on the bill or invoice rendered by the retailer to the purchaser; and (x) the amount charged for separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to a media payroll services company, as defined in this subsection.

      (9) (A) "Gross receipts" means the total amount of the sales price from retail sales of tangible personal property by a retailer, the total amount of the rent from transfers of occupancy of rooms by an operator, the total amount of the sales price from retail sales of any service described in subdivision (2) of this subsection by a retailer of services, or the total amount of payment or periodic payments from leases or rentals of tangible personal property by a retailer, valued in money, whether received in money or otherwise, which amount is due and owing to the retailer or operator and, subject to the provisions of subdivision (1) of section 12-408, whether or not actually received by the retailer or operator, without any deduction on account of any of the following: (i) The cost of the property sold; however, in accordance with such regulations as the Commissioner of Revenue Services may prescribe, a deduction may be taken if the retailer has purchased property for some other purpose than resale, has reimbursed the retailer's vendor for tax which the vendor is required to pay to the state or has paid the use tax with respect to the property, and has resold the property prior to making any use of the property other than retention, demonstration or display while holding it for sale in the regular course of business. If such a deduction is taken by the retailer, no refund or credit will be allowed to the retailer's vendor with respect to the sale of the property; (ii) the cost of the materials used, labor or service cost, interest paid, losses or any other expense; (iii) for any sale occurring on or after July 1, 1993, except for any item exempt from taxation pursuant to section 12-412, any charges by the retailer to the purchaser for shipping or delivery, notwithstanding whether such charges are separately stated in the written contract, or on a bill or invoice rendered to such purchaser or whether such shipping or delivery is provided by the retailer or a third party. The total amount of the sales price includes any services that are a part of the sale; all receipts, cash, credits and property of any kind; except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (B)(v) or (B)(vi) of this subdivision, any amount for which credit is allowed by the retailer to the purchaser; and all compensation and all employment-related expenses, whether or not separately stated, paid to or on behalf of employees of a retailer of any service described in subdivision (2) of this subsection.

      (B) "Gross receipts" do not include any of the following: (i) Cash discounts allowed and taken on sales; (ii) any portion of the sales price of property returned by purchasers, which upon rescission of the contract of sale is refunded either in cash or credit, provided the property is returned within ninety days from the date of sale; (iii) the amount of any tax, not including any manufacturers' or importers' excise tax, imposed by the United States upon or with respect to retail sales whether imposed upon the retailer or the purchaser; (iv) the amount charged for labor rendered in installing or applying the property sold, provided such charge is separately stated and exclusive of such charge for any service rendered within the purview of subparagraph (I) of subdivision (37) of this subsection; (v) unless the provisions of subdivision (4) of section 12-430 or of section 12-430a are applicable, any amount for which credit is given to the purchaser by the retailer, provided such credit is given solely for property of the same kind accepted in part payment by the retailer and intended by the retailer to be resold; (vi) the full face value of any coupon used by a purchaser to reduce the price paid to the retailer for an item of tangible personal property, whether or not the retailer will be reimbursed for such coupon, in whole or in part, by the manufacturer of the item of tangible personal property or by a third party; (vii) the amount charged for separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to or on behalf of employees of a retailer who has contracted to manage a service recipient's property or business premises and renders management services described in subparagraph (I) or (J) of subdivision (37) of this subsection, provided the employees perform such services solely for the service recipient at its property or business premises and "gross receipts" shall include the separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to or on behalf of any employee of the retailer who is an officer, director or owner of more than five per cent of the outstanding capital stock of the retailer. Determination whether an employee performs services solely for a service recipient at its property or business premises for purposes of this subdivision shall be made by reference to such employee's activities during the time period beginning on the later of the commencement of the management contract, the date of the employee's first employment by the retailer or the date which is six months immediately preceding the date of such determination; (viii) the amount charged for separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to or on behalf of (I) a leased employee, or (II) a worksite employee by a professional employer organization pursuant to a professional employer agreement. For purposes of this subparagraph, an employee shall be treated as a leased employee if the employee is provided to the client at the commencement of an agreement with an employee leasing organization under which at least seventy-five per cent of the employees provided to the client at the commencement of such initial agreement qualify as leased employees pursuant to Section 414(n) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, or the employee is added to the client's workforce by the employee leasing organization subsequent to the commencement of such initial agreement and qualifies as a leased employee pursuant to Section 414(n) of said Internal Revenue Code of 1986 without regard to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) thereof. A leased employee, or a worksite employee subject to a professional employer agreement, shall not include any employee who is hired by a temporary help service and assigned to support or supplement the workforce of a temporary help service's client; (ix) the amount received by a retailer from a purchaser as the battery deposit that is required to be paid under subsection (a) of section 22a-256h; the refund value of a beverage container that is required to be paid under subsection (a) of section 22a-244 or a deposit that is required by law to be paid by the purchaser to the retailer and that is required by law to be refunded to the purchaser by the retailer when the same or similar tangible personal property is delivered as required by law to the retailer by the purchaser, if such amount is separately stated on the bill or invoice rendered by the retailer to the purchaser; and (x) the amount charged for separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes or assessments paid to a media payroll services company, as defined in this subsection.

      (10) "Business" includes any activity engaged in by any person or caused to be engaged in by any person with the object of gain, benefit or advantage, either direct or indirect.

      (11) "Seller" includes every person engaged in the business of selling tangible personal property or rendering any service described in any of the subparagraphs of subdivision (2) of this subsection, the gross receipts from the retail sale of which are required to be included in the measure of the sales tax and every operator as defined in subdivision (18) of this subsection.

      (12) "Retailer" includes: (A) Every person engaged in the business of making sales at retail or in the business of making retail sales at auction of tangible personal property owned by the person or others; (B) every person engaged in the business of making sales for storage, use or other consumption or in the business of making sales at auction of tangible personal property owned by the person or others for storage, use or other consumption; (C) every operator, as defined in subdivision (18) of this subsection; (D) every seller rendering any service described in subdivision (2) of this subsection; (E) every person under whom any salesman, representative, peddler or canvasser operates in this state, or from whom such salesman, representative, peddler or canvasser obtains the tangible personal property that is sold; (F) every person with whose assistance any seller is enabled to solicit orders within this state; (G) every person making retail sales from outside this state to a destination within this state and not maintaining a place of business in this state who engages in regular or systematic solicitation of sales of tangible personal property in this state (i) by the display of advertisements on billboards or other outdoor advertising in this state, (ii) by the distribution of catalogs, periodicals, advertising flyers or other advertising by means of print, radio or television media, or (iii) by mail, telegraphy, telephone, computer data base, cable, optic, microwave or other communication system, for the purpose of effecting retail sales of tangible personal property, provided such person has made one hundred or more retail sales from outside this state to destinations within this state during the twelve-month period ended on the September thirtieth immediately preceding the monthly or quarterly period with respect to which such person's liability for tax under this chapter is determined; (H) any person owned or controlled, either directly or indirectly, by a retailer engaged in business in this state which is the same as or similar to the line of business in which such person so owned or controlled is engaged; (I) any person owned or controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the same interests that own or control, either directly or indirectly, a retailer engaged in business in this state which is the same as or similar to the line of business in which such person so owned or controlled is engaged; (J) any assignee of a person engaged in the business of leasing tangible personal property to others, where leased property of such person which is subject to taxation under this chapter is situated within this state and such assignee has a security interest, as defined in subdivision (35) of subsection (b) of section 42a-1-201, in such property; and (K) every person making retail sales of items of tangible personal property from outside this state to a destination within this state and not maintaining a place of business in this state who repairs or services such items, under a warranty, in this state, either directly or indirectly through an agent, independent contractor or subsidiary.

      (13) "Tangible personal property" means personal property which may be seen, weighed, measured, felt or touched or which is in any other manner perceptible to the senses including canned or prewritten computer software. Tangible personal property includes the distribution, generation or transmission of electricity.

      (14) "In this state" or "in the state" means within the exterior limits of the state of Connecticut and includes all territory within these limits owned by or ceded to the United States of America.

      (15) (A) "Engaged in business in the state" means and includes but shall not be limited to the following acts or methods of transacting business: (i) Selling in this state, or any activity in this state in connection with selling in this state, tangible personal property for use, storage or consumption within the state; (ii) engaging in the transfer for a consideration of the occupancy of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house for a period of thirty consecutive calendar days or less; (iii) rendering in this state any service described in any of the subparagraphs of subdivision (2) of this subsection; (iv) maintaining, occupying or using, permanently or temporarily, directly or indirectly, through a subsidiary or agent, by whatever name called, any office, place of distribution, sales or sample room or place, warehouse or storage point or other place of business or having any representative, agent, salesman, canvasser or solicitor operating in this state for the purpose of selling, delivering or taking orders; (v) notwithstanding the fact that retail sales are made from outside this state to a destination within this state and that a place of business is not maintained in this state, engaging in regular or systematic solicitation of sales of tangible personal property in this state by the display of advertisements on billboards or other outdoor advertising in this state, by the distribution of catalogs, periodicals, advertising flyers or other advertising by means of print, radio or television media, or by mail, telegraphy, telephone, computer data base, cable, optic, microwave or other communication system, for the purpose of effecting retail sales of tangible personal property, provided one hundred or more retail sales from outside this state to destinations within this state are made during the twelve-month period ended on the September thirtieth immediately preceding the monthly or quarterly period with respect to which liability for tax under this chapter is determined; (vi) being owned or controlled, either directly or indirectly, by a retailer engaged in business in this state which is the same as or similar to the line of business in which the retailer so owned or controlled is engaged; (vii) being owned or controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the same interests that own or control, either directly or indirectly, a retailer engaged in business in this state which is the same as or similar to the line of business in which the retailer so owned or controlled is engaged; (viii) being the assignee of a person engaged in the business of leasing tangible personal property to others, where leased property of such person is situated within this state and such assignee has a security interest, as defined in subdivision (35) of subsection (b) of section 42a-1-201, in such property; and (ix) notwithstanding the fact that retail sales of items of tangible personal property are made from outside this state to a destination within this state and that a place of business is not maintained in this state, repairing or servicing such items, under a warranty, in this state, either directly or indirectly through an agent, independent contractor or subsidiary.

      (B) A retailer who has contracted with a commercial printer for printing and distribution of printed material shall not be deemed to be engaged in business in this state because of the ownership or leasing by the retailer of tangible or intangible personal property located at the premises of the commercial printer in this state, the sale by the retailer of property of any kind produced or processed at and shipped or distributed from the premises of the commercial printer in this state, the activities of the retailer's employees or agents at the premises of the commercial printer in this state, which activities relate to quality control, distribution or printing services performed by the printer, or the activities of any kind performed by the commercial printer in this state for or on behalf of the retailer.

      (C) A retailer not otherwise a retailer engaged in business in the state who purchases fulfillment services carried on in this state by a person other than an affiliated person, or who owns tangible personal property located on the premises of an unaffiliated person performing fulfillment services for such retailer shall not be deemed to be engaged in business in the state. For purposes of this subparagraph, persons are affiliated persons with respect to each other where one of such persons has an ownership interest of more than five per cent, whether direct or indirect, in the other, or where an ownership interest of more than five per cent, whether direct or indirect, is held in each of such persons by another person or by a group of other persons who are affiliated persons with respect to each other. For purposes of this subparagraph, "fulfillment services" means services that are performed by a person on its premises on behalf of a purchaser of such services and that involve the receipt of orders from the purchaser of such services or an agent thereof, which orders are to be filled by the person from an inventory of products that are offered for sale by the purchaser of such services, and the shipment of such orders to customers of the purchaser of such services.

      (D) A retailer not otherwise a retailer engaged in business in this state that participates in a trade show or shows at the convention center, as defined in subdivision (3) of section 32-600, shall not be deemed to be engaged in business in this state, regardless of whether the retailer has employees or other staff present at such trade shows, provided the retailer's activity at such trade shows is limited to displaying goods or promoting services, no sales are made, any orders received are sent outside this state for acceptance or rejection and are filled from outside this state, and provided further that such participation is not more than fourteen days, or part thereof, in the aggregate during the retailer's income year for federal income tax purposes.

      (16) "Hotel" means any building regularly used and kept open as such for the feeding and lodging of guests where any person who conducts himself properly and who is able and ready to pay for such services is received if there are accommodations for such person and which derives the major portion of its operating receipts from the renting of rooms and the sale of food. "Hotel" shall include any apartment hotel wherein apartments are rented for fixed periods of time, furnished or unfurnished, while the keeper of such hotel supplies food to the occupants thereof, if required.

      (17) "Lodging house" means any building or portion of a building, other than a hotel or apartment hotel, in which persons are lodged for hire with or without meals, including, but not limited to, any motel, motor court, motor inn, tourist court or similar accommodation; provided the terms "hotel", "apartment hotel" and "lodging house" shall not be construed to include: (A) Privately owned and operated convalescent homes, residential care homes, homes for the infirm, indigent or chronically ill; (B) religious or charitable homes for the aged, infirm, indigent or chronically ill; (C) privately owned and operated summer camps for children; (D) summer camps for children operated by religious or charitable organizations; (E) lodging accommodations at educational institutions; or (F) lodging accommodations at any facility operated by and in the name of any nonprofit charitable organization, provided the income from such lodging accommodations at such facility is not subject to federal income tax.

      (18) "Operator" means any person operating a hotel or lodging house in the state, including, but not limited to, the owner or proprietor of such premises, lessee, sublessee, mortgagee in possession, licensee or any other person otherwise operating such hotel or lodging house.

      (19) "Occupancy" means the use or possession, or the right to the use or possession, of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house or the right to the use or possession of the furnishings or the services and accommodations accompanying the use and possession of such room or rooms, for the first period of not exceeding thirty consecutive calendar days.

      (20) "Room" means any room or rooms of any kind in any part or portion of a hotel or lodging house let out for use or possession for lodging purposes.

      (21) "Rent" means the consideration received for occupancy valued in money, whether received in money or otherwise, including all receipts, cash, credits and property or services of any kind or nature, and also any amount for which credit is allowed by the operator to the occupant, without any deduction therefrom whatsoever.

      (22) "Certificated air carrier" means a person issued a certificate or certificates by the Federal Aviation Administration pursuant to Title 14, Chapter I, Subchapter G, Part 121, 135, 139 or 141 of the Code of Federal Regulations or the Civil Aeronautics Board pursuant to Title 14, Chapter II, Subchapter A, Parts 201 to 208, inclusive, and 298 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as such regulations may hereafter be amended or reclassified.

      (23) "Aircraft" means aircraft, as the term is defined in section 15-34.

      (24) "Vessel" means vessel, as the term is defined in section 15-127.

      (25) "Licensed marine dealer" means a marine dealer, as the term is defined in section 15-141, who has been issued a marine dealer's certificate by the Commissioner of Environmental Protection.

      (26) (A) "Telecommunications service" means the electronic transmission, conveyance or routing of voice, image, data audio, video or any other information or signals to a point or between or among points. "Telecommunications service" includes such transmission, conveyance or routing in which computer processing applications are used to act on the form, code or protocol of the content for purposes of transmission, conveyance or routing without regard to whether such service is referred to as a voice over Internet protocol service or is classified by the Federal Communications Commission as enhanced or value added. "Telecommunications service" does not include (i) value-added nonvoice data services, (ii) radio and television audio and video programming services, regardless of the medium, including the furnishing of transmission, conveyance or routing of such services by the programming service provider. Radio and television audio and video programming services shall include, but not be limited to, cable service as defined in 47 USC 522(6), audio and video programming services delivered by commercial mobile radio service providers, as defined in 47 CFR 20, and video programming service by certified competitive video service providers, (iii) any telecommunications service (I) rendered by a company in control of such service when rendered for private use within its organization, or (II) used, allocated or distributed by a company within its organization, including in such organization affiliates, as defined in section 33-840, for the purpose of conducting business transactions of the organization if such service is purchased or leased from a company rendering telecommunications service and such purchase or lease is subject to tax under this chapter, (iv) access or interconnection service purchased by a provider of telecommunications service from another provider of such service for purposes of rendering such service, provided the purchaser submits to the seller a certificate attesting to the applicability of this exclusion, upon receipt of which the seller is relieved of any tax liability for such sale so long as the certificate is taken in good faith by the seller, (v) data processing and information services that allow data to be generated, acquired, stored, processed or retrieved and delivered by an electronic transmission to a purchaser where such purchaser's primary purpose for the underlying transaction is the processed data or information, (vi) installation or maintenance of wiring equipment on a customer's premises, (vii) tangible personal property, (viii) advertising, including, but not limited to, directory advertising, (ix) billing and collection services provided to third parties, (x) Internet access service, (xi) ancillary services, and (xii) digital products delivered electronically, including, but not limited to, software, music, video, reading materials or ring tones.

      (B) For purposes of the tax imposed under this chapter (i) gross receipts from the rendering of telecommunications service shall include any subscriber line charge or charges as required by the Federal Communications Commission and any charges for access service collected by any person rendering such service unless otherwise excluded from such gross receipts under this chapter, and such gross receipts from the rendering of telecommunications service shall also include any charges for vertical service, for the installation or maintenance of wiring equipment on a customer's premises, and for directory assistance service; (ii) gross receipts from the rendering of telecommunications service shall not include any local charge for calls from public or semipublic telephones; and (iii) gross receipts from the rendering of telecommunications service shall not include any charge for calls purchased using a prepaid telephone calling service, as defined in subdivision (34) of this subsection.

      (27) "Community antenna television service" means (A) the one-way transmission to subscribers of video programming or information by cable, fiber optics, satellite, microwave or any other means, and subscriber interaction, if any, which is required for the selection of such video programming or information, and (B) noncable communications service, as defined in section 16-1, unless such noncable communications service is purchased by a cable network as that term is used in subsection (l) of section 12-218.

      (28) "Hospital" means a hospital included within the definition of health care facilities or institutions under section 19a-630 and licensed as a short-term general hospital by the Department of Public Health but, does not include (A) any hospital which, on January 30, 1997, is within the class of hospitals licensed by the department as children's general hospitals, or (B) a short-term acute hospital operated exclusively by the state other than a short-term acute hospital operated by the state as a receiver pursuant to chapter 920.

      (29) "Patient care services" means therapeutic and diagnostic medical services provided by the hospital to inpatients and outpatients including tangible personal property transferred in connection with such services.

      (30) "Another state" or "other state" means any state of the United States or the District of Columbia excluding the state of Connecticut.

      (31) "Professional employer agreement" means a written contract between a professional employer organization and a service recipient whereby the professional employer organization agrees to provide at least seventy-five per cent of the employees at the service recipient's worksite, which contract provides that such worksite employees are intended to be permanent employees rather than temporary employees, and employer responsibilities for such worksite employees, including hiring, firing and disciplining, are allocated between the professional employer organization and the service recipient.

      (32) "Professional employer organization" means any person that enters into a professional employer agreement with a service recipient whereby the professional employer organization agrees to provide at least seventy-five per cent of the employees at the service recipient's worksite.

      (33) "Worksite employee" means an employee, the employer responsibilities for which, including hiring, firing and disciplining, are allocated, under a professional employer agreement, between a professional employer organization and a service recipient.

      (34) "Prepaid telephone calling service" means the right to exclusively purchase telecommunications service, that must be paid for in advance and that enables the origination of calls using an access number or authorization code, or both, whether manually or electronically dialed, provided the remaining amount of units of service that have been prepaid shall be known on a continuous basis.

      (35) "Canned or prewritten software" means all software, other than custom software, that is held or existing for general or repeated sale, license or lease. Software initially developed as custom software for in-house use and subsequently sold, licensed or leased to unrelated third parties shall be considered canned or prewritten software.

      (36) "Custom software" means a computer program prepared to the special order of a single customer.

      (37) "Services" for purposes of subdivision (2) of this subsection, means:

      (A) Computer and data processing services, including, but not limited to, time, programming, code writing, modification of existing programs, feasibility studies and installation and implementation of software programs and systems even where such services are rendered in connection with the development, creation or production of canned or custom software or the license of custom software, and exclusive of services rendered in connection with the creation, development hosting or maintenance of all or part of a web site which is part of the graphical, hypertext portion of the Internet, commonly referred to as the World Wide Web;

      (B) Credit information and reporting services;

      (C) Services by employment agencies and agencies providing personnel services;

      (D) Private investigation, protection, patrol work, watchman and armored car services, exclusive of (i) services of off-duty police officers and off-duty firefighters, and (ii) coin and currency services provided to a financial services company by or through another financial services company. For purposes of this subparagraph, "financial services company" has the same meaning as provided under subparagraphs (A) to (H), inclusive, of subdivision (6) of subsection (a) of section 12-218b;

      (E) Painting and lettering services;

      (F) Photographic studio services;

      (G) Telephone answering services;

      (H) Stenographic services;

      (I) Services to industrial, commercial or income-producing real property, including, but not limited to, such services as management, electrical, plumbing, painting and carpentry and excluding any such services rendered in the voluntary evaluation, prevention, treatment, containment or removal of hazardous waste, as defined in section 22a-115, or other contaminants of air, water or soil, provided income-producing property shall not include property used exclusively for residential purposes in which the owner resides and which contains no more than three dwelling units, or a housing facility for low and moderate income families and persons owned or operated by a nonprofit housing organization, as defined in subdivision (29) of section 12-412;

      (J) Business analysis, management, management consulting and public relations services, excluding (i) any environmental consulting services, (ii) any training services provided by an institution of higher education licensed or accredited by the Board of Governors of Higher Education pursuant to section 10a-34, and (iii) on and after January 1, 1994, any business analysis, management, management consulting and public relations services when such services are rendered in connection with an aircraft leased or owned by a certificated air carrier or in connection with an aircraft which has a maximum certificated take-off weight of six thousand pounds or more;

      (K) Services providing "piped-in" music to business or professional establishments;

      (L) Flight instruction and chartering services by a certificated air carrier on an aircraft, the use of which for such purposes, but for the provisions of subdivision (4) of section 12-410 and subdivision (12) of section 12-411, would be deemed a retail sale and a taxable storage or use, respectively, of such aircraft by such carrier;

      (M) Motor vehicle repair services, including any type of repair, painting or replacement related to the body or any of the operating parts of a motor vehicle;

      (N) Motor vehicle parking, including the provision of space, other than metered space, in a lot having thirty or more spaces, excluding (i) space in a seasonal parking lot provided by a person who is exempt from taxation under this chapter pursuant to subdivision (1), (5) or (8) of section 12-412, (ii) space in a parking lot owned or leased under the terms of a lease of not less than ten years' duration and operated by an employer for the exclusive use of its employees, (iii) valet parking provided at any airport, and (iv) space in municipally-operated railroad parking facilities in municipalities located within an area of the state designated as a severe nonattainment area for ozone under the federal Clean Air Act or space in a railroad parking facility in a municipality located within an area of the state designated as a severe nonattainment area for ozone under the federal Clean Air Act owned or operated by the state on or after April 1, 2000;

      (O) Radio or television repair services;

      (P) Furniture reupholstering and repair services;

      (Q) Repair services to any electrical or electronic device, including, but not limited to, equipment used for purposes of refrigeration or air-conditioning;

      (R) Lobbying or consulting services for purposes of representing the interests of a client in relation to the functions of any governmental entity or instrumentality;

      (S) Services of the agent of any person in relation to the sale of any item of tangible personal property for such person, exclusive of the services of a consignee selling works of art, as defined in subsection (b) of section 12-376c, or articles of clothing or footwear intended to be worn on or about the human body other than (i) any special clothing or footwear primarily designed for athletic activity or protective use and which is not normally worn except when used for the athletic activity or protective use for which it was designed, and (ii) jewelry, handbags, luggage, umbrellas, wallets, watches and similar items carried on or about the human body but not worn on the body in the manner characteristic of clothing intended for exemption under subdivision (47) of section 12-412, under consignment, exclusive of services provided by an auctioneer;

      (T) Locksmith services;

      (U) Advertising or public relations services, including layout, art direction, graphic design, mechanical preparation or production supervision, not related to the development of media advertising or cooperative direct mail advertising;

      (V) Landscaping and horticulture services;

      (W) Window cleaning services;

      (X) Maintenance services;

      (Y) Janitorial services;

      (Z) Exterminating services;

      (AA) Swimming pool cleaning and maintenance services;

      (BB) Miscellaneous personal services included in industry group 729 in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, United States Office of Management and Budget, 1987 edition, or U.S. industry 532220, 812191, 812199 or 812990 in the North American Industrial Classification System United States Manual, United States Office of Management and Budget, 1997 edition, exclusive of (i) services rendered by massage therapists licensed pursuant to chapter 384a, and (ii) services rendered by an electrologist licensed pursuant to chapter 388;

      (CC) Any repair or maintenance service to any item of tangible personal property including any contract of warranty or service related to any such item;

      (DD) Business analysis, management or managing consulting services rendered by a general partner, or an affiliate thereof, to a limited partnership, provided (i) the general partner, or an affiliate thereof, is compensated for the rendition of such services other than through a distributive share of partnership profits or an annual percentage of partnership capital or assets established in the limited partnership's offering statement, and (ii) the general partner, or an affiliate thereof, offers such services to others, including any other partnership. As used in this subparagraph "an affiliate of a general partner" means an entity which is directly or indirectly owned fifty per cent or more in common with a general partner;

      (EE) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 12-412, except subdivision (87) of said section 12-412, patient care services, as defined in subdivision (29) of this subsection by a hospital, except that "sale" and "selling" does not include such patient care services for which payment is received by the hospital during the period commencing July 1, 2001, and ending June 30, 2003;

      (FF) Health and athletic club services, exclusive of (i) any such services provided without any additional charge which are included in any dues or initiation fees paid to any such club, which dues or fees are subject to tax under section 12-543, (ii) any such services provided by a municipality or an organization that is described in Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, and (iii) yoga instruction provided at a yoga studio.

      (38) "Media payroll services company" means a retailer whose principal business activity is the management and payment of compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation, payroll taxes or assessments to individuals providing services to an eligible production company pursuant to section 12-217jj.

      (39) "Certified competitive video service" means video programming service provided through wireline facilities, a portion of which are located in the public right-of-way, without regard to delivery technology, including Internet protocol technology. "Certified competitive video service" does not include any video programming provided by a commercial mobile service provider, as defined in 47 USC 332(d); any video programming provided as part of community antenna television service; any video programming provided as part of, and via, a service that enables users to access content, information, electronic mail or other services over the Internet.

      (40) "Directory assistance" means an ancillary service of providing telephone number information or address information.

      (41) "Vertical service" means an ancillary service that is offered in connection with one or more telecommunications services, offering advanced calling features that allow customers to identify callers and to manage multiple calls and call connections, including conference bridging services.

      (b) Wherever in this chapter reference is made to the sale of tangible personal property or services, it shall be construed to include sales described in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of this section, except as may be specifically provided to the contrary.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2091; June, 1955, S. 1162d; 1957, P.A. 472; September, 1957, P.A. 17, S. 1; March, 1958, P.A. 27, S. 19; 1959, P.A. 578, S. 1-9; February, 1965, P.A. 381, S. 1; 1971, P.A. 205; June, 1971, P.A. 8, S. 2; 1972, P.A. 267; P.A. 73-442, S. 6; P.A. 75-213, S. 15-22, 53; 75-567, S. 46, 67, 80; P.A. 76-114, S. 2, 21; 76-372, S. 1-3; P.A. 77-395, S. 1, 3; 77-604, S. 74, 75, 84; 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 79-584, S. 1, 2; P.A. 82-48, S. 1, 2; P.A. 83-541, S. 1, 2; P.A. 84-507, S. 2, 4; P.A. 85-240, S. 1, 2, 6; 85-513, S. 1, 3; P.A. 86-397, S. 7, 10; P.A. 87-1, S. 5, 7; 87-340, S. 1, 2; P.A. 88-6, S. 1, 2; P.A. 89-41, S. 1, 2, 6; 89-123, S. 1-3; 89-251, S. 1, 2, 203; P.A. 90-148, S. 31, 34; 90-186, S. 1, 3; 90-295, S. 1, 2, 5; P.A. 91-132, S. 1, 2, 4; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 103-108, 168; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14, S. 26, 30; P.A. 92-184, S. 9-13, 19; 92-202, S. 4; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 17-24, 59; P.A. 93-44, S. 1, 2, 20, 21, 24; 93-74, S. 17-21, 23, 24, 67; 93-332, S. 1, 7, 25, 26, 28; 93-381, S. 9, 39; 93-435, S. 59, 95; P.A. 94-9, S. 14, 15, 20, 41; 94-175, S. 22, 23, 25, 32; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 13-15, 80, 85; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1, S. 126, 127, 130; P.A. 95-79, S. 31, 189; 95-160, S. 48, 49, 64, 69; 95-257, S. 12, 21, 58; P.A. 96-104, S. 2-4; 96-139, S. 12, 13; 96-165, S. 1, 2, 9; 96-222, S. 7, 41; 96-271, S. 159, 254; P.A. 97-2, S. 3, 8; 97-112, S. 2, 4; 97-243, S. 12-16, 67; 97-316, S. 6, 7, 11; P.A. 98-28, S. 116, 117; 98-110, S. 5, 27; 98-244, S. 15, 16, 35; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1, S. 29, 43; P.A. 99-173, S. 10-12, 65; 99-285, S. 10, 12; P.A. 00-170, S. 17, 18, 42; 00-174, S. 1-3, 69, 71-73, 83; 00-196, S. 3, 66; 00-227, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 00-1, S. 27, 46; P.A. 01-109, S. 2; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 1, 85; P.A. 02-3, S. 1; 02-103, S. 1; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-1, S. 65-68; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-4, S. 13-16; P.A. 03-2, S. 27; 03-278, S. 28, 29; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1, S. 97; P.A. 04-136, S. 44; P.A. 05-109, S. 45, 46; 05-260, S. 5; P.A. 06-187, S. 81; P.A. 07-236, S. 7-9; 07-253, S. 30-32; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 07-5, S. 8.)

      History: 1959 act added Subdiv. (2)(h), added provisions for transferring room occupancy in Subsecs. (3), (7) and (15), included rent received in "sales price" and "gross receipts," included operators as "sellers" and "retailers" and added Subsecs. (16) to (21); 1965 act included in definition of "retailer" persons soliciting orders through catalogs or advertising circulars; 1971 acts substituted "or" for "and" between Subsec. (15)(a) and (b) and redefined "sale" and "selling" in Subsec. (2) by removing exception in Subdiv. (g) for tangible personal property consisting of original visualization or design and by adding Subdiv. (i) re sales of utilities; 1972 act redefined "purchase" in Subsec. (7) by removing exception in Subdiv. (c) for tangible personal property consisting of original visualization or design; P.A. 73-442 redefined "person" in Subsec. (1) to include foreign municipal electric utilities; P.A. 75-213 amended Subsec. (2)(i) to delete telephone, telegraph, community antenna television and cable services and water, gas or electricity sales and to add Subdivs. (j) and (k) and amended Subsecs. (3), (7), (8), (9), (11), (12) and (15) to reflect amendments in Subsec. (2); P.A. 75-567 clarified Subsec. (8) by specifying applicability to services "rendered on or after July 1, 1975," and including total amount of payment or periodic payments "received for leasing or rental of tangible personal property for the term of any such lease or rental occurring on or after July 1, 1975" and amended Subsec. (9) to specify services, leases or rentals occurring on July 1, 1975, as well as after that date; P.A. 76-114 amended Subsec. (2)(j)(K) to specify applicability to real property and to specifically exclude renovation services if cost is capitalized for federal income tax purposes; P.A. 76-372 added Subdivs. (e) in both Subsecs. (8) and (9) including charges for labor "in installing or applying the property sold" in definitions of "sales price" and "gross receipts"; P.A. 77-395 deleted Subdiv. (i) re sale of steam, coolants and atomic power in Subsec. (2), relettering remaining Subdivs. accordingly, effective June 20, 1977, and applicable to any sale or furnishing of steam on or after March 1, 1974; P.A. 77-604 made technical changes in Subsecs. (8) and (9); P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 79-584 included as tangible personal property in Subdivs. (c) and (g) of Subsec. (2) computer programming, sign construction, photofinishing, duplicating and copying and deleted references to those services in Subdiv. (i) relettering Subparas. as necessary; P.A. 82-48 amended Subsec. (12) to provide that "retailer" includes anyone from whom a sales representative obtains property sold or anyone assisting a sales representative in solicitation of orders and that such "retailer" and sales representative shall be deemed to be principal and agent, respectively, for purposes of sales tax, deleting former Subsecs. (d) and (e); P.A. 83-541 amended Subsecs. (8) and (9) to provide that "sales price" and "gross receipts" as used therein do not include any portion of the amount charged which is refunded upon rescission of sale, and accordingly, the refund includes tax collected on the amount refunded, effective July 1, 1983, and applicable to any refund of the amount charged upon rescission on or after said date; P.A. 84-507 amended Subsec. (2)(i) to exempt from the definition of "sale" or "selling" services rendered for the voluntary containing or removing of hazardous waste; P.A. 85-240 added Subsec. (2)(M) re flight instruction and chartering services by a certificated air carrier to the list of services subject to sales tax under Subsec. (2)(i) and added editorially Subsec. (22) defining "certificated air carrier"; P.A. 85-513 amended Subsec. (2)(j) to provide that the lease or rental of any motion picture film by the owner of a theater shall not constitute a sale subject to tax as in the case of other tangible personal property so leased or rented, effective July 1, 1985, and applicable to contracts of lease or rental of motion picture films becoming effective on or after July 1, 1985; P.A. 86-397 amended Subsec. (2) by eliminating "commercial and industrial marketing, development, testing and research services" under Subdiv. (i), subject to sales tax under Sec. 12-408(1), effective June 11, 1986, and applicable to sales of certain services occurring on or after July 1, 1986; P.A. 87-1 made technical corrections; P.A. 87-340 amended Subsec. (2) to delete collection agencies from the list of taxable services, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to services performed by collection agencies on or after that date; P.A. 88-6 amended Subsec. (2) by substituting "aircraft" for "airplane" wherever the latter word appears, and added Subsec. (23) defining "aircraft"; P.A. 89-41 amended Subsec. (12)(e) by deleting description of every dealer, distributor or employer in any sale as the principal and any salesman, representative, peddler or canvasser operating under such dealer, distributor or employer in such sale as the agent and the related reference to their joint and several liability for payment of the tax, and by adding Subdivs. (f) and (g) describing the conditions under which a person making sales from outside the state to within the state, and not maintaining a place of business in this state, shall be considered a retailer and liable for tax and added Subsec. (15)(e) providing that retail sales from outside this state, when the seller does not maintain a place of business in this state and when such sales are effected by the methods described, shall be considered as engaging in business in this state, effective July 1, 1989, and applicable to sales from outside this state to destinations in this state on or after that date; P.A. 89-123 amended Subsecs. (8) and (9) by changing the reference to Subpara. (K) to Subpara. (I) under Subdiv. (e) in both cases, which is the correct reference under the meaning of said Subdiv. (e), and added new Subsecs. defining "vessel" and "licensed marine dealer", respectively, as they are used in provisions related to sales and use taxes; P.A. 89-251 amended Subsec. (2)(i) as follows: (1) Added architectural, building engineering and planning or design as services subject to tax, (2) under services to income-producing real property in Subpara. (I), removed maintenance, janitorial and landscaping services because of their inclusion as services subject to tax when rendered with respect to any real property under Subparas. (Z), (AA) and (X) respectively, and removed the exclusion from tax for services rendered in a renovation when the cost is capitalized for federal income tax purposes, (3) in Subpara. (J), added consulting and public relations services and (4) added the services listed in Subparas. (M) to (DD), inclusive, as services to be considered as sales and subject to tax, added Subsec. (2)(k) providing that telecommunications service shall be considered a sale and subject to sales tax when rendered on or after January 1, 1990, and (2)(l) providing that community antenna television service shall be considered a sale and subject to sales tax when rendered on or after January 1, 1990 and added new Subsecs. defining "telecommunications service" and "community antenna television service", respectively; P.A. 90-148 amended Subsec. (2) by changing the description of the service under Subdiv. (i)(J) so that "consulting and public relations services" are described as "management consulting and public relations services", which accordingly constitute a sale subject to tax and by providing that the services of an agent described under Subdiv. (i)(U), as constituting a sale and accordingly subject to tax, shall not include services of a consignee selling works of art or articles of clothing, except certain athletic or protective clothing or handbags, luggage, jewelry and similar items, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to sales of services on or after that date; P.A. 90-186 added Subsec. (17)(f) describing lodging accommodations at any facility operated by a nonprofit charitable organization as a facility with respect to which charges for occupancy are not subject to sales tax; P.A. 90-295 added Subsec. (12)(h) and (i) defining as a retailer for purposes of sales tax, any person owned or controlled by a retailer in Connecticut engaged in the same line of business, or owned or controlled by the same interests that own or control such a retailer in Connecticut, and added Subsec. (15)(f) and (g) defining "engaged in business in this state" as including a retailer owned or controlled by a retailer in the same line of business and engaged in business in Connecticut or a retailer owned or controlled by the same interests that own or control a retailer in the same line of business and engaged in business in Connecticut, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to retail sales from outside Connecticut to a destination within the state occurring on or after that date; P.A. 91-132 redefined "retailer" and "engaged in business in the state" to include Subdivs. (j) and (h), respectively, concerning assignees of persons engaged in the business of leasing tangible personal property, effective July 1, 1991, and applicable to all assignments occurring on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 redefined "sale" and "selling" as follows: (1) Deleted architectural, building engineering and planning or design services, including interior design and decorating services, (2) expanded motor vehicle repair services to all repairs, (3) clarified the scope of motor vehicle parking and car wash services, (4) excluded cooperative direct mail advertising from advertising and public relations services, (5) excluded landscape services provided by a licensed landscape architect, (6) extended repair and maintenance services to include contracts of warranty or service, and (7) included photographic studio services, certain renovation and repair services, amusement and recreation services, miscellaneous personal services and tax preparation services, added Subdivs. (m), re the rendering of transportation services, and (n), re the storage or mooring of vessels, to Subsec. (2) redefined "sales price" and "gross receipts" to exclude a portion of the payments made for the services of leased employees, redefined "occupancy" to include the first period of not exceeding 30 consecutive calendar days, redefined "telecommunications service" to remove the exclusion for charges specifically related to a service or the sale of a product that is not a telecommunications service and added Subsec. (28) defining "transportation services", effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14 amended Subsec. (2)(n), defining "sale" and "selling" to limit its application to noncommercial vessels; P.A. 92-184 inserted "or space in a campground" in Subsecs. (2)(h), (3), (7)(a), (15)(b) and (19) and inserted "or a campground" in Subsec. (18), effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 92-202 amended Subsec. (2)(i)(FF) to exempt services of licensed massage therapists; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 (1) in Sec. 17 amended Subsec. (2)(i)(W) to delete exception re media advertising subject to taxation under Subdiv. (N) and amended Subsec. (2)(i)(EE) to exclude services rendered in a facility owned or managed by governmental entity from the definition of amusement and recreation services, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; (2) in Sec. 18 amended Subsec. (2)(i)(N) to exclude certain parking services rendered to employees, amended Subsec. (2)(i)(S) to replace land surveying services with tax preparation services which was previously numbered Subsec. (2)(i)(GG), amended Subsec. (2)(i)(W) by deleting exception for media advertising subject to taxation under Subdiv. (n), amended Subsec. (2)(i)(X) to include landscaping services provided by a licensed landscape architect, amended Subsec. (2)(i)(EE) to make the following changes with regard to amusement and recreation services: (1) Exclude dance lessons, (2) include services offered by a governmental entity which entitle the patron to participate in an athletic or sporting activity, other than swimming, which is not organized exclusively for patrons under the age of 19, and (3) exclude any service provided without additional charge for which a charge subject to the admissions or dues tax is paid, amended Subsec. (2)(i)(FF) to exclude services rendered by licensed massage therapist, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; (3) in Sec. 19 further amended Subdiv. (2)(i)(EE) to remove exclusion for swimming, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1993, (4) in Secs. 20, 21, 22 and 23 amended Subsecs. (8) and (9) to provide for the total exclusion of separately stated compensation under Subdiv. (f) and to remove the limitation with regard to the performance of only repair, maintenance and other routine services to real property, applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1986, and to provide for the specific inclusion of compensation and employment related expenses, applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992, and (5) in Sec. 24 amended Subsec. (28) to set forth as a test for inclusion that the person must be required to be licensed by the department of transportation or the Interstate Commerce Commission and to exclude any person causing to be operated a commercial motor vehicle, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; P.A. 93-44 added Subsec. (2)(o) re hospital charges and added Subsec. (29) defining "hospital", effective April 23, 1993; P.A. 93-74 amended Subdivs. (2), (3), (7), (15), (18) and (19) to exclude space in a campground, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after July 1, 1993, and further amended Subdiv. (2)(h) to delete reference to campground spaces, amended Subdiv. (2)(i)(N) to remove exclusion for car-washing services and to add exclusion for valet parking provided at any airport, Subdiv. (2)(i)(U) to include motor vehicles sold at auction to wholesalers, deleted Subdiv. (2)(i)(EE) re amusements and recreation services and relettered the remaining Subdiv. accordingly and Subsec. (2)(n) excluding certain dry or wet storage or mooring of noncommercial vessels, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after January 1, 1994, and amended Subdiv. (2)(i)(S) excluding tax preparation services provided for a business, corporation, partnership and business schedules, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after January 1, 1995; P.A. 93-332 amended Subsec. (2) defining "sale" or "selling" to include business analysis, management or managing consulting services rendered by a general partner to a limited partnership, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1994, and amended Subsec. (8) and (9) defining "sale price" and "gross receipts" to provide for the inclusion of shipping and delivery charges, deleting prior provisions which had distinguished between transportation costs before and after purchase of property, and to provide for the exclusion of separately stated compensation, fringe benefits, workers' compensation and payroll taxes under Subdiv. (f), effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1993, and amended Subsec. (19) defining "occupancy" to exclude space in a campground, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-381 and 93-435 authorized substitution of department of public health and addiction services for department of health services in Subsec. (29), effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 94-9 added Subsec. (2)(i)(HH) re patient care services by a hospital and deleted Subsec. (2)(o) re hospital charges for patient care services, effective January 1, 1994, and applicable to sales on and after that date and also added new Subsec. (30) re patient care services, effective April 1, 1994; P.A. 94-175 amended Subsec. (2)(i)(HH) to add exception re Sec. 12-412(86) and redefined "patient care services" in Subsec. (30) to include tangible personal property, effective June 2, 1994, and applicable to sales on and after April 1, 1994; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 13, in Subsec. (2)(i)(I) excluded the evaluation, prevention, treatment, containment or removal of hazardous waste or other contaminants of air, water or soil and in Subsec. (2)(i)(J) excluded environmental consulting services, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to income years occurring on or after July 1, 1989; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 14 deleted Subsec. (2)(i)(R) re tax on health and athletic club services and relettered remaining Subparas. accordingly, and in Subsec. (2)(i)(EE) excluded certain compensation to general partners or affiliates thereof, effective January 1, 1995, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 15, deleted Subsec. (2)(i)(S) re tax on tax preparation services and relettered the remaining Subparas. accordingly, and in Subsec. (2)(i)(R)(ii) expanded exclusion to include all services provided by an auctioneer, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date, and relettered remaining Subparas. accordingly; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 80 changed effective date of P.A. 94-175, S. 23 from June 2, 1994, to January 1, 1995, effective June 9, 1994; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1, S. 126 and 127 in Subdiv. (2) made technical changes, effective January 1, 1995, and July 1, 1996, respectively, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said dates; P.A. 95-79 redefined "person" to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995; P.A. 95-160, S. 48 added new Subdiv. (2)(R) re tax preparation services, relettered the remaining Subparas., deleted exclusive of services provided by an auctioneer, and made technical correction to change reference to Subsec. (86) to (87) of Sec. 12-412, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 95-160, S. 49 amended Subpara. (D) to exclude services of off-duty police officers at construction sites, added new Subpara. (N)(iv) re space in municipally-operated railroad parking facilities in severe nonattainment areas for ozone, deleted Subpara. (R) re tax preparation services and relettered the remaining Subparas., added exclusion re services of an auctioneer, added new Subpara. (CC)(ii) re services of a hypertrichologist, effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date (Revisor's note: P.A. 95-160 also revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section); P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 96-104 made existing Subdiv. (6), Subpara. (A) and added Subpara. (B) re property acquired by a customer of a commercial printer and amended Subdiv. (15) by adding exclusion re retailers who contract with a commercial printer and made technical corrections, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 96-139 changed effective date of P.A. 95-160 but without affecting this section; P.A. 96-165 removed from the definition of "sale" and "selling" in Subsec. (2) the provisions of Subdiv. (m) re the rendering of transportation service, relettering the remaining Subdiv. accordingly and eliminated the definition of "transportation service" in Subsec. (28), renumbering the remaining Subsecs. accordingly, effective July 1, 1996; P.A. 96-222 amended definition of "transportation service" to insert "or its successor agency" after "Interstate Commerce Commission", effective July 1, 1996, but failed to take effect, that definition having been deleted by P.A. 96-165; P.A. 96-271 amended definition of "telecommunications service" in Subsec. (26) to replace reference to Sec. 33-374a with Sec. 33-840, effective January 1, 1997; P.A. 97-2 amended Subdiv. (28) to exclude children's general hospitals effective January 30, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after February 1, 1997; P.A. 97-112 amended Subdiv. (17) to replace "homes for the aged" with "residential care homes"; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (2) to provide that services to industrial commercial or income-producing property are not taxable when provided to a housing facility owned or operated by a nonprofit housing organization and deleted obsolete reference to computer programming, amended Subsecs. (8) and (9) to delete obsolete dates, to reword portions of Subsecs. to clarify that a retailer is liable for sales tax whether or not payment is received by the retailer and to make technical changes, amended Subsec. (12) to include any service described in Subsec. (2) instead of Subsec. (2)(i), and to make technical changes, amended Subsec. (27) to add cable, fiber optics, satellite and microwave as means by which service provided, and added new Subsec. (30) defining "another state" or "other state", effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997; P.A. 97-316 amended Subsec. (2) to exclude all services of off-duty police officers and firefighters and services related to creation, development, hosting or maintenance of a web site, and amended Subsecs. (8) and (9) to delete existing definitions of and add new provisions re when an employee is considered a leased employee for purposes of subsection, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1997; P.A. 98-28 redefined "tangible personal property" to include distribution, generation or transmission of electricity, effective April 29, 1998; P.A. 98-110 amended Subsecs. (8) and (9) to add new Subdivs. (B)(v) and (vi) re coupons and new Subdiv. (B)(ix) re deposits and relettered and made technical changes to existing text, effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1998 (Revisor's note: In Subsec. (9)(B)(ix) the word "the" was added editorially by the Revisors immediately following the "(ix)" designator); P.A. 98-244 redefined "retailer" to include persons from outside the state who make retail sales to destinations within the state and who provide repair or service, under warranty, either directly or through an agent, independent contractor or subsidiary, on items sold by such persons, and amended Subsec. (15) to specify that making regular repairs in or making regular deliveries into Connecticut is engaging in business in this state, effective June 8, 1998; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1 added new Subdiv. (2)(n) re sale of naming rights, effective January 12, 1999; P.A. 99-173 amended Subdiv. (2) to exclude training services provided by higher education institutions, amended Subdiv. (3) to make technical changes and to provide that sale-leaseback transactions be treated as a single transaction for sales tax purposes, and amended Subdiv. (28) to exempt short-term acute care hospitals run by the state from the sales tax on hospital patient care services, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999; P.A. 99-285 amended Subdiv. (2) in language identical to that used in P.A. 99-173, effective July 1, 1999; P.A. 00-170 added Subdivs. (8)(B)(viii)(II) and (9)(B)(viii)(II) to exclude from the definition of "sales price" and "gross receipts" amounts paid to worksite employees of professional employer organizations and added Subdivs. (31) to (33), inclusive, to define "professional employer agreement", "professional employer organization" and "worksite employee", effective July 1, 2000; P.A. 00-174 amended Subdiv. (2) to specify programming, code writing and similar services, including such services related to canned or custom software, within the scope of computer and data processing services for purposes of the definition of "sale" or "selling", amended Subdiv. (13) to include canned or prewritten computer software in the definition of "tangible personal property", amended Subdiv. (29) to include tangible personal property transferred in connection with patient care services in the definition of such services, and added new Subdivs. designated as (35) and (36) defining "canned or prewritten software" and "custom software", respectively, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to all tax periods open on said date, and further amended section to add new Subdiv. (2)(o) re prepaid telephone calling services, revising the standard industrial classification codes used in the definition of "sale" and "selling" and make technical changes, to add Subdiv. (26)(b)(3) re prepaid telephone calling service, and to add new Subdiv. designated as (34) to define prepaid telephone calling services, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to sales made on or after that date; P.A. 00-196 made technical changes in Subdiv. (2); P.A. 00-227 amended Subdiv. (15) by designating existing provisions as Subparas. (A) and (B), making conforming technical changes thereto, and by adding Subpara. (C) re treatment of fulfillment services under this section; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 00-1 amended new Subdiv. (35) to add provision that software subsequently sold, licensed or leased to unrelated third parties shall be considered canned or prewritten software, and amended new Subdiv. (36) to delete provision that the combining of two or more prewritten programs or modification of prewritten software to accommodate the individual hardware requirements of a customer does not constitute custom software, effective June 21, 2000, and applicable to all open tax periods; P.A. 01-109 amended Subdiv. (2)(i)(CC)(ii) by changing "a hypertrichologist" to "an electrologist"; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 amended Subdiv. (2) to exempt from the definition of "sale" and "selling" parking services in certain state railroad parking facilities in Subpara. (i)(N)(iv), to suspend the sales tax on patient care services for the biennium commencing July 1, 2001, and ending June 30, 2003, in Subpara. (i)(FF) and to make technical changes in Subparas. (c) and (i)(EE), effective July 1, 2001, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 02-3 amended Subdiv. (2) to provide that patient care services are those for which payment is received by the hospital, effective February 28, 2002; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes, deleted obsolete references and added new Subdiv. (37) defining "services" as the enumerated services which were formerly contained in the definition of "sale" and "selling" in Subdiv. (2), effective January 1, 2003; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-1 amended Subsec. (a)(2) and replacement provisions in Subsec. (a)(37) to provide an exclusion for certain business services after January 1, 1994, in connection with certain aircraft, effective July 1, 2002, and amended Subsec. (a)(2) to add Subpara. (P) re the furnishing of space for storage, effective January 1, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-4 amended Subsec. (a)(2) to delete the tax on self-storage units (Subpara. (P)) which was to commence July 1, 2002, effective July 1, 2002, reimposed said tax, effective October 1, 2002, and further amended provisions to specify that said tax pertains to storage of tangible property and to define "space for storage", effective January 1, 2003, and amended Subsec. (a)(27) to exclude certain noncable communications service from the definition of community antenna television service, effective August 15, 2002; P.A. 03-2 amended Subsec. (a)(37) to modify scope of advertising and public relations services in Subpara. (U) and to add Subpara. (FF) re health and athletic club services, effective April 1, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 03-278 made a technical change in Subdivs. (8)(B) and (9)(B) of Subsec. (a), effective July 9, 2003; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1 amended Subsec. (a)(37)(U) to restore language deleted by P.A. 03-2, effective August 16, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2003; P.A. 04-136 amended Subsec. (a)(37)(D) to designate existing provision re off-duty police officers and firefighters as clause (i) and add clause (ii) re coin and currency services provided to a financial services company by or through another financial services company, effective May 12, 2004, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date (Revisor's note: In 2005, a reference to "financial service company" in Subsec. (a)(37)(D)(ii) was changed editorially by the Revisors to "financial services company" for consistency); P.A. 05-109 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing references to Sec. 42a-1-201(37) with references to Sec. 42a-1-201(b)(35) in Subdivs. (12) and (15)(A); P.A. 05-260 added Subsec. (a)(15)(D) re retailer participation in trade shows at the convention center, effective July 13, 2005, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2005; P.A. 06-187 amended Subsec. (a)(37)(FF) by adding clause (iii) re exemption for yoga instruction, effective July 1, 2006; P.A. 07-236 amended Subsecs. (a)(8)(B) and (a)(9)(B) to add new Subpara. (x) in both excluding certain amounts charged for or paid to a media payroll services company from definition of "sales price" and "gross receipts" and, in Subsec. (a), added Subdiv. (38) defining "media payroll services company", effective July 1, 2007; P.A. 07-253 amended Subsec. (a)(2)(L) to designate existing provisions as clause (i) and define "community antenna television service" therein and to add clause (ii) re certified competitive video service, amended Subsec. (a)(26) to redefine "telecommunications service" and, in Subsec. (a), added Subdivs. (39) to (41), defining "certified competitive video service", "directory assistance" and "vertical service", respectively; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 07-5 amended Subsec. (a)(2)(L)(i) to add provision re service provided by a community antenna television company issued a certificate of video franchise authority for any service area in which it was not certified to provide service on or before October 1, 2007.

      Cited. 135 C. 245. Cited. 170 C. 556. Cited. 206 C. 253. Cited. 216 C. 17. Cited. 231 C. 315.

      Cited. 43 CS 5.

      Subsec. (a):

      Subdiv. (2):

      Under definition of "sale" party to whom title is transferred is party to whom sale is made even though others may participate in transaction. 145 C. 161. If real objective is procuring of skilled engineering services, then not a "sale" under this section. 145 C. 176. Subdiv. (a) cited. 168 C. 597. Subdiv. (k) cited. 171 C. 172. Cited. 174 C. 51. Cited. 176 C. 604. Cited. 183 C. 194. Subdiv. (a) cited. Id., 566. Cited. 198 C. 413. Determining when title passes for sales tax purposes discussed. Id., 624. Subdiv. (j) cited. 210 C. 401. Subdiv. (i)(C) cited. Id., 413. Subdiv. (a): Transaction essentially the conveyance of intangible right to free meals, the membership fees involved are not subject to sales tax. Id., 567. Subdiv. (i)(A) cited. 211 C. 246. Subdiv. (i)(G) cited. Id. Subdiv. (i)(I) cited. Id. Subdiv. (i)(J) cited. Id. Cited. 212 C. 639. Subdiv. (i): Exclusion provided for by statute not applicable to services rendered to dog track which were of a private nature and thus subject to sales tax. 213 C. 269. Subdiv. (i)(I) cited. 220 C. 749. Subdiv. (i)(J): "Management services" includes day-to-day operational management as well as services of a consultative nature. 221 C. 751. Subdiv. (c) cited. 222 C. 49. Subdiv. (i)(I): For purposes of sales and use tax under this section, term "services" does not include tangible personal property purchased and consumed by asbestos removal contractors. 231 C. 315. Subdiv. (j) cited. 235 C. 393. Subdiv. (i) cited. Id., 737. Cited. 238 C. 571; Id., 761. Sec. 2091(3)(1949) cited. Id. For purposes of Subpara. (i)(I), scrap tires are not "hazardous waste" or "contaminants of air, water or soil". 253 C. 683. Sec. 71 of P.A. 00-174, amending Subpara. (i)(A), had retroactive effect and clarified definition of computer and data processing services to include development, creation or production of software; time period in question is an "open tax period" within the meaning of P.A. 00-174 and therefore act is applicable. 255 C. 498.

      Cited. 2 CA 303. Subdiv. (i)(c) cited. 6 CA 661. Subdiv. (i)(A) cited. 18 CA 434. Cited. 24 CA 72. Subdiv. (i) cited. 35 CA 72. Sec. 12-407(2)(i)(A)-(GG) cited. Id.

      Subdiv. (i) cited. 39 CS 234. Subdiv. (j) cited. Id. Cited. 41 CS 175. Cited. 44 CS 133. Subdiv. (i) cited. Id. Subdiv. (i)(I): Service of collecting scrap tires falls within the hazardous waste removal exemption from the sales and use tax. 45 CS 508. Entity created by owner to manage and operate owner's mall for a twenty-year period is not providing "personnel services" within the meaning of Subpara. (i)(C) and is excluded from tax under Subsec. (8)(B). 46 CS 401. Subpara. (i)(I): "Hazardous waste" should be given its ordinary, commonly understood meaning and the exemption for hazardous waste includes radwaste. Id., 509.

      Subdiv. (3):

      If plaintiff cannot prove the purchase is for resale in the regular course of business, then sale to plaintiff is "sale at retail." 145 C. 176. Cited. 174 C. 51. Cited. 183 C. 566. Cited. 210 C. 401; Id., 413; Id., 567. Cited. 235 C. 393. Cited. 238 C. 571; Id., 761.

      Cited. 18 CA 434.

      Facilities purchased to be turned over to federal government were not sold in regular course of business for purposes of this subsection. 19 CS 333.

      Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 403.

      Subdiv. (4):

      Cited. 235 C. 393.

      Subdiv. (5):

      Cited. 145 C. 161. Plaintiff procured property for government but held title during transportation, held taxable use. Id., 176. Cited. 235 C. 393; Id., 737. Cited. 236 C. 613. Cited. 238 C. 761. Sec. 2091(6)(1949) cited. Id. Cited. 240 C. 531.

      Cited. 42 CA 310.

      Cited. 39 CS 234. Cited. 44 CS 133.

      Subdiv. (7):

      Subdiv. (f) cited. 174 C. 51. Cited. 183 C. 194. Cited. 222 C. 49. Subdiv. (e) cited. 238 C. 761.

      Subdiv. (8):

      Cited. 187 C. 581.

      Cited. 2 CA 303. Cited. 6 CA 261.

      Cited. 30 CS 309. Cited. 44 CS 133. Entity created by owner to manage and operate owner's mall for a twenty-year period is not providing "personnel services" within meaning of Subsec. (2)(i)(C) and is excluded from tax under Subpara. (B). 46 CS 401. Management fees paid to property manager, related to reimbursement for separately stated payroll overhead expenses paid on behalf of eight separate apartment complexes, do not fall into the exemptions to definition. 48 CS 221.

      Subdiv. (9):

      Cited. 174 C. 51. Tax applied to payments for the use of personal property occurring after effective date of amendment although prepayment made before effective date. 183 C. 194. Cited. 187 C. 581.

      Cited. 2 CA 303. Cited. 5 CA 532. Cited. 6 CA 261.

      Cited. 31 CS 373. Management fees paid to property manager, related to reimbursement for separately stated payroll overhead expenses paid on behalf of eight separate apartment complexes, do not fall into the exemptions to definition. 48 CS 221.

      Subdiv. (12):

      Cited. 238 C. 571.

      Subdiv. (13):

      Cited. 176 C. 604. Cited. 210 C. 567.

      Subdiv. (15):

      Cited. 217 C. 220.

      Subdiv. (37):

      The phrase "in connection with" in Subpara. (J)(iii) should be construed according to its plain meaning, and includes any factual, contextual or causal relationship; pilot training services provided by out-of-state vendors are not subject to tax, as such services are business management services inextricably linked to the provision of qualified pilots for clients' aircraft; Subpara. (J)(iii) does not involve the application of a tax exemption, but is a definition of what is taxable, and creates an exclusion from the definition of taxable business management services, not an exemption from an otherwise taxable service. 294 C. 225.

      Sec. 12-407a. Basis for determining whether a telecommunications service is subject to tax under this chapter. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the rendering of telecommunications service shall be subject to tax under this chapter as a sale, for purposes of subparagraph (K) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, when such service is (1) (A) originated in this state and terminated in this state, (B) originated in this state and terminated outside this state and with respect to which such service is charged to a telephone number, customer or account located in this state or to the account of any transmission instrument in this state, or (C) originated outside this state and terminated in this state and with respect to which such service is charged to a telephone number, customer or account located in this state or to the account of any transmission instrument in this state, or (2) rendered by providing a private interstate telecommunications line on which the customer for such line has two or more locations connected to such line and the charges for which are related to (A) the number of customer locations connected to such line in this state, (B) the distance between customer locations connected to such line in this state, and (C) a portion of such line determined by a ratio, the numerator of which is the number of air miles between the state border and the denominator of which is the number of air miles between said closest connection to the state border in this state and the customer location connected to such line which is closest to the state border outside this state.

      (b) For purposes of determining the application of tax under this chapter to cellular mobile telecommunications service in accordance with subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of this section, (A) a call originated from a cellular mobile telephone shall be deemed to have originated in this state if the first site in a cellular telephone system, at which messages to or from cellular mobile telephones are transmitted or received, to establish a completed call is located in this state, (B) a call terminated at a cellular mobile telephone shall be deemed to have terminated in this state if the first such site to transmit the call to such telephone is located in this state, (C) a call originated in this state as described in subparagraph (A) of this subsection shall be deemed to have originated and terminated in this state if the call terminates in this state, and (D) a call terminated in this state as described in subparagraph (B) of this subsection shall be deemed to have originated and terminated in this state if the call originates in this state. This subsection shall apply to services that are rendered prior to August 2, 2002, provided, if a court of competent jurisdiction enters a final judgment on the merits that is based on federal law, that is no longer subject to appeal, and that substantially limits or impairs the essential elements of Sections 116 to 126, inclusive, of Title 4 of the United States Code, this subsection shall also apply to services that are rendered on or after the date of entry of such judgment.

      (c) (1) For purposes of this subsection:

      (A) "Mobile telecommunications service" means mobile telecommunications service, as defined in 4 USC 124;

      (B) "Charges for mobile telecommunications services" means charges for mobile telecommunications services, as defined in 4 USC 124;

      (C) "Home service provider" means home service provider, as defined in 4 USC 124;

      (D) "Customer" means customer, as defined in 4 USC 124;

      (E) "Place of primary use" means place of primary use, as defined in 4 USC 124; and

      (F) "Taxing jurisdiction" means taxing jurisdiction, as defined in 4 USC 124.

      (2) (A) For purposes of determining the application of tax under this chapter to mobile telecommunications service, mobile telecommunications services provided in any taxing jurisdiction to a customer, the charges for which are billed by or for the customer's home service provider, shall be deemed to be provided by the customer's home service provider.

      (B) Subject to the specific exceptions described in 4 USC 116(c), all charges for mobile telecommunications services that are deemed to be provided by the customer's home service provider are subject to tax under this chapter if the customer's place of primary use is in this state regardless of where the mobile telecommunications services originate, terminate or pass through.

      (3) (A) A home service provider shall be responsible for obtaining and maintaining a record of the customer's place of primary use. Except as provided in subdivision (4) of this subsection, if the home service provider's reliance on the information provided by its customer is in good faith: (i) The home service provider may rely on the applicable residential or business street address supplied by the home service provider's customer; and (ii) the home service provider shall not be held liable for any additional taxes under this chapter based on a different determination of the place of primary use.

      (B) Except as provided in subdivision (4) of this subsection, a home service provider may treat the address used by the home service provider for purposes of this chapter, for any customer under a service contract or agreement in effect on July 28, 2002, as that customer's place of primary use for the remaining term of such service contract or agreement, excluding any extension or renewal of such service contract or agreement.

      (4) (A) If the commissioner determines that the address used by a home service provider as a customer's place of primary use is not, in fact, the customer's place of primary use, the commissioner shall notify such customer of such determination and provide such customer an opportunity to demonstrate that the address used by a home service provider as a customer's place of primary use is, in fact, the customer's place of primary use.

      (B) If the customer fails to demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the commissioner, that the address is, in fact, the customer's place of primary use, the commissioner shall provide the home service provider with notice of the proper address to be used as such customer's place of primary use, and the home service provider shall begin using the address provided by the commissioner as such customer's place of primary use on a prospective basis from the date the commissioner provides notice of such address.

      (5) (A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the commissioner may provide an electronic database, as described in 4 USC 119, and any revisions to such database, to a home service provider.

      (B) If the commissioner does not provide an electronic database, as described in subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, to a home service provider, the home service provider shall be held harmless from tax under this chapter that otherwise would be due solely as a result of an assignment of a street address to an incorrect taxing jurisdiction if, subject to subdivision (4) of this subsection, the home service provider employs an enhanced zip code to assign each street address to a specific taxing jurisdiction for each level of taxing jurisdiction and exercises due diligence at each level of taxing jurisdiction to ensure that each such street address is assigned to the correct taxing jurisdiction.

      (6) (A) If a customer believes that an amount of tax or an assignment of place of primary use or taxing jurisdiction included on a billing is erroneous, the customer shall notify the home service provider in writing. The customer shall include in such written notification the street address for the customer's place of primary use, the account name and number for which the customer requests a correction, a description of the error asserted by the customer and any other information that the home service provider reasonably requires to process the request. No later than sixty days after the date of receiving a notice under this subdivision, the home service provider shall review its records. If such review establishes that the amount of tax, or the assignment of place of primary use or taxing jurisdiction is erroneous, then the home service provider shall correct the error and refund or credit the amount of tax erroneously collected from the customer for a period of up to two years from the date of the customer's written notification. If such review establishes that the amount of tax, or the assignment of place of primary use or taxing jurisdiction is correct, then the home service provider shall provide a written explanation to the customer.

      (B) If the customer is not satisfied with the explanation of the home service provider under subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, the customer may claim a refund from the taxing jurisdiction affected, provided the customer has first exhausted the remedy available to customers under subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, and, if the customer has done so and if the taxing jurisdiction affected is this state, the claim is made within the time prescribed in section 12-425.

      (7) This subsection shall apply to services that are rendered on or after August 2, 2002, provided, if a court of competent jurisdiction enters a final judgment on the merits that is based on federal law, that is no longer subject to appeal, and that substantially limits or impairs the essential elements of Sections 116 to 126, inclusive, of Title 4 of the United States Code, this subsection shall be invalid and have no legal effect as of the date of entry of such judgment.

      (d) If nontaxable charges are aggregated with and not separately stated from taxable charges for telecommunications services, then the nontaxable charges may be subject to tax unless the provider can reasonably identify charges not subject to tax under this chapter from its books and records that are kept in the regular course of business. A customer may not rely upon the nontaxability of charges for services unless the customer's provider separately states the charges for nontaxable services from taxable charges for telecommunications services or the provider elects, after receiving written request from the customer in the form required by the provider, to provide verifiable data based upon the provider's books and records that are kept in the regular course of business that reasonably identifies the nontaxable charges.

      (P.A. 89-251, S. 3, 203; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 109, 168; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 71, 85; P.A. 02-103, S. 2.)

      History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 amended Subsec. (a) to clarify that services which originate or terminate outside this nation, as well as in another state, are subject to the tax, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 amended Subsec. (a) to add exception for Subsecs. (b) and (c) and make technical changes, amended Subsec. (b) to add provisions re application of subsection and make a technical change, added new Subsec. (c) to make the taxation under this chapter of cellular telephone calls and related services consistent with federal law and added new Subsec. (d) re treatment of nontaxable charges, effective July 1, 2001, and applicable to customer bills issued after the first day of the first month beginning more than two years after the date of enactment of Public Law No. 106-252; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes in Subsec. (a).

      Sec. 12-407b. Basis for determining whether a transportation service is subject to tax under this chapter. Section 12-407b is repealed, effective July 1, 1996.

      (June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 110, 168; P.A. 96-165, S. 8, 9.)

      Sec. 12-407c. Treatment of certain persons as agents. If any person described in subparagraph (E) of subdivision (12) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 is acting in concert with any person described in subparagraph (F) of said subdivision (12), the Commissioner of Revenue Services, in the commissioner's discretion, may deem and treat such persons as principal and agent, respectively, when the commissioner deems it necessary for the efficient administration of this chapter and may hold such persons jointly and severally liable for the collection and payment of the taxes imposed by this chapter. An unaffiliated person providing fulfillment services, as defined in subparagraph (C) of subdivision (15) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, to a purchaser of such services shall not be treated as a retailer by the commissioner under this section with respect to such activity.

      (P.A. 91-132, S. 3, 4; P.A. 00-227, S. 2; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 64, 85; P.A. 02-103, S. 3.)

      History: P.A. 00-227 added provisions exempting unaffiliated persons providing fulfillment services from coverage under this section and made technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 made technical changes, effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes.

      Sec. 12-407d. Tax suspended for one week in August for sales of clothing or footwear of less than three hundred dollars. Section 12-407d is repealed, effective July 1, 2004.

      (P.A. 00-170, S. 15, 42; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1, S. 142.)

      Sec. 12-407e. Tax suspended for one week in August for sales of clothing or footwear of less than three hundred dollars. From the third Sunday in August until the Saturday next succeeding, inclusive, the provisions of this chapter shall not apply to sales of any article of clothing or footwear intended to be worn on or about the human body the cost of which article to the purchaser is less than three hundred dollars. For purposes of this section, clothing or footwear shall not include (1) any special clothing or footwear primarily designed for athletic activity or protective use and which is not normally worn except when used for the athletic activity or protective use for which it was designed, and (2) jewelry, handbags, luggage, umbrellas, wallets, watches and similar items carried on or about the human body but not worn on the body in the manner characteristic of clothing intended for exemption under this section.

      (P.A. 04-218, S. 13.)

      History: P.A. 04-218 effective July 1, 2004, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date.

      Sec. 12-408. The sales tax. (1) Imposition and rate of sales tax. For the privilege of making any sales, as defined in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, at retail, in this state for a consideration, a tax is hereby imposed on all retailers at the rate of six per cent of the gross receipts of any retailer from the sale of all tangible personal property sold at retail or from the rendering of any services constituting a sale in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, except, in lieu of said rate of six per cent, (A) at a rate of twelve per cent with respect to each transfer of occupancy, from the total amount of rent received for such occupancy of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house for the first period not exceeding thirty consecutive calendar days, (B) with respect to the sale of a motor vehicle to any individual who is a member of the armed forces of the United States and is on full-time active duty in Connecticut and who is considered, under 50 App USC 574, a resident of another state, or to any such individual and the spouse thereof, at a rate of four and one-half per cent of the gross receipts of any retailer from such sales, provided such retailer requires and maintains a declaration by such individual, prescribed as to form by the commissioner and bearing notice to the effect that false statements made in such declaration are punishable, or other evidence, satisfactory to the commissioner, concerning the purchaser's state of residence under 50 App USC 574, (C) (i) with respect to the sales of computer and data processing services occurring on or after July 1, 1997, and prior to July 1, 1998, at the rate of five per cent, on or after July 1, 1998, and prior to July 1, 1999, at the rate of four per cent, on or after July 1, 1999, and prior to July 1, 2000, at the rate of three per cent, on or after July 1, 2000, and prior to July 1, 2001, at the rate of two per cent, on or after July 1, 2001, at the rate of one per cent, (ii) with respect to sales of Internet access services, on and after July 1, 2001, such services shall be exempt from such tax, (D) with respect to the sales of labor that is otherwise taxable under subparagraph (C) or (G) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 on existing vessels and repair or maintenance services on vessels occurring on and after July 1, 1999, such services shall be exempt from such tax, (E) with respect to patient care services for which payment is received by the hospital on or after July 1, 1999, and prior to July 1, 2001, at the rate of five and three-fourths per cent and on and after July 1, 2001, such services shall be exempt from such tax. The rate of tax imposed by this chapter shall be applicable to all retail sales upon the effective date of such rate, except that a new rate which represents an increase in the rate applicable to the sale shall not apply to any sales transaction wherein a binding sales contract without an escalator clause has been entered into prior to the effective date of the new rate and delivery is made within ninety days after the effective date of the new rate. For the purposes of payment of the tax imposed under this section, any retailer of services taxable under subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, who computes taxable income, for purposes of taxation under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, on an accounting basis which recognizes only cash or other valuable consideration actually received as income and who is liable for such tax only due to the rendering of such services may make payments related to such tax for the period during which such income is received, without penalty or interest, without regard to when such service is rendered.

      (2) Retailer collects tax from consumer. Credit allowed for tax remitted to state on worthless account receivable. (A) Reimbursement for the tax hereby imposed shall be collected by the retailer from the consumer and such tax reimbursement, termed "tax" in this and the following subsections, shall be paid by the consumer to the retailer and each retailer shall collect from the consumer the full amount of the tax imposed by this chapter or an amount equal as nearly as possible or practicable to the average equivalent thereof. Such tax shall be a debt from the consumer to the retailer, when so added to the original sales price, and shall be recoverable at law in the same manner as other debts except as provided in section 12-432a. The amount of tax reimbursement, when so collected, shall be deemed to be a special fund in trust for the state of Connecticut.

      (B) Whenever such tax, payable by the consumer (i) with respect to a charge account or credit sale occurring on or after July 1, 1984, is remitted by the retailer to the commissioner and such sale as an account receivable is determined to be worthless and is actually written off as uncollectible for federal income tax purposes, or (ii) to a retailer who computes taxable income, for purposes of taxation under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, on the cash basis method of accounting with respect to a sale occurring on or after July 1, 1989, is remitted by the retailer to the commissioner and such sale as an account receivable is determined to be worthless, the amount of such tax remitted may be credited against the tax due on the sales tax return filed by the retailer for the monthly or quarterly period, whichever is applicable, next following the period in which such amount is actually so written off, but in no event shall such credit be allowed later than three years following the date such tax is remitted, unless the credit relates to a period for which a waiver is given pursuant to subsection (g) of section 12-415. The commissioner shall, by regulations adopted in accordance with chapter 54, provide standards for proving any such claim for credit. If any account with respect to which such credit is allowed is thereafter collected by the retailer in whole or in part, the amount so collected shall be included in the sales tax return covering the period in which such collection occurs. The tax applicable in any such case shall be determined in accordance with the rate of sales tax in effect at the time of the original sale.

      (C) (i) Any person required to collect tax in accordance with this subsection who demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Revenue Services by July first of any year that, in any two quarterly periods as described in section 12-414, within the most recent four consecutive quarterly periods, such person was a materialman as such term is used in chapter 847, who has at least fifty per cent of such person's sales of building materials to contractors, subcontractors or repairmen for the improvement of real property, and is authorized by said chapter to file a mechanic's lien upon such real property and improvement shall, with respect to such sales made through the quarterly period ending the succeeding June thirtieth, collect tax due on such sales, and on sales to such contractors, subcontractors or repairmen of services described in subdivision (2) of section 12-407 with respect to such building materials, for such purpose and made during such July first through June thirtieth period, at the time and to the extent that such person receives the receipts from, or consideration for, such sales from such contractors, subcontractors or repairmen, provided if such person receives a portion of such receipts or consideration, such person shall collect the tax due on such portion at the time the portion is received. The taxes imposed by this chapter on such receipts and consideration shall be deemed imposed, solely for purposes of determining when such person is required to collect and pay over such taxes to the commissioner under section 12-414, when such person has received payment of such receipts or consideration in money, or money's worth, from such contractor, subcontractor or repairman. A contractor, subcontractor or repairman who purchases building materials or services from such person pursuant to this subparagraph shall, at the time such contractor, subcontractor or repairman pays any portion of the purchase price, pay to the person the tax due on the portion of the purchase price so paid. (ii) In the event that a materialman described in this subparagraph factors any portion of such materialman's receivables, such materialman shall be deemed to have received payment of such receipts or consideration in money or money's worth, from the contractor, subcontractor or repairman and shall be required to pay over tax on such sale with the next return due, with a credit against such tax for any tax already paid over with respect to such sale. Any such amount of tax paid over shall be on account of the tax required to be collected on the sale to which it relates and such materialman may take a credit against any tax paid by such contractor, subcontractor or repairman in the future on such sale, to ensure that tax paid over with respect to such sale does not exceed the amount of tax imposed on such sale as if the entire purchase price had been paid at the time of sale. (iii) A materialman described in this subparagraph who has not collected the tax due on the full purchase price for a sale described in this subparagraph from a contractor, subcontractor or repairman within one year from the date of such sale, shall pay over to the commissioner the tax due on any balance of such full purchase price with such materialman's return for the period which includes the date which is one year after the date of such sale. (iv) The commissioner may assess additional tax due with respect to a sale described in this subparagraph not later than three years from the date the tax is required to be paid over to the commissioner pursuant to this subparagraph, and in the case of a wilfully false or fraudulent return with intent to evade the tax, or where no return has been filed such taxpayer shall be subject to the provisions of section 12-428.

      (D) In the case of a sale by a producer or wholesaler of newspapers to a vendor who is not otherwise required to obtain a permit under this chapter, such producer or wholesaler shall collect the sales tax on such newspapers at the point of transfer to such vendor. Such tax shall be based on the stated retail price of such newspapers. Such vendor may add an amount to the price of the newspapers equal to the amount paid as sales tax to the producer or wholesaler and such vendor shall not be required to remit such amount to the state.

      (3) Bracket system for adding and collecting tax. For the purpose of adding and collecting the tax imposed by this chapter, or an amount equal as nearly as possible or practicable to the average equivalent thereof, by the retailer from the consumer the following bracket system shall be in force and effect as follows:

On all sales above $1.08, the tax shall be computed at the rate of six per cent.

      (4) Unlawful advertising. No retailer shall advertise or hold out or state to the public or to any consumer, directly or indirectly, that the tax or any part thereof will be assumed or absorbed by the retailer or that it will not be added to the sales price of the property sold or that, if added, it or any part thereof will be refunded. Under the provisions of this section, however, a retailer may advertise the sale of tangible personal property by any of the following methods: By stating the sales price alone without reference to the tax; by stating separately the sales price and the amount of tax to be collected thereon; by stating the sales price "plus tax" or "exclusive of tax" or by stating a sales price which includes the tax, together with the words "tax included" or "tax incl."; provided the retailer in the case of all such sales shall maintain his records to show separately the actual price of such sales and the amount of the tax paid thereon; and provided such retailer, if requested, shall furnish the consumer with a sales slip or other like evidence of the sale, showing the tax separately computed thereon. Any person violating any provision of this subsection shall be fined five hundred dollars for each offense.

      (5) Notices, signs or advertisements subject to approval. No retailer shall exhibit or display on his premises any notice, sign or other advertising matter tending to mislead the public in connection with the imposition or collection of the tax. The Commissioner of Revenue Services may approve a form of notice for the purpose of explaining the operation of the tax.

      (6) Regulations related to sales of motor vehicles to certain members of the armed forces. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall adopt regulations, in accordance with chapter 54, establishing a procedure for determination of qualifications with respect to the reduced rate of sales tax in the case of certain sales of motor vehicles to members of the armed forces as provided in subsection (1) of this section.

      (7) Computation of tax for purposes of toll telephone service in coin-operated telephones. For purposes of the tax imposed by this chapter, with respect to toll telephone service paid by inserting coins in coin-operated telephones, the tax shall be computed to the nearest multiple of five cents, except if the tax is midway between multiples of five cents, the next higher multiple shall apply.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2092; 1951, 1953, June, 1955, S. 1163d, 1164d; November, 1955, S. N144, N145; 1957, P.A. 553, S. 1, 2; 1959, P.A. 578, S. 10; 1961, P.A. 574, S. 1, 2; February, 1965, P.A. 105, S. 1; 381, S. 2; 1967, P.A. 619, S. 1; June, 1969, P.A. 1, S. 18, 19; June, 1971, P.A. 5, S. 105, 106; 8, S. 3, 4; 1972, P.A. 285, S. 1, 2; P.A. 73-288, S. 1, 2; 73-616, S. 49, 67; P.A. 74-73, S. 1, 2, 5; P.A. 75-2, S. 1, 2, 5; 75-213, S. 23, 53; P.A. 76-114, S. 1, 21; P.A. 77-370, S. 1, 13; 77-604, S. 76, 84; 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 78-71, S. 1, 5; P.A. 80-71, S. 17, 18, 30; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-1, S. 8, 15; P.A. 84-362, S. 1, 2; 84-545, S. 1-3; P.A. 85-547, S. 1, 2; P.A. 86-397, S. 3, 10; P.A. 87-314, S. 1, 2; P.A. 88-314, S. 22, 54; P.A. 89-251, S. 7, 197, 198, 203; P.A. 90-336, S. 1, 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 111, 168; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14, S. 23, 30; P.A. 92-184, S. 14, 19; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 26, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 25, 26, 59; P.A. 93-44, S. 3, 22, 24; 93-74, S. 22, 67; 93-332, S. 4, 42; P.A. 94-9, S. 16, 41; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 17, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 39, 64, 69; P.A. 96-139, S. 12, 13; 96-232, S. 1, 3; P.A. 97-243, S. 17, 67; P.A. 98-110, S. 6, 27; 98-244, S. 17, 35; 98-262, S. 5, 22; P.A. 99-48, S. 8, 10; 99-173, S. 13, 14, 65; P.A. 00-170, S. 7, 42; 00-174, S. 4, 83; 00-230, S. 5; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 3, 85; P.A. 02-3, S. 2; 02-103, S. 4; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-1, S. 69; P.A. 03-2, S. 25; 03-4, S. 1; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1, S. 95; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 108, 109.)

      History: 1959 act extended tax to transfers of room occupancy, and appropriated part of the proceeds to state development commission; 1961 act increased tax rate in Subsec. (1) and revised bracket system to comply with new tax rates; 1965 acts amended Subsec. (1) to change amount appropriated to development commission from 5% to 7% of gross revenue tax "for last-preceding year" and amended Subsec. (2) to delete phrase "so far as it can be done" re collection of tax by retailer from consumer and to add exception to provision for recovery at law; 1967 act changed appropriation amount in Subsec. (1) to 10% of gross revenue; 1969 act changed appropriation amount in Subsec. (1) to 8.5% and temporarily increased tax rate on retailers to 5% and 2.5% on sales of $0.10 or less for period from July 1, 1969, to June 30, 1971, and revised bracket system in Subsec. (3) accordingly; 1971 acts increased appropriation amount to 10% and made temporary increases in tax rate permanent, revising bracket system in Subsec. (3) accordingly, and later changed appropriation amount to 8% and raised tax rates to 6.5% and 3.5% on sales of $0.07 or less as of September 1, 1971, added provision re contracts without escalator clauses in Subsec. (1) and revised Subsec. (3) accordingly; 1972 act increased tax rate to 7%, deleted provisions re appropriations to development commission in Subsec. (1) and revised Subsec. (3) accordingly; P.A. 73-288 reduced tax rate to 6.5% in Subsec. (1) and revised Subsec. (3) accordingly; P.A. 73-616 reduced tax rate on sales of $0.07 or less to 3.25%; P.A. 74-73 reduced tax rates in Subsec. (1) to 6% and 3% on sales of $0.08 or less, revising Subsec. (3) accordingly; P.A. 75-2 increased rates in Subsec. (1) to 7% and 3.5% on sales of $0.07 or less, revising Subsec. (3) accordingly; P.A. 75-213 included rendering of services under Sec. 12-407(2) in tax; P.A. 76-114 amended Subsec. (1) to include 3.5% rate on sales of machinery and rendering of services under Sec. 12-407(2)(j)(A)-(M) and defined "machinery" in Subsec. (1); P.A. 77-370 changed tax rate for machinery to 2.5% and included agricultural machinery and redefined "machinery" to include "numerically controlled machinery used directly in the manufacturing process"; P.A. 77-604 made technical change to section reference in Subsec. (1); P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 78-71 deleted definition of "machinery" and provision for 2.5% tax rate on its sale in Subsec. (1); P.A. 80-71 increased tax rate to 7.5%, deleted provision for 3.5% rate on sales of $0.07 or less in Subsec. (1) and revised Subsec. (3) accordingly; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-1 amended Subsec. (1) by providing that services rendered constituting a sale in accordance with Sec. 12-407(2)(i) shall be subject to tax at the rate of 7.5% in lieu of 3.5% as previously provided, effective August 1, 1983; P.A. 84-362 added the provision to Subsec. (2) allowing credit against sales tax due from a retailer in charge account or credit sales when tax has been remitted to the state and subsequently the account is determined to be worthless; P.A. 84-545 amended Subsec. (1) to provide for a rate of 4%, in lieu of the rate of 7.5%, in respect to the sale of any motor vehicle to any person who is a member of the armed forces of the United States and is on full-time active duty in Connecticut but whose permanent residence is in another state and Sec. 2 of the act, re commissioner's regulatory powers, was added editorially as Subsec. (6), effective July 1, 1984, and applicable to the sale of motor vehicles on or after that date; P.A. 85-547 amended Subsec. (1) to provide for a reduction in the rate of sales tax to 2% for the sale of aviation fuel in the period July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1987, provided the fuel is used exclusively for aviation purposes and the retailer's place of business is upon an established airport within Connecticut, effective July 1, 1985, and applicable to sales of aviation fuel in the period July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1987, inclusive; P.A. 86-397 amended Subsec. (1) by providing for a reduction in rate of tax to 5% of gross receipts with respect to sale of any repair or replacement parts exclusively for use in machinery used directly in a manufacturing or agricultural production process, effective June 11, 1986, and applicable to sales of repair or replacement parts occurring on or after July 1, 1986; P.A. 87-314 amended Subsec. (1) with respect to the period July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1987, as the period of time during which the rate of 2% of gross receipts would be applicable in the case of sales of aviation fuel, by deleting the period of time reference, and accordingly making said rate applicable after June 30, 1987, without limitation as to time, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to sales of aviation fuel on or after that date; P.A. 88-314 amended Subsec. (4) by increasing the fine to $500 for each violation of the provisions of this Subsec., replacing the fine of not more than $100 for each such offense, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; P.A. 89-251 increased the rate of tax in Subsec. (1) from 7.5% to 8% of gross receipts, with corresponding changes in the lower rates for certain sales, amended the brackets in Subsec. (3) for certain amounts of sale to reflect the amounts of tax applicable with respect to the rate of 8% and added Subsec. (7) providing a method of computation of tax for purposes of toll telephone service in coin-operated telephones; P.A. 90-336 added Subsec. (2)(B) allowing a cash-basis taxpayer to take credits for worthless accounts receivable with respect to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1989; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 amended Subsecs. (1) and (3) to reduce the general rate to 6% and amended Subsec. (1) to increase the rate with respect to the transfer of occupancy to 12%, to set the rate with respect to the sales of vessels to nonresidents to the lesser of 6% or the rate in the home state of the nonresident and to provide for the payment of the tax on a cash basis for retailers of services who are cash-basis taxpayers for federal purposes, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14 amended Subsec. (1) to make the provisions relating to vessels effective September 19, 1991; P.A. 92-184 amended Subsec. (1)(B) by adding "or space in a campground", effective July 1, 1993; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (1) to make various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subsec. (1) to remove the special rate on aviation fuel, provided for an affidavit, rather than registration in the home state, as proof of out-of-state residence and made technical changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; P.A. 93-44 amended Subsec. (1) to apply provisions to persons rendering services under Sec. 12-407(2)(o) and Sec. 19a-168b, effective April 23, 1993; P.A. 93-74 amended Subsec. (1) to exclude space in a campground, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-332 amended Subsec. (2) to provide that the amount of tax reimbursement shall be deemed a special fund in trust for the state, effective June 25, 1993; P.A. 94-9 amended Subsec. (1) to delete reference to Sec. 12-407(2)(o) and Sec. 19a-168b, effective April 1, 1994; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 in Subsec. (1) added schedule for gradually reducing sales tax with respect to the sale of computer and data processing, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 in Subsec. (1) delayed by one year schedule for reduction of tax with respect to computer and data processing in Subpara. (E), effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on and after that date (Revisor's note: P.A. 95-160 also revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section); P.A. 96-139 changed effective date of P.A. 95-160 to make applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1996; P.A. 96-232 amended Subdiv. (1) to provide lower rates for tax on sale of repair or maintenance services on vessels, effective June 6, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on and after July 1, 1997; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (1) to add requirement that retailer maintain an affidavit or other evidence with respect to sales of motor vehicles to members of the armed forces concerning the buyer's state of residence, to provide that the tax rate on vessels sold to nonresidents is the lesser of 6% or the tax rate in the state in which the individual resides, and to make technical and renumbering changes, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997; P.A. 98-110 deleted Subsec. (1)(A) re repair or replacement parts and reletter remaining Subdivs., effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1999; P.A. 98-244 amended Subsec. (1)(c) to allow reduction in tax rate and exemption for military when the name of the spouse is on the title of the motor vehicle, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1998; P.A. 98-262 amended Subsec. (2) to clarify language with respect to statute of limitations re bad debt write-off and made technical renumbering and relettering changes, effective June 8, 1998; P.A. 99-48 amended Subsec. (2) to change reference to Sec. 12-415(8) to Sec. 12-415(g), effective January 1, 2000; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (1) to make technical changes, to delete provisions re sale of a vessel to an individual who does not maintain a permanent place of abode in this state, to exempt labor services on vesels, to reduce the tax rate to 4% effective July 1, 1999, to 2% on July 1, 2000, and eliminate the tax on July 1, 2001, for paving, painting, staining, wallpapering, roofing, siding, and exterior sheet metal work services on residential properties, and to reduce the tax rate on hospital services from 6% to 5.75%, and added new Subsec. (2)(C) allowing building material suppliers the option of remitting sales tax when they receive payment, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999; P.A. 00-170 amended Subsec. (1) to phase out the tax on Internet access services on and after July 1, 2001, effective May 26, 2000; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (1) to eliminate affidavit requirement for motor vehicle sales to armed forces personnel, to add provisions re declaration, to provide an exemption for certain labor to existing vessels and to delete requirement re furnishing of other states' tax information by the commissioner, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to sales made on or after that date; P.A. 00-230 made a technical change in Subsec. (2)(C); June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 amended Subdiv. (1)(F) to suspend the sales tax on patient care services for the biennium commencing July 1, 2001, and ending June 30, 2003, effective July 1, 2001, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 02-3 amended Subdiv. (1) to provide that patient care services are those for which payment is received by the hospital, effective February 28, 2002; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes in Subdiv. (1); May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-1 amended Subdiv. (1) to extend the rate for computer and data processing services until July 1, 2004, effective July 1, 2002, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 03-2 added Subdiv. (1)(F) re 3% rate for certain advertising and public relations services, effective February 28, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after April 1, 2003; P.A. 03-4 added Subdiv. (2)(D) re sale of newspapers, effective April 10, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after April 1, 2003; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1 amended Subdiv. (1) to delete sunset of tax on computer and data processing in Subpara. (C)(i), to eliminate tax on patient care services in Subpara. (E) and to remove provisions re certain advertising or public relations services which had been added as Subpara. (F) by P.A. 03-2, effective August 16, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2003; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subdiv. (1) by decreasing rate of tax from 6% to 5.5%, and amended Subdiv. (3) to reflect such decreased rate, effective January 1, 2010 (Revisor's note: The amendments made to Subdivs. (1) and (3) by Secs. 108 and 109 of June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 did not take effect pursuant to Sec. 12-432c(a)).

      Cited. 134 C. 297. Cited. 144 C. 311. Cited. 158 C. 238. It is generally held that a general contractor who purchases material from a retailer for use in the construction of a building for his customer is the "consumer" of those materials within the meaning of that term as it appears in the statutes. 168 C. 597. Cited. 183 C. 194. Preprints of advertising matter are not printed for resale and are therefore subject to sales tax on the transaction between the printer and the advertiser. Id., 566. Cited. 187 C. 581. Cited. 210 C. 567. Cited. 216 C. 17. Cited. 222 C. 49. Cited. 231 C. 315. Cited. 235 C. 393. Cited. 238 C. 571; Id., 761. Since statute does not expressly permit assignment of the right to the tax credit, no such assignment is permitted. 274 C. 196.

      Cited. 18 CA 434.

      Services of self-employed welder exempt from sales tax. 30 CS 309. Cited. 41 CS 175.

      Cited 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 403.

      Subsec. (1):

      Tax imposed on rental payments from July 1, 1975, does not result in double taxation since sales tax paid on property purchased before that date was imposed on lessors and levied on purchase, while tax imposed after that date was imposed on lessees and is levied on rent. 174 C. 51. Cited. 198 C. 413; Id., 624. Cited. 204 C. 122. Cited. 221 C. 751.

      Cited. 2 CA 303.

      Receipts of catering business subject to sales tax. Where owner innocently failed to file return for twenty-one years, held recovery of sales taxes limited to three years and penalty and interest. 31 CS 373. Sales tax to be collected, if at all, at time of original transfer. 37 CS 642. Cited. 39 CS 234. Cited. 44 CS 1; Id., 133.

      Subsec. (2):

      Tax is actually imposed upon purchaser and, where government is purchaser, no tax can be levied. 145 C. 161. Cited. 205 C. 51. Computer and data processing services including the development, creation or production of software are subject to taxation pursuant to Sec. 12-407. 255 C. 498. Subdiv. (B): Tax credit is available only to retailer in initial sales transaction responsible for remitting tax to Commissioner of Revenue Services. 274 C. 196.

      Unless otherwise indicated in an agreement, applicable sales and use taxes are assumed to be included in the contract price. Accordingly, plaintiff could not prevail on claim that it was authorized to add sales tax to rate set in contract. 96 CA 806.

      Failure of a retailer to add the amount of the tax to the sale price at the time of sale precludes the tax from becoming a debt of the consumer recoverable by the retailer. 36 CS 255. Sales tax to be collected, if at all, at time of original transfer. 37 CS 642. Cited. 44 CS 1.

      Subsec. (4):

      Subsection is directed to the retailer and would not seem to affect the consumer in any way. 36 CS 255.

      Sec. 12-408a. Payment of certain sales tax revenue for use at Bradley International Airport. Notwithstanding any other provision of the general statutes to the contrary, fifty per cent of all moneys received or collected by the state or any officer or employee of the state from the tax imposed pursuant to this chapter on the sale or use of any aviation fuel or lubricant which is sold or used at Bradley International Airport shall be paid to the trustee under the trust indenture created pursuant to subsection (g) of section 15-101l for credit to the Bradley International Airport Revenue Fund held by said trustee.

      (P.A. 86-393, S. 2, 3; P.A. 93-44, S. 4, 24; P.A. 94-9, S. 17, 41.)

      History: P.A. 93-44 added new Subsec. (b) re payment of certain sales tax revenue to the uncompensated care pool, effective April 23, 1993; P.A. 94-9 deleted Subsec. (b) re uncompensated care pool funds, effective April 1, 1994.

      Sec. 12-408b. Recovery of sales tax from consumer related to certain sales of renewable energy systems or systems using cogeneration technology. On and after July 1, 1991, any person, firm or corporation who pays a sales and use tax, which tax would not have been due prior to July 1, 1991, pursuant to subdivision (39) of section 12-412 of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to January 1991, shall recover the tax paid by (1) adding such tax to any amounts otherwise payable under a sales contract approved by the Department of Public Utility Control pursuant to subsection (d) of section 16-243a, and (2) amortizing such tax, together with interest at the rate paid on front-loaded payments, over the life of a sales contract approved by the department pursuant to said subsection (d).

      (June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 118, 168; P.A. 02-103, S. 5.)

      History: P.A. 02-103 made technical changes.

      Sec. 12-408c. Refund of taxes for certain purchases in this state for sole use or consumption outside this state. (a)(1) Whenever any person carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession in this state purchases from a retailer tangible personal property for use or consumption in carrying on such trade, occupation, business or profession, (A) for purposes of subsequently transporting such property outside this state by common or contract carrier for use or consumption thereafter solely outside this state, or (B) for the purpose of being processed, fabricated or manufactured into, attached to or incorporated into, other tangible personal property to be transported outside this state by common or contract carrier, and thereafter used or consumed solely outside this state, such person may claim a refund of the taxes imposed by this chapter on the purchase of such property. A claim for refund of the taxes imposed by this chapter on all such purchases of property during the calendar year may be filed, along with substantiating documentation, annually with the Commissioner of Revenue Services on a form prepared for such purpose by the commissioner not later than the first day of the fourth month next succeeding the end of the calendar year for which such claim is filed.

      (2) The commissioner shall make a determination as to any such claim not later than ninety days after receipt thereof and, if approved, transmit such approval to the State Comptroller who shall draw his order on the State Treasurer for payment of such refund. If the commissioner determines that such claim is not valid, either in whole or in part, notice of the proposed disallowance shall be mailed to the claimant and such notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of disallowance in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to the claimant. Sixty days after the date on which it is mailed, a notice of proposed disallowance shall constitute a final disallowance except for such amounts as to which the claimant has filed, as provided in subdivision (3) of this subsection, a written protest with the commissioner.

      (3) Within sixty days after the mailing of a proposed disallowance, the claimant may file with the commissioner a written protest against the proposed disallowance in which the claimant shall set forth the grounds on which the protest is based. If a protest is filed, the commissioner shall reconsider the proposed disallowance and, if the claimant has so requested, may grant or deny the claimant or the claimant's authorized representatives an oral hearing.

      (4) Notice of the commissioner's determination shall be mailed to the claimant and such notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of decision in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to the claimant.

      (5) The action of the commissioner on the claimant's protest shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which he mails notice of his action to the claimant unless within such period the claimant seeks judicial review of the commissioner's determination pursuant to section 12-422.

      (6) The commissioner may, at any time within three years after the date of receipt of such claim for refund, examine such claim and supporting documentation and, in the case of any error is disclosed by such examination, mail a notice of assessment in the manner provided in section 12-415 as if a return had been filed with which the commissioner was not satisfied. In such event, the claimant may petition for reassessment in the time and manner provided in section 12-418. The order or decision of the commissioner upon the petition for reassessment shall be subject to judicial review in the time and manner provided in section 12-422.

      (b) (1) Whenever any holder of a permit issued under this subsection purchases from a retailer tangible personal property for use or consumption in carrying on the trade, occupation, business or profession of such person, (A) for the purpose of subsequently transporting it outside this state for use or consumption thereafter solely outside this state or (B) for the purpose of being processed, fabricated or manufactured into, attached to or incorporated into, other tangible personal property to be transported outside this state and thereafter used or consumed solely outside this state, such holder may purchase such property without payment of the taxes otherwise imposed by this chapter on the purchase of such property.

      (2) The Commissioner of Revenue Services may pursuant to regulations adopted in accordance with chapter 54 issue a permit to any person carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession in this state who purchases from a retailer tangible personal property for use or consumption in carrying on such trade, occupation, business or profession, (A) for the purpose of subsequently transporting it outside this state for use or consumption thereafter solely outside this state or (B) for the purpose of being processed, fabricated or manufactured into, attached to or incorporated into, other tangible personal property to be transported outside this state and thereafter used or consumed solely outside this state, if the commissioner determines that the person is carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession in this state and is filing the returns required to be filed by such person under section 12-414 and that the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter shall not be adversely affected.

      (3) The permit issued under subdivision (2) of this subsection shall authorize the holder to the extent and in the manner specified in the regulations adopted under said subdivision (2), to purchase tangible personal property from a retailer on which the taxes imposed by this chapter shall not be payable. The regulations adopted under this subsection shall require (A) a declaration, prescribed as to form by the commissioner and bearing notice to the effect that false statements made in such declaration are punishable, stating that such property is purchased for a purpose permitted by this subsection, (B) a report to be submitted with, and to be a part of, each return that is required to be filed under section 12-414 by the holder of such permit detailing the persons from whom such tangible personal property was purchased during the period covered by such return, the quantities in which and the dates on which such property was purchased and any other information deemed necessary by the commissioner, and (C) periodic registration, at least annually, for the purpose of the issuance of a permit, including procedures relating to the application for the permit and notice concerning the penalty for misuse of the permit.

      (P.A. 97-243, S. 48, 67; P.A. 00-174, S. 63, 83.)

      History: P.A. 97-243 effective June 24, 1997; P.A. 00-174 deleted requirement for an affidavit for certain information required to be submitted, deleted provision re notarization of permit application and added provisions re declaration, effective July 1, 2000.

      Sec. 12-408d. Disaggregation of information in returns of multitown retailers. For calendar quarters commencing on or after July 1, 2004, any retailer with sales in more than one town in this state, for which sales such retailer files a return under this chapter, shall disaggregate the information in the return, in such form as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Revenue Services, to indicate the town in which sales occurred for which tax was collected by such retailer and the amount of such tax collected, by town.

      (May Sp. Sess. P.A. 04-2, S. 25.)

      History: May Sp. Sess. P.A. 04-2 effective May 12, 2004.

      Sec. 12-409. Permits. (a) Permit required. No person shall engage in or transact business as a seller within this state, unless a permit or permits have been issued to such person as prescribed in this section.

      (b) Application for permit. Every person desiring to engage in or conduct business as a seller within this state shall file with the commissioner an application for a permit for each place of business. Every application for a permit shall be made upon a form prescribed by the commissioner and shall set forth the name under which the applicant transacts or intends to transact business, the location of the applicant's place or places of business and such other information as the commissioner requires. The application shall be signed by the owner if a natural person; in the case of an association or partnership, by a member or partner; in the case of a corporation, by an executive officer or some person specifically authorized by the corporation to sign the application.

      (c) Permit fee. At the time of making an application the applicant shall pay to the Commissioner of Revenue Services a permit fee of one hundred dollars for each permit. Any permit issued on or after July 1, 1985, but prior to October 1, 2003, shall expire biennially on the anniversary date of the issuance of such permit unless renewed in accordance with such procedure and application form as prescribed by the commissioner. Any permit issued on or after October 1, 2003, shall expire on the fifth anniversary date of the issuance of such permit unless renewed in accordance with such procedure and application form as prescribed by the commissioner.

      (d) Issuance of permit. Permit requirements. After compliance with subsections (a), (b) and (c) of this section by the applicant, the commissioner shall grant and issue to such applicant a separate permit for each place of business within the state. A permit is not assignable and is valid only for the person in whose name it is issued and for the transaction of business at the place designated therein. It shall at all times be conspicuously displayed at the place for which issued. Only a person actively engaging in or conducting business as a seller may hold a permit. Any person not so engaged shall surrender the permit to the commissioner for cancellation.

      (e) Reissuance of permit. A seller whose permit has been suspended or revoked shall pay to the Commissioner of Revenue Services a fee of one hundred dollars for the reissuance of a permit.

      (f) Revocation or suspension of permit. Whenever any person fails to comply with any provision of this chapter relating to the sales tax or any regulation of the commissioner relating to the sales tax prescribed and adopted under this chapter, the commissioner, upon hearing, after giving such person ten days' notice in writing specifying the time and place of hearing and requiring such person to show cause why such person's permit or permits should not be revoked, may revoke or suspend any one or more of the permits held by the person. The notice may be served personally or by registered or certified mail. The commissioner shall not issue a new permit after the revocation of a permit unless the commissioner is satisfied that the former holder of the permit will comply with the provisions of this chapter relating to the sales tax and the regulations of the commissioner.

      (g) Cancellation of permit. Whenever any seller files returns for four successive monthly or quarterly periods, or for two successive annual periods, as the case may be, showing no sales, the commissioner, upon hearing, after giving such seller thirty days notice, in writing, specifying the time and place of hearing and requiring such seller to show cause why such seller's permit or permits should not be cancelled, may cancel one or more of the permits held by such seller. The notice may be served personally or by mail. The commissioner shall not issue a new permit after the cancellation of a permit unless the commissioner is satisfied that the former holder of the permit will make sales subject to the provisions of this chapter relating to the sales tax and the regulations of the commissioner.

      (h) Unlawful acts. Any person who knowingly violates any provision of this section shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than three months or both for each offense.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2093; P.A. 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 81-39, S. 1, 2; Nov. Sp. Sess. P.A. 81-4, S. 19, 32; P.A. 82-325, S. 3, 7; P.A. 85-357, S. 1, 2; P.A. 87-38, S. 1, 2; P.A. 88-314, S. 23, 54; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 73; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 157; P.A. 10-188, S. 6.)

      History: P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 81-39 increased fee for reissuance of permit under Subsec. (5) from $5 to $50; Nov. Sp. Sess. P.A. 81-4 amended Subsec. (3) to raise permit fee from $1 to $20 and added provisions re annual expiration and renewal fee; P.A. 82-325 revised effective date of Nov. Sp. Sess. act but without affecting this section; P.A. 85-357 amended Subsec. (3) to provide that any permit issued prior to or on or after July 1, 1985, shall expire biennially and to delete provision re $10 renewal fee, effective June 16, 1985, and applicable to renewals occurring on or after July 1, 1985; P.A. 87-38 amended Subsec. (6) to allow revocation or suspension of permit whenever any seller files returns for four successive monthly or quarterly periods without sales; P.A. 88-314 amended Subsec. (7) by requiring that the violation must have occurred knowingly, increasing the fine to $500 or imprisonment of not more than three months, or both for each offense and deleting the description of what constitutes a separate offense for purposes of this subsection, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 amended Subdiv. (3) to raise fee from $20 to $50 and to make the term of the permit five years for permits issued on or after October 1, 2003; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subsecs. (3) and (5) to increase fees from $50 to $100; P.A. 10-188 redesignated existing Subsecs. (1) to (6) as Subsecs. (a) to (f), made technical changes in Subsecs. (a), (b), (d), and (f), amended Subsec. (d) to limit permit holding to person actively engaging in or conducting business as a seller, amended Subsec. (f) to delete provision re returns showing no sales, added Subsec. (g) re cancellation of permit and redesignated existing Subsec. (7) as Subsec. (h), effective July 1, 2010.

      Cited. 134 C. 309. Cited. 145 C. 176.

      Cited. 30 CS 309.

      Sec. 12-409a. Direct payment permits. (a) Issuance of permit. Any person who purchases tangible personal property or services may apply to the Commissioner of Revenue Services for a direct payment permit. At the time of making an application, the applicant shall pay to the commissioner a permit fee of twenty dollars for each permit. If the commissioner finds that (1) the collection of the sales and use taxes will not be jeopardized by the issuance of such a permit, (2) because of the nature of the applicant's business, the permit will significantly reduce the work of administering the taxes under this chapter, (3) the applicant's accounting system will clearly indicate the amount of tax that the applicant owes under this chapter, and (4) the applicant makes taxable purchases in sufficient volume to justify the expense of regular audits by the commissioner, the commissioner may, in the commissioner's discretion, issue such a permit to the purchaser. Such direct payment permit shall bear an identifying registration number. No vendor making a sale to a direct payment permit holder shall be required to collect the sales tax otherwise payable on such sale. Each direct payment permit holder shall report, on a form designated by the commissioner, and pay directly to the commissioner the tax due on any tangible personal property or services acquired by such permit holder pursuant to such permit. The use of a direct payment permit shall be subject to such conditions, including the obligation to make payment of the tax due in accordance with the provisions of chapter 228g, as the commissioner shall determine to be appropriate to insure the collection of the tax and may be suspended or revoked by the commissioner at any time if the commissioner determines that the collection of any tax due from the permit holder is in jeopardy or that the permit holder has not complied with the conditions to which the permit is subject. The commissioner may adopt regulations in accordance with chapter 54 to carry out the provisions of this section.

      (b) Acceptance of certificate. The acceptance in good faith by any vendor of a certificate from a direct payment permit holder stating that he is in possession of a valid direct payment permit shall relieve such vendor of any obligation to collect the sales tax from the permit holder. Such certificate shall be signed by and bear the name, address and registration number of the permit holder.

      (P.A. 91-143; P.A. 99-173, S. 63, 65.)

      History: P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (a) to add Subdivs. (2), (3) and (4) re nature of applicant's business, applicant's accounting system and applicant's volume of business, respectively, to allow the commissioner to adopt regulations and to make technical changes.

      Sec. 12-410. Presumptions and resale certificates. (1) Presumption of taxability; resale certificate. For the purpose of the proper administration of this chapter and to prevent evasion of the sales tax it shall be presumed that all receipts are gross receipts that are subject to the tax until the contrary is established. The burden of proving that a sale of tangible personal property or service constituting a sale in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 is not a sale at retail is upon the person who makes the sale unless such person takes in good faith from the purchaser a certificate to the effect that the property or service is purchased for resale.

      (2) Effect of certificate. The certificate relieves the seller from the burden of proof only if taken in good faith from a person who is engaged in the business of selling tangible personal property or services constituting a sale in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 and who holds the permit provided for in section 12-409 and who, at the time of purchasing the tangible personal property or service: (A) Intends to sell it in the regular course of business; (B) intends to utilize such personal property in the delivery of landscaping or horticulture services, provided the total sale price of all such landscaping and horticulture services are taxable under this chapter; or (C) is unable to ascertain at the time of purchase whether the property or service will be sold or will be used for some other purpose. The burden of establishing that a certificate is taken in good faith is on the seller. A certificate to the effect that property or service is purchased for resale taken from the purchaser by the seller shall be deemed to be taken in good faith if the tangible personal property or service purchased is similar to or of the same general character as property or service which the seller could reasonably assume would be sold by the purchaser in the regular course of business.

      (3) Form of certificate. The certificate shall be signed by and bear the name and address of the purchaser, shall indicate the number of the permit issued to the purchaser and shall indicate the general character of the tangible personal property or service sold by the purchaser in the regular course of business. The certificate shall be substantially in such form as the commissioner prescribes.

      (4) Liability of purchaser. (A) If a purchaser who gives a certificate makes any use of the service or property other than retention, demonstration or display while holding it for sale in the regular course of business, the use shall be deemed a retail sale by the purchaser as of the time the service or property is first used by the purchaser, and the cost of the service or property to the purchaser shall be deemed the gross receipts from such retail sale.

      (B) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, any use by a certificated air carrier of an aircraft for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display while holding it for sale in the regular course of business shall not be deemed a retail sale by such carrier as of the time the aircraft is first used by such carrier, irrespective of the classification of such aircraft on the balance sheet of such carrier for accounting and tax purposes.

      (5) Conditions under which a sale of service shall be considered a sale for resale. Exception. (A) For the purpose of the proper administration of this chapter and to prevent evasion of the sales tax, a sale of any service described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 shall be considered a sale for resale only if the service to be resold is an integral, inseparable component part of a service described in said subparagraph (I) which is to be subsequently sold by the purchaser to an ultimate consumer. The purchaser of the service for resale shall maintain, in such form as the commissioner requires, records which substantiate: (i) From whom the service was purchased and to whom the service was sold, (ii) the purchase price of the service, and (iii) the nature of the service to demonstrate that the services were an integral, inseparable component part of a service described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 which was subsequently sold to a consumer.

      (B) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, no sale of a service described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 by a seller shall be considered a sale for resale if such service is to be subsequently sold by the purchaser to an ultimate consumer that is affiliated with the purchaser in the manner described in subparagraph (A) of subdivision (62) of subsection (a) of section 12-412.

      (6) Sales to certain affiliates. For the purpose of the proper administration of this chapter and to prevent evasion of the sales tax, no sale of any service by a seller shall be considered a sale for resale if such service is to be subsequently sold by the purchaser, without change, to an ultimate consumer that is affiliated with the purchaser in the manner described in subparagraph (A) of subdivision (62) of subsection (a) of section 12-412.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2094; P.A. 75-213, S. 24, 25, 53; P.A. 85-240, S. 3, 6; P.A. 88-6, S. 3; P.A. 90-148, S. 22, 34; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 112, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 45, 59; P.A. 93-74, S. 64, 67; P.A. 94-21, S. 1, 2; P.A. 95-359, S. 10, 19; P.A. 97-243, S. 18, 67; P.A. 00-174, S. 5, 83; P.A. 02-103, S. 6; P.A. 03-225, S. 7.)

      History: P.A. 75-213 included references to sale of "service" in Subsecs. (1) and (4) and deleted provision in Subsec. (4) re inclusion of rent charged rather than cost of property to purchaser in gross receipts; P.A. 85-240 amended Subsec. (4) to provide that aircraft held for sale by a certificated air carrier, if used for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display, shall not be deemed to have been sold at retail and subject to sales tax; P.A. 88-6 amended Subsec. (4)(b) by substituting "aircraft" for "airplane" wherever the latter word appears; P.A. 90-148 added Subsec. (5) describing conditions under which a sale of service shall be considered a sale for resale, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to sales of service for resale on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 amended Subsec. (2) to provide a standard for determining when a certificate to the effect that property is purchased for resale is taken in good faith by the seller; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subsec. (2) to include utilization of property in landscaping or horticultural services; P.A. 93-74 added Subsec. (6) re certificate of use for sales of commercial motor vehicles and motor buses to qualify for exemption from the sales tax, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after January 1, 1994; P.A. 94-21 eliminated provision requiring the purchaser of the service for resale to separately state the service being resold and the cost thereof on the invoice and required the purchaser of the service for resale to maintain appropriate records concerning the service and its cost, effective May 2, 1994; P.A. 95-359 deleted Subdiv. (6) re exempt purchases under Sec. 12-412(82) and (83), effective July 13, 1995; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsecs. (1) and (2) to specify that all receipts are presumed to be gross receipts subject to tax and that burden of establishing that a certificate is taken on good faith is on the seller and to change the term horticultural to horticulture, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsecs. (1) to (3), inclusive, to allow use of resale certificates in the case of sales of services, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to sales made on or after that date; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes; P.A. 03-225 amended Subdiv. (5) by designating existing provisions as Subpara. (A) and making technical changes therein and added new Subdivs. (5)(B) and (6) to prohibit the setting up of a separate purchasing company to purchase enumerated services on resale for a group of affiliates, effective October 1, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date.

      Plaintiff procured property for government and any ownership by plaintiff could have endured only for theoretical instant, held not taxable under this section. 145 C. 176. Cited. 174 C. 51. Cited. 198 C. 413. Cited. 211 C. 246. Cited. 216 C. 17. Cited. 238 C. 571.

      Cited. 18 CA 434. Cited. 43 CA 598.

      Day book records adequate proof of nature of sale, when. 30 CS 309.

      Subsec. (1):

      Cited. 183 C. 566. Cited. 216 C. 17. Cited. 231 C. 315.

      Cited. 43 CS 253.

      Sec. 12-411. The use tax. (1) Imposition and rate. An excise tax is hereby imposed on the storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use in this state of tangible personal property purchased from any retailer for storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use in this state, the acceptance or receipt of any services constituting a sale in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, purchased from any retailer for consumption or use in this state, or the storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use in this state of tangible personal property which has been manufactured, fabricated, assembled or processed from materials by a person, either within or without this state, for storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use by such person in this state, to be measured by the sales price of materials, at the rate of six per cent of the sales price of such property or services, except, in lieu of said rate of six per cent, (A) at a rate of twelve per cent of the rent paid for occupancy of any room or rooms in a hotel or lodging house for the first period of not exceeding thirty consecutive calendar days, (B) with respect to the storage, acceptance, consumption or use in this state of a motor vehicle purchased from any retailer for storage, acceptance, consumption or use in this state by any individual who is a member of the armed forces of the United States and is on full-time active duty in Connecticut and who is considered, under 50 App USC 574, a resident of another state, or to any such individual and the spouse of such individual at a rate of four and one-half per cent of the sales price of such vehicle, provided such retailer requires and maintains a declaration by such individual, prescribed as to form by the commissioner and bearing notice to the effect that false statements made in such declaration are punishable, or other evidence, satisfactory to the commissioner, concerning the purchaser's state of residence under 50 App USC 574, (C) with respect to the acceptance or receipt in this state of labor that is otherwise taxable under subparagraph (C) or (G) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 on existing vessels and repair or maintenance services on vessels occurring on and after July 1, 1999, such services shall be exempt from such tax, (D) (i) with respect to the acceptance or receipt in this state of computer and data processing services purchased from any retailer for consumption or use in this state occurring on or after July 1, 1997, and prior to July 1, 1998, at the rate of five per cent of such services, on or after July 1, 1998, and prior to July 1, 1999, at the rate of four per cent of such services, on or after July 1, 1999, and prior to July 1, 2000, at the rate of three per cent of such services, on or after July 1, 2000, and prior to July 1, 2001, at the rate of two per cent of such services, on and after July 1, 2001, at the rate of one per cent of such services, and (ii) with respect to the acceptance or receipt in this state of Internet access services, on or after July 1, 2001, such services shall be exempt from tax, (E) with respect to the acceptance or receipt in this state of patient care services purchased from any retailer for consumption or use in this state for which payment is received by the hospital on or after July 1, 1999, and prior to July 1, 2001, at the rate of five and three-fourths per cent and on and after July 1, 2001, such services shall be exempt from such tax.

      (2) Liability for tax. Every person storing, accepting, consuming or otherwise using in this state services or tangible personal property purchased from a retailer for storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use in this state and every person storing, accepting, consuming or otherwise using in this state tangible personal property which has been manufactured, fabricated, assembled or processed from materials purchased from a retailer by such person, either within or without this state, for storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use by such person in this state is liable for the tax. Such person's liability is not extinguished until the tax has been paid to this state, except that a receipt from a retailer engaged in business in this state or from a retailer who is authorized by the commissioner, under such regulations as the commissioner may prescribe, to collect the tax and who is, for the purposes of this chapter relating to the use tax, regarded as a retailer engaged in business in this state, given to the purchaser pursuant to subdivision (3) of this section is sufficient to relieve the purchaser from further liability for the tax to which the receipt refers.

      (3) Collection by retailer. Every retailer engaged in business in this state and making sales of services or of tangible personal property for storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use in this state, not exempted under this chapter, shall, at the time of making a sale or, if the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use is not then taxable hereunder, at the time the storage, acceptance, consumption or use becomes taxable, collect the use tax from the purchaser and give to the purchaser a receipt therefor in the manner and form prescribed by the commissioner. For the purpose of uniformity of tax collection by the retailer the tax brackets set forth in subdivision (3) of section 12-408 pertaining to the sales tax shall be employed in the computation of the tax imposed by this section.

      (4) Tax as debt. Amount collected deemed a special fund in trust for state. The tax required to be collected by the retailer constitutes a debt owed to the retailer by the person purchasing tangible personal property or services from such retailer. The amount of tax, when so collected, shall be deemed to be a special fund in trust for the state of Connecticut.

      (5) Unlawful advertising. The provisions of subdivision (4) of section 12-408 pertaining to the sales tax shall apply with equal force to the use tax.

      (6) Separate statement of tax. The tax required to be collected by the retailer from the purchaser shall be displayed separately from the list price, the price advertised in the premises, the marked price, or other price on the sales check or other proof of sales.

      (7) Unlawful acts. Any person violating the provisions of subdivision (3), (5) or (6) of this section shall be fined five hundred dollars for each offense.

      (8) Registration by retailers. Every retailer selling services or tangible personal property for storage, acceptance, consumption or any other use in this state shall register with the commissioner and give the name and address of all agents operating in this state, the location of all distribution or sales houses or offices or other places of business in this state and such other information as the commissioner may require.

      (9) Presumption of purchase for use; resale certificate. For the purpose of the proper administration of this chapter and to prevent evasion of the use tax and the duty to collect the use tax, it shall be presumed that services or tangible personal property sold by any person for delivery in this state is sold for storage, acceptance, consumption or other use in this state until the contrary is established. The burden of proving the contrary is upon the person who makes the sale unless such person takes from the purchaser a certificate to the effect that the services or property is purchased for resale.

      (10) Effect of certificate. The certificate relieves the person selling the services or property from the burden of proof only if taken in good faith from a person who is engaged in the business of selling services or tangible personal property and who holds the permit provided for by section 12-409 and who, at the time of purchasing the services or tangible personal property, intends to sell it in the regular course of business or is unable to ascertain at the time of purchase whether the service or property will be sold or will be used for some other purpose.

      (11) Form of certificate. The certificate shall be signed by and bear the name and address of the purchaser, shall indicate the number of the permit issued to the purchaser and shall indicate the general character of the service or tangible personal property sold by the purchaser in the regular course of business. The certificate shall be substantially in such form as the commissioner may prescribe.

      (12) Liability of purchaser. (A) If a purchaser who gives a certificate makes any storage or use of the service or property other than retention, demonstration or display while holding it for sale in the regular course of business, the storage or use is taxable as of the time the service or property is first so stored or used.

      (B) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, any storage or use by a certificated air carrier of an aircraft for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display while holding it for sale in the regular course of business shall not be deemed a taxable storage or use by such carrier as of the time the aircraft is first stored or used by such carrier, irrespective of the classification of such aircraft on the balance sheet of such carrier for accounting and tax purposes.

      (13) Presumption of purchase from retailer. It shall be presumed that tangible personal property shipped or brought to this state by the purchaser was purchased from a retailer for storage, use or other consumption in this state.

      (14) Conditions under which a purchase of service shall be considered a purchase for resale. Exception. (A) For the purpose of the proper administration of this chapter and to prevent evasion of the use tax, a purchase of any service described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 shall be considered a purchase for resale only if the service to be resold is an integral, inseparable component part of a service described in said subparagraph (I) which is to be subsequently sold by the purchaser to an ultimate consumer. The purchaser of the service for resale shall maintain, in such form as the commissioner requires, records which substantiate: (i) From whom the service was purchased and to whom the service was sold; (ii) the purchase price of the service; and (iii) the nature of the service to demonstrate that the service was an integral, inseparable component part of a service described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 which was subsequently sold to a consumer.

      (B) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, no purchase of a service described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 by a purchaser shall be considered a purchase for resale if such service is to be subsequently sold by the purchaser to an ultimate consumer that is affiliated with the purchaser in the manner described in subparagraph (A) of subdivision (62) of subsection (a) of section 12-412.

      (15) Sales to certain affiliates. For the purpose of the proper administration of this chapter and to prevent evasion of the use tax, no purchase of any service by a purchaser shall be considered a purchase for resale if such service is to be subsequently sold by the purchaser, without change, to an ultimate consumer that is affiliated with the purchaser in the manner described in subparagraph (A) of subdivision (62) of subsection (a) of section 12-412.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2095; 1951, 1953, June, 1955, S. 1165d; November, 1955, S. N146; 1957, P.A. 553, S. 3; 1961, P.A. 574, S. 3, 4; June, 1969, P.A. 1, S. 20; June, 1971, P.A. 5, S. 107; 8, S. 5; 1972, P.A. 285, S. 3; P.A. 73-288, S. 3, 8; P.A. 74-73, S. 3, 5; 74-338, S. 74, 94; P.A. 75-2, S. 3, 5; 75-213, S. 26-32, 53; P.A. 76-114, S. 20, 21; 76-322, S. 21, 27; P.A. 77-370, S. 11, 13; 77-604, S. 77, 84; P.A. 78-71, S. 2, 5; P.A. 80-71, S. 19, 30; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-1, S. 9, 15; P.A. 85-240, S. 4, 6; P.A. 88-6, S. 4; 88-314, S. 24, 54; P.A. 89-123, S. 4; 89-251, S. 199, 203; P.A. 90-148, S. 23, 34; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 113, 168; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14, S. 24, 30; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 27, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 27, 59; P.A. 93-332, S. 2, 5, 40, 42; P.A. 93-361, S. 12, 17; P.A. 95-359, S. 1, 19; P.A. 96-232, S. 2, 3; P.A. 97-243, S. 19, 20, 67; P.A. 98-110, S. 7, 27; 98-244, S. 18, 35; P.A. 99-173, S. 15, 65; P.A. 00-174, S. 6, 7, 83; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 2, 65, 85; P.A. 02-3, S. 3; 02-103, S. 7; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-1, S. 70; P.A. 03-2, S. 26; 03-225, S. 8; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1, S. 96; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 110.)

      History: 1961 act increased tax rate from 3% to 3.5%; 1969 act temporarily increased tax rate to 5% for period from July 1, 1969, to June 30, 1971; 1971 acts made 5% rate permanent and later increased rate to 6.5% as of September 1, 1971; 1972 act increased rate to 7%; P.A. 73-288 reduced rate to 6.5%; P.A. 74-73 reduced rate to 6%, effective May 31, 1974, and applicable to taxes imposed on and after May 1, 1974; P.A. 74-338 made technical changes; P.A. 75-2 increased rate to 7%; P.A. 75-213 included references to "acceptance" and "services" in Subsecs. (1) to (3) and (8) to (12); P.A. 76-114 set tax rate at 3.5% for machinery and services rendered pursuant to Sec. 12-407(2)(j)(A)-(M); P.A. 76-322 clarified Subsec. (1) by specifying 7% "of the sales price of the property"; P.A. 77-370 reduced tax rate on machinery to 2.5%; P.A. 77-604 made technical change to section reference in Subsec. (1); P.A. 78-71 deleted provision re 2.5% tax rate on machinery; P.A. 80-71 increased tax rate to 7.5%; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-1 amended Subsec. (1) by providing that the acceptance or receipt of any services constituting a sale in accordance with Sec. 12-407(2)(i) shall be subject to tax at the rate of 7.5% in lieu of 3.5% as previously provided; P.A. 85-240 amended Subsec. (12) to provide that aircraft held for sale by a certificated air carrier, if stored or used for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display, shall not be deemed to have been stored or used in a manner subject to sales tax; P.A. 88-6 amended Subsec. (12)(b) by substituting "aircraft" for "airplane" wherever the latter word appears; P.A. 88-314 amended Subsec. (7) by increasing the fine to $500 from not more than $100, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; P.A. 89-123 added provisions to Subsec. (1) to establish uniformity with sales tax provisions in Sec. 12-408(1); P.A. 89-251 increased the rate of tax in Subsec. (1) from 7.5% to 8% of the sales price of the property, with corresponding changes in the lower rates applicable to certain items of personal property; P.A. 90-148 added Subsec. (14) describing conditions under which a purchase of service shall be considered a sale for resale, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to any purchase of service for resale on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 amended Subsec. (1) to reduce the general rate to 6% to increase the rate with respect to the transfer of occupancy to 12% and to set the rate with respect to the storage, acceptance, consumption or use of vessels by nonresidents at the lesser of 6% or the rate in the home state of the nonresident, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14 amended Subsec. (1) to make the provisions relating to vessels effective September 19, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (1) to make various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subsec. (1) to remove the special rate on aviation fuel, provided for an affidavit, rather than registration in the home state, as proof of out-of-state residence and made technical changes and amended Subsecs. (1) and (2) to clarify the standards for taxation of imported property, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; P.A. 93-332 amended Subsec. (1) to provide that the sale of manufactured, fabricated, assembled or processed from materials be measured by the sales price of materials, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to sales on or after July 1, 1993, and to exclude from tax mail order purchases of $200 or less, effective July 1, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1993, and amended Subsec. (4) to provide that the tax collected constitutes a debt owed to the retailer by the purchaser and shall be deemed to be held in trust for the state, where previously tax was considered a debt owed by the retailer, effective June 25, 1993; P.A. 93-361 amended Subsec. (1) to delete exclusion from tax with regard to mail order purchase of $200 or less which had been added by P.A. 93-332, effective July 1, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-359 amended Subdiv. (14) to add provisions re maintenance of records by purchaser of services for resale and added Subparas. (A) to (C) listing requirements, effective July 13, 1995; P.A. 96-232 amended Subdiv. (1) to provide lower rates for tax on sale of repair or maintenance services on vessels, effective June 6, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on and after July 1, 1997; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (1) to add phase out of tax on computer and data processing, to add requirement that retailer maintain affidavit or other evidence with respect to sales of motor vehicles to members of the armed forces concerning the buyer's state of residence, to provide that the tax rate on vessels sold to nonresidents is the lesser of 6% or the tax rate in the state in which the individual resides, and to make technical changes and amended Subsec. (7) to clarify that the fine is for each offense, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997; P.A. 98-110 amended Subsec. (1) to repeal Subdiv. (A) re repair or replacement parts and reletter remaining Subdivs., effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1999; P.A. 98-244 amended Subsec. (1)(c) to allow reduction in tax rate and exemption for military when the name of the spouse is on the title of the motor vehicle, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1998; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (1) to make a technical change, to reduce the tax rate to 4% effective July 1, 1999, to 2% on July 1, 2000, and eliminate the tax on July 1, 2001, for paving, painting, staining, wallpapering, roofing, siding, and exterior sheet metal work services on residential properties, and to reduce the tax rate on hospital services from 6% to 5.75% effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (1) to eliminate an affidavit requirement for motor vehicle sales to armed forces personnel, to add provisions re declaration, to delete former Subdiv. (C) re tax on certain vessels and make conforming technical changes, to provide an exemption for certain labor to existing vessels in redesignated Subdiv. (C) and to delete requirement re furnishing of other states' tax information by the commissioner, and amended Subsec. (9) to allow use of resale certificates in the case of sales of services and to make a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to sales made on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 amended Subdiv. (1) to suspend the use tax on patient care services for the biennium commencing July 1, 2001, and ending June 30, 2003, in Subpara. (E) effective July 1, 2001, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, and to exempt Internet access services from the use tax in Subpara. (D), effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 02-3 amended Subdiv. (1) to provide that patient care services are those for which payment is received by the hospital, effective February 28, 2002; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-1 amended Subdiv. (1) to extend the rate for computer and data processing services until July 1, 2004, effective July 1, 2002, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 03-2 amended Subdiv. (1) to add Subpara. (F) re 3% rate for certain advertising and public relations services, effective February 28, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after April 1, 2003; P.A. 03-225 amended Subdiv. (14) by designating existing provisions as Subpara. (A) and amending same by replacing "sale for resale" with "purchase for resale" and making technical changes, and added new Subdivs. (14)(B) and (15) to prohibit the setting up of a separate purchasing company to purchase enumerated services on resale for a group of affiliates, effective October 1, 2003, and applicable to purchases occurring on or after that date; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-11 amended Subdiv. (1) to delete sunset of tax on computer and data processing in Subpara. (D)(i), to eliminate tax on patient care services in Subpara. (E) and to remove provisions re certain advertising or public relations services which had been added as Subpara. (F) by P.A. 03-2, effective August 16, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2003; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subdiv. (1) by decreasing tax rate from 6% to 5.5%, effective January 1, 2010 (Revisor's note: The amendments made to Subdiv. (1) by Sec. 110 of June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 did not take effect pursuant to Sec. 12-432c(a)).

      The use tax is not a tax on property but is in the nature of an excise tax upon the privilege of using, storing or consuming property. 134 C. 295. The use tax is meant to complement the sales tax. 168 C. 597. Cited. 198 C. 168; Id., 413. Cited. 206 C. 253. Cited. 210 C. 401. Cited. 213 C. 365. Cited. 214 C. 292. Cited. 235 C. 393; Id., 737. Cited. 236 C. 613; Id., 701. Cited. 238 C. 761. Cited. 240 C. 531.

      Cited. 2 CA 165; reversed and case remanded with direction that judgment of trial court be set aside with judgment directed in favor of defendant, see 198 C. 413. Cited. 24 CA 72. Cited. 42 CA 310. Cited. 43 CA 744.

      Cited. 19 CS 334. Cited. 44 CS 1.

      Subsec. (1):

      Intended to complement sales tax by creating equality of taxation of purchasers. 145 C. 161. Three conditions of subsection must exist to create taxability. 152 C. 649. Tax imposed on rental payments from July 1, 1975, does not result in double taxation since use tax paid on property brought into the state before that date was imposed on lessors and levied on use, while tax after that date is imposed on lessees and levied on rent. 174 C. 51. Cited. 211 C. 246. Cited. 221 C. 166. "Conversion of raw materials into identifiably different building components precludes levy of the use tax on these raw materials". 222 C. 49.

      Cited. 6 CA 661.

      Cited. 39 CS 234. Cited. 44 CS 133.

      Subsec. (2):

      "Storage" and "consumption" must be incident to ownership for tax to apply. 145 C. 161.

      Cited. 39 CS 234, 237. Cited. 44 CS 133.

      Subsec. (3):

      1999 revision of Subsec. and Sec. 12-430(7) should be construed so that taxpayer who pays the applicable sales and use tax and obtains receipts pursuant to Subsec. is relieved from liability for failure to withhold under Sec. 12-430(7)(C). 293 C. 363.

      Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 403.

      Subsec. (6):

      Failure of contract to mention tax is not such a failure to describe condition of sale as to make reservation of title in seller invalid as against attaching creditor of buyer. Unilateral contract does not require signature or acknowledgment of seller. 144 C. 311.

      Subsec. (8):

      Cited. 217 C. 220.

      Subsec. (9):

      Cited. 39 CS 234.

      Subsec. (10):

      Cited. 39 CS 234.

      Subsec. (12):

      Cited. 39 CS 234.

      Subsec. (13):

      Cited. 222 C. 49.

      Sec. 12-411a. Conditional tax on out-of-state mail order companies for sales of merchandise shipped to purchasers in Connecticut. Circumstances under which tax will be implemented. Section 12-411a is repealed effective July 1, 1989, and applicable to sales from outside the state to destinations in the state on or after that date.

      (P.A. 88-188, S. 1, 2; P.A. 89-41, S. 5, 6.)

      Sec. 12-411b. Collection of use tax by certain state contractors. (a) For any contract for provision of tangible personal property to the state entered into on or after August 16, 2003, each department head, as defined in section 4-5, shall enter into an agreement with the contractor pursuant to which such contractor shall agree, on its own behalf and on behalf of each affiliate, as defined in subsection (d) of this section, of such contractor, for the term of the state contract, to collect and remit to the state on behalf of its customers any use tax due to the state under the provisions of this chapter for items of tangible personal property sold by the contractor or by any of its affiliates in the same manner as if the contractor and its affiliates were engaged in the business of selling tangible personal property for use in this state and had sufficient nexus with this state to be required to collect use tax due to the state.

      (b) The following provisions shall apply to and be made part of any agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (a) of this section:

      (1) The contractor and its affiliates are not liable for use tax not paid to them by a customer;

      (2) A customer's payment of a use tax to the contractor or its affiliates relieves the customer of liability for the use tax;

      (3) The contractor and its affiliates shall remit all use taxes they collect from customers on or before the due date specified in the agreement, which may not be later than the last day of the month next succeeding the end of a calendar quarter or other tax collection period during which the tax was collected; and

      (4) Any contractor or affiliate who fails to remit use taxes collected on behalf of its customers by the due date specified in the agreement shall be subject to the interest and penalties provided for persons required to collect sales tax under this chapter.

      (c) Any agreement entered into under subsection (a) of this section may provide that the contractor and its affiliates shall collect the use tax only on items that are subject to the six per cent rate of tax.

      (d) For purposes of this section, "affiliate" means any person, as defined in section 12-1, that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another person. A person controls another person if the person owns, directly or indirectly, more than ten per cent of the voting securities of the other person. For purposes of this subsection, "voting security" means a security that confers upon the holder the right to vote for the election of members of the board of directors or similar governing body of the business, or that is convertible into, or entitles the holder to receive, upon its exercise, a security that confers such a right to vote. "Voting security" includes a general partnership interest.

      (June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1, S. 105; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 111.)

      History: June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1 effective August 16, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2003; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subsec. (c) by decreasing tax rate from 6% to 5.5%, effective January 1, 2010 (Revisor's note: The amendments made to Subsec. (c) by Sec. 111 of June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 did not take effect pursuant to Sec. 12-432c(a)).

      Sec. 12-412. Exemptions. Taxes imposed by this chapter shall not apply to the gross receipts from the sale of and the storage, use or other consumption in this state with respect to the following items:

      (1) The United States, the state or subdivisions. (A) Sales of tangible personal property or services to the United States, the state of Connecticut or any of the political subdivisions thereof, or its or their respective agencies; (B) sales of tangible personal property or services used to develop property which the state of Connecticut is under contract to purchase through a long-term financing contract; (C) sales and use of any services or tangible personal property to be incorporated into or used or otherwise consumed in (i) the demolition, remediation or preparation of the Adriaen's Landing site and the stadium facility site for purposes of the overall project, each as defined in section 32-651, (ii) the construction of the convention center, the Connecticut Center for Science and Exploration, the stadium facility and the related parking facilities and site preparation and infrastructure improvements, each as defined in section 32-651, or (iii) the construction of any future capital improvement to the convention center, the stadium facility or the related parking facilities.

      (2) Federal exemptions. Sales of tangible personal property or services which this state is prohibited from taxing under the Constitution or laws of the United States.

      (3) Certain utilities. (A) Gas and electricity for residential use and certain manufacturing or agricultural production. The sale, furnishing or service of gas, including bottled gas, and electricity when delivered to consumers through mains, lines, pipes or bottles for use (i) in any residential dwelling or (ii) directly in agricultural production, fabrication of a finished product to be sold or an industrial manufacturing plant, provided the exemption under this subdivision (ii) shall only be allowed with respect to a metered building, location or premise at which not less than seventy-five per cent of the gas, including bottled gas, or electricity consumed at such metered building, location or premise is used for the purpose of such production, fabrication or manufacturing. Bottled gas as used in this subsection means L.P. (propane) gas.

      (B) Telephone and cable television service prior to January 1, 1990. The sale or furnishing of telephone service and community antenna television and cable service, provided the exemption for services described in this subparagraph shall not be applicable to any such service rendered on or after January 1, 1990.

      (C) Water, steam and telegraph. The sale, furnishing or service of water, steam and telegraph when delivered to consumers through mains, lines, pipes or bottles.

      (D) Monthly charges of one hundred fifty dollars or less for electricity not otherwise exempt. The sale or furnishing of electricity, not subject to the exemption under subparagraph (A) of this subsection, with respect to that portion of the charges applicable to such electricity for any month of service which is not in excess of one hundred fifty dollars.

      (E) Gas, water, steam or electricity used in furnishing same to consumers. The sale, furnishing or service of gas, water, steam or electricity for use directly in the furnishing of gas, water, steam or electricity delivered to consumers through mains, lines or pipes.

      (4) Prescription medicine, syringes and needles. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of medicine only by prescription as defined by federal or state law, including such medicine provided for no consideration and the sales of syringes and needles only by prescription. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of materials, including materials used in packaging, which become an ingredient or component part of medicine only by prescription, as defined by federal or state law.

      (5) Nonprofit charitable hospitals, nursing homes, rest homes, residential care homes and acute care for-profit hospitals. (A) Sales of tangible personal property or services to and by nonprofit charitable hospitals in this state, nonprofit nursing homes, nonprofit rest homes and nonprofit residential care homes licensed by the state pursuant to chapter 368v for the exclusive purposes of such institutions except any such service transaction as described in subparagraph (EE) of subdivision (37) of subsection (a) of section 12-407.

      (B) Sales of tangible personal property by any organization that is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, and that the United States Treasury Department has expressly determined, by letter, to be an organization that is described in Section 501(c)(3) of said internal revenue code, which sales are made on the premises of a hospital.

      (C) Sales of tangible personal property or services to an acute care, for-profit hospital, operating as an acute care, for-profit hospital as of May 12, 2004, for the purposes of such institution in connection with the constructing and equipping of any facility of such hospital for which a certificate of need was filed before, and is pending on, May 12, 2004.

      (6) Newspapers and magazines. Repealed by P.A. 03-2, S. 58, effective April 1, 2003.

      (7) Cigarettes. Former subsection (g) repealed by P.A. 80-71, S. 21, 30.

      (8) Organizations exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as determined by the U.S. Treasury Department. Exemption qualification requirements. Sales of tangible personal property or services to any organization that is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, and that the United States Treasury Department has expressly determined, by letter, to be an organization that is described in Section 501(c)(3) or (13) of said internal revenue code. At the time of the sale that is exempt under this subsection, the organization shall, in order to qualify for said exemption, do one of the following: (A) Present to the retailer (i) a copy of the United States Treasury Department determination letter that was issued to such organization and (ii) a certificate, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, certifying that a United States Treasury Department determination letter has been issued to such organization and has not been revoked and that the tangible personal property or services that are being purchased from the retailer by such organization are to be used or consumed exclusively for the purposes for which such organization was established or (B) present to the retailer (i) a copy of the exemption permit that was issued pursuant to this subsection by the commissioner to such organization before July 1, 1995, after a determination of eligibility by the commissioner and (ii) a certificate, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, certifying that an exemption permit was issued pursuant to this subsection by the commissioner to such organization before July 1, 1995, and was not revoked and that the tangible personal property or services that are being purchased from the retailer by such organization are to be used or consumed exclusively for the purposes for which the organization was established. The organization shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed if such tangible personal property or services are not used or consumed exclusively for the purposes for which the organization was established.

      (9) Food products sold in educational institutions and certain health and care facilities. Sales of food products, meals, candy, confectionery and beverages, except alcoholic beverages, in a student cafeteria, dining-hall, dormitory, fraternity or sorority maintained in a private, public or parochial school, college or university, to members of such institutions or organizations, including all sales of such items to such members at such institutions or organizations using prepaid meal plan cards or arrangements; and sales of food products, meals, candy, confectionery and beverages to patients, residents or care recipients in hospitals, residential care homes, assisted living facilities, senior centers, day care centers, convalescent homes, nursing homes and rest homes.

      (10) Exemption of children's clothing. Repealed by June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 166, 168.

      (11) Personal services. Professional, insurance or personal service transactions, except any such service transaction described in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, which involve sales as inconsequential elements for which no separate charges are made.

      (12) Livestock, rabbits and poultry; feed; seeds and certain tree seedlings; fertilizer; plants; horses, except those racing at commercial race tracks. Repealed by June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 166, 168.

      (13) Food products. Sales of food products for human consumption. "Food products" include cereals and cereal products, milk and milk products, oleomargarine, meat and meat products, fish and fish products, eggs and egg products, vegetables and vegetable products, fruit and fruit products, spices and salt, sugar and sugar products other than candy and confectionery; coffee and coffee substitutes, tea, cocoa and cocoa products other than candy and confectionery. "Food products" do not include spirituous, malt or vinous liquors, soft drinks, sodas or beverages such as are ordinarily dispensed at bars and soda fountains, or in connection therewith, medicines except by prescription, tonics and preparations in liquid, powdered, granular, tablet, capsule, lozenge and pill form sold as dietary supplements or adjuncts. "Food products" also do not include meals sold by an eating establishment or caterer. "Meal" means food products which are furnished, prepared or served in such a form and in such portions that they are ready for immediate consumption. A meal as defined in this subsection includes food products which are sold on a "take out" or "to go" basis and which are actually packaged or wrapped. The sale of a meal, as defined in this subsection, is a taxable sale. "Eating establishment" means a place where meals are sold and includes a restaurant, cafeteria, grinder shop, pizzeria, drive-in, fast food outlet, ice cream truck, hot dog cart, refreshment stand, sandwich shop, private or social club, cocktail lounge, tavern, diner, snack bar, or hotel or boarding house which furnishes both lodging and meals to its guests.

      (14) Containers. (A) Nonreturnable containers and returnable dairy product containers when sold without the contents to persons who place the contents in the container and sell the contents together with the container; (B) containers when sold with the contents if the sales price of the contents is not required to be included in the measure of the taxes imposed by this chapter; (C) returnable containers when sold with the contents in connection with a retail sale of the contents or when resold for refilling. As used herein, "returnable containers" means containers of a kind customarily returned by the buyer of the contents for reuse, but does not mean nonrefillable beverage containers, as defined in subdivision (10) of section 22a-243. All other containers are "nonreturnable containers". Nothing in this subsection shall be construed so as to tax the gross receipts from the sale of or the storage, use or other consumption in this state of bags in which feed for livestock and poultry, as defined in subdivision (12) of this section, is customarily contained.

      (15) Motor vehicle fuel. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption in this state of motor vehicle fuel (A) for use in any motor vehicle licensed or required to be licensed to operate upon the public highways of this state, whether or not the tax imposed under chapter 221 has been paid on such fuel, or (B) for any other use, if the tax imposed under chapter 221 has been paid on such fuel and has not been refunded under the provisions of chapter 221.

      (16) Fuel for heating purposes. Sales of fuel used for heating purposes (i) in any residential dwelling or (ii) in any building, location or premise utilized directly in agricultural production, fabrication of a finished product to be sold or an industrial manufacturing plant, provided the exemption under this subdivision (ii) shall only be allowed with respect to a building, location or premise in which not less than seventy-five per cent of the fuel used in such building, location or premise is used for the purpose of such production, fabrication or manufacturing.

      (17) Sale of meals. Former subsection (q) repealed by P.A. 83-18, S. 4, 5.

      (18) Production materials. Sales of and the storage or use of materials, rope, fishing nets, tools and fuel or any substitute therefor, which become an ingredient or component part of tangible personal property to be sold or which are used directly in the fishing industry or in an industrial plant in the actual fabrication of the finished product to be sold. Sales of and the storage or use of materials, tools and fuel or any substitute therefor, when such products are used directly in the furnishing of power to an industrial manufacturing plant or in the furnishing of gas, water, steam or electricity when delivered to consumers through mains, lines or pipes.

      (19) Oxygen, blood plasma, prostheses, custom-made wigs or hairpieces, hearing and vision aids, canes, crutches, walkers and wheel chairs, vital life support equipment, apnea monitors, support hose and related repair or replacement parts and repair services. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of (A) oxygen, blood or blood plasma when sold for medical use in humans or animals; (B) artificial devices individually designed, constructed or altered solely for the use of a particular handicapped person so as to become a brace, support, supplement, correction or substitute for the bodily structure, including the extremities of the individual, and repair or replacement parts and repair services rendered to property described in this subparagraph; (C) artificial limbs, artificial eyes and other equipment worn as a correction or substitute for any functioning portion of the body, custom-made wigs or hairpieces for persons with medically diagnosed total and permanent hair loss as a result of disease or the treatment of disease, artificial hearing aids when designed to be worn on the person of the owner or user, closed circuit television equipment used as a reading aid by persons who are visually impaired and repair or replacement parts and repair services rendered to property described in this subparagraph; (D) canes, crutches, walkers, wheel chairs and inclined stairway chairlifts for the use of invalids and handicapped persons, and repair or replacement parts and repair services to property described in this subparagraph; (E) any equipment used in support of or to supply vital life functions, including oxygen supply equipment used for humans or animals, kidney dialysis machines and any other such device used in necessary support of vital life functions, and apnea monitors, and repair or replacement parts and repair services rendered to property described in this subparagraph; and (F) support hose that is specially designed to aid in the circulation of blood and is purchased by a person who has a medical need for such hose. Repair or replacement parts are exempt whether purchased separately or in conjunction with the item for which they are intended, and whether such parts continue the original function or enhance the functionality of such item. As used in this subdivision, "repair services" means services that are described in subparagraph (Q) or (CC) of subdivision (37) of subsection (a) of section 12-407.

      (20) Flyable aircraft. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption, by a manufacturer of aircraft located in this state, of flyable aircraft complete with necessary equipment and modifications, but not separate engines and parts thereof, sold to persons taking delivery and using such aircraft as certificated or licensed carriers of persons or property in interstate or foreign commerce under authority of the laws of the United States or any foreign government, or sold to any foreign government for use by such government outside of this state, or sold to persons who are not residents of this state and who will not use such aircraft in this state otherwise than in the removal of such aircraft from this state.

      (21) Personal property for incorporation into or use in waste treatment facilities. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of tangible personal property acquired for incorporation into or used and consumed in the operation of facilities for the treatment of industrial waste before the discharge thereof into any waters of the state or into any sewerage system emptying into such waters, the primary purpose of which is the reduction, control or elimination of pollution of such waters, certified as approved for such purpose by the Commissioner of Environmental Protection. For the purposes of this subdivision "industrial waste" means any harmful thermal effect or any liquid, gaseous or solid substance or combination thereof resulting from any process of industry, manufacture, trade or business or from the development or recovery of any natural resource.

      (22) Personal property incorporated into or consumed in air pollution control facilities. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of tangible personal property or supplies acquired for incorporation into or used and consumed in the operation of facilities, the primary purpose of which is the reduction, control or elimination of air pollution, certified as approved for such purpose by the Commissioner of Environmental Protection. Said commissioner may certify to a portion of such tangible personal property or supplies acquired for incorporation into such facilities to the extent that such portion shall have as its primary purpose the reduction, control or elimination of air pollution.

      (23) United States and Connecticut state flags. Sales of United States and Connecticut state flags.

      (24) Municipal publications, sales by public libraries or by municipal auction and book sales by library support groups. Sales of municipal publications such as information booklets and zoning regulations, tangible personal property sold by public libraries, the sale of any property at auction by a municipality, and book sales by library support groups.

      (25) Unregistered motor vehicles in interstate commerce. Repealed by P.A. 95-359, S. 18, effective July 13, 1995.

      (26) Items not costing more than twenty dollars each by certain nonprofit organizations and schools. Sales of items for not more than twenty dollars each by any Connecticut eleemosynary organization, for purposes of youth activities which such organization is formed to sponsor and support, and by any accredited elementary or secondary school for purposes of such school or of organized activities of the students enrolled therein.

      (27) Vending machine sales of fifty cents or less. Meals sold through vending machines or "honor boxes". (A) Sales of any items for fifty cents or less from vending machines; or (B) notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (13) of this section, meals sold through coin-operated vending machines or at unattended "honor boxes".

      (28) Ambulance-type motor vehicles. Repealed by June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 166, 168.

      (29) Personal property and services used or consumed in development, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, repair or operation of housing facilities for low and moderate income families and persons. (A) Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of tangible personal property acquired for incorporation into or used and consumed in the operation of housing facilities for low and moderate income families and persons and sales of and the acceptance, use or other consumption of any service described in subdivision (2) of section 12-407 that is used and consumed in the development, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, repair or operation of housing facilities for low and moderate income families and persons, provided such facilities are constructed under the sponsorship of and owned or operated by nonprofit housing organizations or housing authorities, as defined in subsection (b) of section 8-39. The nonprofit housing organization or housing authority sponsoring the construction of or owning or operating such housing facility shall obtain from the commissioner a letter of determination that the housing facility has, to the satisfaction of said commissioner, met all the requirements for exemption under this subsection. At the time of any sale or purchase that is exempt under this subsection, the purchaser shall present to the retailer a copy of the determination letter that was issued to the nonprofit housing organization or housing authority together with a certificate from the purchaser, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, certifying that the tangible personal property or services that are being purchased from the retailer are to be used or consumed exclusively for the purposes of incorporation into or in the development, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, repair or operation of the housing facility identified in the letter of determination. For the purposes of this subsection, (i) "nonprofit housing organization" means any organization which has as one of its purposes the development, construction, sponsorship or ownership of housing for low and moderate income families as stated in its charter, if it is incorporated, or its constitution or bylaws, if it is unincorporated, and which has received exemption from federal income tax under the provisions of Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended from time to time, provided the charter of such organization, if it is incorporated, or its constitution or bylaws, if unincorporated, shall contain a provision that no officer, member or employee thereof shall receive or at any future time may receive any pecuniary profit from the operation thereof, except a reasonable compensation for services in effecting the purposes of the organization; (ii) "housing facilities" means facilities having as their primary purpose the provision of safe and adequate housing and related facilities for low and moderate income families and persons, notwithstanding that said housing provides other dwelling accommodations in addition to the primary purpose of providing dwelling accommodations for low and moderate income families; (iii) "related facilities" means those facilities defined in subsection (d) of section 8-243; and (iv) "low and moderate income families" means those families as defined in subsection (h) of said section 8-243.

      (B) Sales of and the acceptance, use or other consumption of any service described in subdivision (2) of section 12-407 that is used or consumed in the development, construction, renovation or operation of housing facilities for low and moderate income families and persons, provided such facilities are owned or sponsored by a mutual housing association, as defined in subsection (b) of section 8-214f, and operated as mutual housing by such association at a location that was conveyed to such association by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development prior to September 1, 1995.

      (30) Commodities in the form traded on boards of trade and not converted to use by purchaser. Sales and storage of any commodity in the form traded on any contract market or other board of trade as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, provided this exemption shall not apply to any commodity subsequently converted to use by a purchaser and in such event such purchaser shall be liable for the tax under section 12-411 unless otherwise exempt under any of the provisions of this section.

      (31) Printed material manufactured for purchaser in Connecticut to be delivered for use outside the state. Sales of any printed material which has been manufactured in Connecticut to the special order of a purchaser and which, within thirty days following delivery to such purchaser, is to be delivered for use outside Connecticut, provided such purchaser presents written certification to the seller when such material is received by such purchaser that such material shall be delivered for use outside Connecticut within thirty days.

      (32) Vessels sold in Connecticut by shipbuilder or marine dealer to be transported immediately for use out of state. Repealed by June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 166, 168 and June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14, S. 27, 30.

      (33) Solar energy systems. Former subsection (gg) repealed by P.A. 84-507, S. 3, 4.

      (34) Machinery used in manufacturing. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery used directly in a manufacturing production process. The word "machinery" as used in this subsection means the basic machine itself, and includes all of its component parts and contrivances, such as belts, pulleys, shafts, moving parts, operating structures and equipment or devices, which component parts and contrivances are used or required to control, regulate or operate the machinery or to enhance or alter its productivity or functionality, whether such component parts and contrivances are purchased separately or in conjunction with such machine and all replacement and repair parts for the basic machine or for its component parts and contrivances, whether such replacement or repair parts are purchased separately or in conjunction with such machine. For the purposes of this subsection, "machinery" includes machinery used exclusively to control or monitor an activity occurring during the manufacturing production process and machinery used exclusively during the manufacturing production process to test or measure materials and products being manufactured but shall not include office equipment or data processing equipment other than numerically controlled machinery used directly in the manufacturing process.

      (35) Centers of service for elderly persons. Sales of tangible personal property or services to any center of service for elderly persons as described in subdivision (d) of section 17b-425.

      (36) Motor vehicle driving service performed out of state. The sale of any motor vehicle driving service to the extent of that proportionate part of gross receipts from such service rendered which is directly related to actual driving performance outside the state.

      (37) Fuel for use in certain high-occupancy commuter vehicles. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of any fuel with respect to which the tax imposed under chapter 221 has been refunded under subdivision (11) of subsection (a) of section 12-459.

      (38) Telephone equipment designed exclusively for deaf or blind persons. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of any equipment designed exclusively for use by persons who are deaf or blind for purposes of communication by telephone.

      (39) Renewable energy systems or systems using cogeneration technology. Repealed by June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 166, 168.

      (40) Commercial fishing vessels and machinery or equipment for use thereon. (A) Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of any vessel exclusively for use in commercial fishing and any machinery or equipment exclusively for use on a commercial fishing vessel by a fisherman engaged in commercial fishing as a trade or business and to whom the Department of Revenue Services has issued a fisherman tax exemption permit, provided (i) for the immediately preceding taxable year, or (ii) on average, for the two immediately preceding taxable years, not less than fifty per cent of the gross income of the purchaser, as reported for federal income tax purposes, shall have been derived from commercial fishing, subject to proof satisfactory to the Commissioner of Revenue Services.

      (B) The commissioner shall adopt regulations, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, requiring periodic registration for purposes of the issuance of fisherman tax exemption permits, including (i) a procedure related to the application for such permit, which application shall include a declaration, in a form prescribed by the commissioner and bearing notice to the effect that false statements made in such declaration are punishable, to be signed by the applicant, and (ii) a form of notice concerning the penalty for misuse of such permit.

      (C) (i) The Commissioner of Revenue Services may issue a fisherman tax exemption permit to an applicant, provided such applicant has satisfied the commissioner that the applicant intends to carry on commercial fishing as a trade or business for at least two years, notwithstanding the fact that the applicant was not engaged in commercial fishing as a trade or business in the immediately preceding taxable year or, if the applicant was engaged in commercial fishing as a trade or business in such immediately preceding taxable year, notwithstanding the fact that, for such immediately preceding taxable year, or, on average, for the two immediately preceding taxable years, less than fifty per cent of the gross income of the applicant, as reported for federal income tax purposes, was derived from commercial fishing.

      (ii) Such applicant shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed, during the period commencing upon the issuance of the permit and ending two years after the date of issuance of the permit, if commercial fishing is not carried on as a trade or business by such applicant during such entire period.

      (iii) Such applicant shall also be liable for the tax otherwise imposed, during the period commencing upon the issuance of the permit and ending two years after the date of issuance of the permit, if less than fifty per cent of the gross income of such applicant, as reported for federal income tax purposes, shall have been derived from such commercial fishing for the immediately preceding taxable year, or, on average, for the two immediately preceding taxable years.

      (iv) Any applicant liable for tax under clause (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph shall not be eligible to be issued another permit under clause (i) of this subparagraph.

      (D) The Commissioner of Revenue Services may issue a fisherman tax exemption permit to an applicant, notwithstanding the fact that, in the applicant's immediately preceding taxable year, less than fifty per cent of the gross income of the applicant, as reported for federal income tax purposes, was derived from commercial fishing, provided (i) such applicant purchased, during the applicant's current or immediately preceding taxable year, a commercial fishing trade or business from a seller who was issued a fisherman tax exemption permit by said commissioner at the time of such purchase, and (ii) such commercial fishing shall be carried on as a trade or business by such applicant during the period commencing upon the purchase and ending two years after the date of purchase. Such applicant shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed, during the period commencing upon such purchase and ending two years after the date of purchase, if such applicant does not carry on such commercial fishing as a trade or business during the period commencing upon such purchase and ending two years after the date of purchase.

      (E) For purposes of this subdivision, "commercial fishing vessel" shall include any vessel with a certificate of documentation issued by the United States Coast Guard for coastwise fishery.

      (41) Services to determine effect on human health of consumption or use of a product or substance. Sales of services used to determine the probable consequences in relation to human health of the consumption or other use of any product, substance or element.

      (42) Aircraft held for resale by certain air carriers and used for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display. Repealed by P.A. 85-240, S. 5, 6.

      (43) Replacement parts in enterprise zones. Sales of any replacement parts for machinery to any business entity located in any enterprise zone designated pursuant to section 32-70 for use within such zone.

      (44) Certain motion picture, video, television and radio production and broadcast equipment. (A) Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of any filmed and taped television and radio programs and any materials which become an ingredient or component part of films or tapes which are used directly in the production and transmission of finished programs (i) broadcast to the general public by a television or radio station or (ii) used on or after October 1, 1986, for purposes of accredited medical or surgical training, including any equipment used for such purpose; (B) sales of and the storage, use, rental, lease or other consumption of any motion picture or video production equipment or sound recording equipment purchased or leased for use in this state for production activities which become an ingredient or component part of any master tapes, records, video tapes or film produced for commercial entertainment, commercial advertising or commercial educational purposes; or (C) sales of and the storage, use, rental or lease of equipment, including, but not limited to, antennas used directly in the production or broadcast of programs to the general public by a television or radio station.

      (45) Gold or silver bullion, legal tender of any nation, rare and antique coins. Sales of and the storage or use of rare or antique coins, gold or silver bullion and gold or silver legal tender of any nation, traded according to its value as precious metal, provided such exemption shall not be applicable with respect to any such sale, storage or use in which the total value of such bullion or legal tender sold by the retailer is less than one thousand dollars.

      (46) Meals delivered to homes of persons who are elderly, disabled or otherwise confined. Sales of home delivered meals to elderly, disabled and other homebound persons.

      (47) Articles of clothing or footwear costing under fifty dollars. Sales of any article of clothing or footwear intended to be worn on or about the human body the cost of which to the purchaser is less than fifty dollars. For purposes of this subdivision clothing or footwear shall not include (A) any special clothing or footwear primarily designed for athletic activity or protective use that is not normally worn except when used for the athletic activity or protective use for which it was designed, and (B) jewelry, handbags, luggage, umbrellas, wallets, watches and similar items carried on or about the human body but not worn on the body in the manner characteristic of clothing intended for exemption under this subdivision.

      (48) Nonprescription drugs and medicines. Sales of the following drugs or medicines available for purchase without prescription for use in or on the body: Vitamin or mineral concentrates; dietary supplements; natural or herbal drugs or medicines; products intended to be taken for coughs, colds, asthma or allergies; antihistamines; laxatives; antidiarrheal medicines; analgesics; antibiotic, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal medicines; antiseptics; astringents; anesthetics; steroidal medicines; anthelmintics; emetics and antiemetics; antacids; and any medication prepared to be used in the eyes, ears or nose, excluding cosmetics, dentifrices, mouthwash, shaving and hair care products, soaps and deodorants.

      (49) Property tax payments under motor vehicle leases. Any payment made by a lessee of a motor vehicle to a lessor for the purpose of paying the property taxes on any such vehicle under a lease which is otherwise subject to the taxes imposed by this chapter if such lease requires the lessee to pay such property taxes and if a separate statement of the amount of any such property tax payment is contained in such lease or in any bill rendered pursuant to such lease.

      (50) Lease or rental of any motion picture film for display by theater owner or operator. The leasing or rental of any motion picture film by the owner or operator of a motion picture theater for purposes of display at such theater.

      (51) Any meal the cost of which is less than two dollars. Repealed by P.A. 89-251, S. 202, 203.

      (52) Cloth or fabric purchased for noncommercial sewing. Any sale of cloth or fabric for purposes of noncommercial sewing, made of natural or synthetic fibers and of such composition, weight and texture as to be used commonly in clothing, and including in addition to such cloth or fabric, any items necessary in such sewing which become a component part of the clothing so made.

      (53) Disposable pads used for incontinency. Sales of certain disposable pads prepared for use in the manner of a diaper or as an underpad, and commonly used by persons who are incontinent.

      (54) Test strips and tablets, lancets and glucose monitoring equipment used in care of diabetes and associated repair or replacement parts. Sales of test strips and tablets, lancets and glucose monitoring equipment for purposes of certain tests and monitoring required in the care of diabetes and repair or replacement parts for such equipment, whether such repair or replacements parts are purchased separately or in conjunction with the sale of such equipment, and whether such parts continue the original function or enhance the functionality of such equipment.

      (55) Certain personal property used in burial or cremation. Sales of (A) tangible personal property by any funeral establishment performing the primary services in preparation for and the conduct of burial or cremation, provided any such property must be used directly in the performance of such services and the total amount of such exempt sales with respect to any single funeral may not exceed two thousand five hundred dollars, or (B) caskets used for burial or cremation.

      (56) Sales of certain items by nursing homes, rest homes, residential care homes, convalescent homes or adult day care centers. Sales of items for not more than one hundred dollars each by any nursing home, rest home, residential care home, convalescent home or any adult day care center approved for such purpose by the Commissioner of Social Services, provided (1) such sales are made through a gift shop located in such home or center and (2) any profits from such sales are retained by such home or center for the benefit of the patients, in the case of any such home, or persons using any such adult day care center.

      (57) Items purchased with supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits. Sales of any items purchased with supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits.

      (58) Services related to personnel, management or research when company rendering service and recipient are participating in a joint venture for purposes of research and new product development. Sales of any services rendered for purposes of (A) personnel services, (B) commercial or industrial marketing, development, testing or research services, or (C) business analysis and management services, whenever, pursuant to a joint venture agreement, the recipient of any such services is either a corporation, a partnership, or a limited liability company, and such services are rendered by one or more corporate shareholders, or a corporate partner or corporate member in such joint venture, and in accordance with which the company rendering such service must have an ownership interest equivalent to not less than twenty-five per cent of total ownership in such joint venture, provided (i) the purpose of such joint venture is directly related to production or development of new or experimental products or systems and the marketing and support thereof, (ii) at least one of the corporations participating in such joint venture shall have been actively engaged in business in this state for not less than ten years, and (iii) exemption for such sales in accordance with this subsection, with respect to any single joint venture, shall not be allowed for a period in excess of twenty consecutive years from the date of such venture's incorporation, formation or organization, or in the case of a joint venture in existence prior to January 1, 1986, within the aircraft industry, for a period in excess of thirty consecutive years, and such exemption shall be applicable to sales of such services rendered on or after January 1, 1986.

      (59) Aviation fuel used exclusively and directly in the experimental testing of any product. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of any aviation fuel used exclusively and directly in the experimental testing of any product.

      (60) Motor vehicle or vessel purchased but not registered in this state by a person who is not a resident of this state. The sale of any motor vehicle or vessel, as defined in section 15-127, in this state when the purchaser of such motor vehicle or vessel is not a resident of this state and does not maintain a permanent place of abode in this state, provided such motor vehicle or vessel is not presented for registration with the Department of Motor Vehicles in this state and such purchaser submits a declaration, prescribed as to form by the commissioner and bearing notice to the effect that false statements made in such declaration are punishable, or other evidence as may be requested by the Commissioner of Revenue Services concerning such purchaser's residency or place of abode.

      (61) Ambulances. Repealed by June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 166, 168.

      (62) Services rendered between parent companies and wholly-owned subsidiaries. (A) Sales of any of the services enumerated in subpragraph (I), (K) or (L) of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 that are rendered for a business entity affiliated with the business entity rendering such service in such manner that (i) either business entity in such transaction owns a controlling interest in the other business entity, or (ii) a controlling interest in each business entity in such transaction is owned by the same person or persons or business entity or business entities.

      (B) For purposes of this subdivision, (i) "business entity" means a corporation, trust, estate, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company, single member limited liability company, sole proprietorship, nonstock corporation or a federally-recognized Indian tribe; (ii) "controlling interest" means, in the case of a business entity that is a corporation, ownership of stock possessing one hundred per cent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or one hundred per cent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of such corporation; in the case of a business entity that is a trust or estate, ownership of a beneficial interest of one hundred per cent in such trust or estate; in the case of a business entity that is a partnership, limited partnership or limited liability partnership, ownership of one hundred per cent of the profits interest or capital interest in such partnership, limited partnership or limited liability partnership; in the case of a limited liability company with more than one member, ownership of one hundred per cent of the profits interest, capital interest or membership interests in such limited liability company; in the case of a business entity that is a sole proprietorship or single member limited liability company, ownership of such sole proprietorship or single member limited liability company; in the case of a business entity that is a nonstock corporation with voting members, control of one hundred per cent of all voting membership interests in such corporation; and in the case of a business entity that is a nonstock corporation with no voting members, control of one hundred per cent of the board of directors of such corporation; (iii) whether a controlling interest in a business entity is owned shall be determined in accordance with Section 267 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, provided where a controlling interest is owned in a business entity other than a stock corporation, the term "stock" as used in said Section 267 of the Internal Revenue Code means, in the case of a partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership or limited liability company treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, the profits interest or capital interest in such partnership, in the case of a business entity that is a trust or estate, the beneficial interests in such trust or estate, and in the case of a business entity that is a nonstock corporation, the voting membership interests in such corporation, or if it has no voting members, the control of the board of directors; (iv) a business entity has "control of" the board of directors of a nonstock corporation if one hundred per cent of the voting members of the board of directors are either representatives of, including ex-officio directors, or persons appointed by such business entity, or "control of" one hundred per cent of the voting membership interests in a nonstock corporation if one hundred per cent of the voting membership interests are held by the business entity or by representatives of, including ex-officio members, or persons appointed by such business entity.

      (63) Items sold for use in agricultural production by a farmer engaged in such production as a business. (A) Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of tangible personal property exclusively for use in agricultural production, as defined in this subsection, by a farmer engaged in agricultural production as a trade or business and to whom the Department of Revenue Services has issued a farmer tax exemption permit, provided such farmer's gross income from such agricultural production, as reported for federal income tax purposes, shall have been (i) not less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the immediately preceding taxable year, or (ii) on average, not less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the two immediately preceding taxable years.

      (B) The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall adopt regulations in accordance with chapter 54 requiring periodic registration for purposes of the issuance of farmer tax exemption permits, including (i) a procedure related to the application for such permit, such application to include a declaration, prescribed as to form by the Commissioner of Revenue Services and bearing notice to the effect that false statements made in such declaration are punishable, to be signed by the applicant, and (ii) a form of notice concerning the penalty for misuse of such permit.

      (C) As used in this subsection, (i) "agricultural production" means engaging, as a trade or business, in (I) the raising and harvesting of any agricultural or horticultural commodity, (II) dairy farming, (III) forestry, (IV) the raising, feeding, caring for, shearing, training or management of livestock, including horses, bees, poultry, fur-bearing animals or wildlife or (V) the raising and harvesting of fish, oysters, clams, mussels or other molluscan shellfish; and (ii) "farmer" means any person engaged in agricultural production as a trade or business.

      (D) The Department of Revenue Services may issue a farmer tax exemption permit to a farmer, notwithstanding the fact that, in the farmer's immediately preceding taxable year, such farmer's gross income from agricultural production engaged in as a trade or business may have been less than two thousand five hundred dollars, provided (i) such farmer purchased, during such farmer's current or immediately preceding taxable year, an agricultural trade or business from a seller who was issued a farmer tax exemption permit by such department at the time of such purchase and (ii) such agricultural production shall be carried on as a trade or business by such purchaser during the period commencing upon the purchase and ending two years after the date of purchase. Such purchaser shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed, during the period commencing upon such purchase and ending two years after the date of purchase, if such agricultural production is not carried on as a trade or business by such purchaser during the period commencing upon such purchase and ending two years after the date of purchase.

      (E) (i) The Department of Revenue Services, under such regulations as the Commissioner of Revenue Services may adopt in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, may issue a farmer tax exemption permit to an applicant, provided such applicant has satisfied the commissioner that the applicant intends to carry on agricultural production as a trade or business for at least two years, notwithstanding the fact that the applicant was not engaged in agricultural production as a trade or business in the immediately preceding taxable year or, if the applicant was engaged in agricultural production as a trade or business in the immediately preceding taxable year, notwithstanding the fact that the applicant's gross income from such agricultural production, as reported for federal income tax purposes, was less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the immediately preceding taxable year or, on average, less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the two immediately preceding taxable years.

      (ii) Such applicant shall be liable for the tax imposed under this chapter during the period commencing upon the issuance of the permit and ending two years after the date of issuance of the permit if agricultural production is not carried on as a trade or business by such applicant during such entire period.

      (iii) Such applicant shall also be liable for the tax otherwise imposed, during the period commencing upon the issuance of the permit and ending two years after the date of issuance of the permit, if (I) such applicant's gross income from such agricultural production, as reported for federal income tax purposes, is less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the immediately preceding taxable year or, on average, less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the two immediately preceding taxable years, and (II) such applicant's expenses from such agricultural production, as reported for federal income tax purposes, are less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the immediately preceding taxable year or, on average, less than two thousand five hundred dollars for the two immediately preceding taxable years.

      (iv) Any applicant liable for tax under clause (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph shall not be eligible to be issued another permit under clause (i) of this subparagraph.

      (64) Computer-related cleaning equipment. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of equipment used directly in the production and cleaning of computer discs for purposes of creating and maintaining the atmospheric environment necessary in the area immediately surrounding such production and cleaning process, including with respect to such area, climate control, air quality and a positive pressure mode adapted to the particular climate and air quality requirements of such production and cleaning process.

      (65) Molds, dies, patterns and sand handling equipment for metal casting foundries. The purchase and sale by metal casting foundries of molds, dies, patterns and sand handling equipment.

      (66) Molds, dies and patterns for pattern shops and metal casting foundries. The sale by pattern shops of molds, dies and patterns to metal casting foundries or their customers for use in such foundries, and the purchase and use of such items by pattern shops in connection with any such sales.

      (67) New motor vehicles exclusively powered by clean alternative fuels. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption, prior to July 1, 2008, of a new motor vehicle which is exclusively powered by a clean alternative fuel. As used in this subdivision and subdivisions (68) and (69) of this section, "clean alternative fuel" shall mean natural gas, hydrogen or electricity when used as a motor vehicle fuel or propane when used as a motor vehicle fuel if such a vehicle meets the federal fleet emissions standards under the federal Clean Air Act or any emissions standards adopted by the Commissioner of Environmental Protection as part of the state's implementation plan under said act.

      (68) Conversion equipment associated with converting vehicles to exclusive use of clean alternative fuels or dual use of such fuel and any other fuel. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption, prior to July 1, 2008, of conversion equipment incorporated into or used in converting vehicles powered by any other fuel to either exclusive use of a clean alternative fuel or dual use of any other fuel and a clean alternative fuel, including, but not limited to, storage cylinders, cylinder brackets, regulated mixers, fill valves, pressure regulators, solenoid valves, fuel gauges, electronic ignitions and alternative fuel delivery lines.

      (69) Equipment associated with compressed natural gas filling or electric recharging station. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption, prior to July 1, 2008, of equipment incorporated into or used in a compressed natural gas or hydrogen filling or electric recharging station for vehicles powered by a clean alternative fuel, including, but not limited to, compressors, storage cylinders, associated framing, tubing and fittings, valves, fuel poles and fuel delivery lines used for clean alternative fuel storage and filling facilities.

      (70) Commercial trucks, truck tractors, tractors and semitrailers and vehicles used in combination therewith. (A) Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of commercial trucks, truck tractors, tractors and semitrailers, and vehicles used in combination therewith, which (i) have a gross vehicle weight rating in excess of twenty-six thousand pounds or (ii) are operated actively and exclusively during the period commencing upon its purchase and ending one year after the date of purchase for the carriage of interstate freight pursuant to a certificate or permit issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission or its successor agency. As used in this subsection, "gross vehicle weight rating" means the value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of the single or combination vehicle and, if the manufacturer has not specified a value for a towed vehicle, means the value specified for the towing vehicle plus the loaded weight of the towed unit.

      (B) Each purchaser of a commercial truck, truck tractor, tractor or semitrailer or vehicle used in combination therewith exempt from tax pursuant to the provisions of subparagraph (A)(ii) of this subsection shall, in order to qualify for said exemption, present to the retailer (i) a copy of the certificate or permit that was issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission or its successor agency to the purchaser and (ii) a certificate, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, certifying that such commercial truck, truck tractor, tractor or semitrailer or vehicle used in combination therewith will be operated actively and exclusively for the carriage of interstate freight. The purchaser shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed if, during the period commencing upon its purchase and ending one year after the date of purchase, such commercial truck, truck tractor, tractor or semitrailer or vehicle used in combination therewith is not operated actively and exclusively for the carriage of interstate freight.

      (71) Machinery, equipment, tools, materials and supplies used in commercial printing. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery, equipment, tools, materials and supplies used predominantly in the production of printed material by a commercial printer or publisher. For purposes of this subsection, "the production of printed material" is defined to include all processes necessary to convert manuscript copy into printed material, including but not limited to, layout, color separation and typesetting.

      (72) Machinery, equipment, tools, materials and supplies for typesetting, color separation, finished copy, or similar products. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery, equipment, tools, materials and supplies used predominantly in the production of typesetting, color separation, finished copy with type proofs and artwork or similar content mounted for photomechanical reproduction, or other similar products to be sold for use in the production of printed materials.

      (73) Component parts for assembly of manufacturing machinery. The sale of any part of a machine purchased exclusively for the purpose of assembling a machine for use directly in a manufacturing production process, provided the purchaser submits a certified statement at the time of such purchase, on a form prepared by the Commissioner of Revenue Services, certifying that such part is purchased exclusively for use in a machine to be assembled by the purchaser, or someone acting on behalf of the purchaser, and that such machine shall be used directly in a manufacturing production process. The purchaser shall prepare a record of the use of such part which shall be maintained by the purchaser for a period of not less than three years following the date of purchase.

      (74) Certain sales of computer and data processing services. (A) Sales of computer and data processing services rendered to a customer (i) by a retailer which, on or after July 1, 1991, acquired the operations of a data processing facility from the customer, provided such customer operated the facility for its own use or (ii) by a retailer which, on or after July 1, 1993, acquired the operations of the data processing facility from the retailer described in subparagraph (A)(i) of this subsection, provided such customer formerly operated the facility for its own use. (B) Sales of computer and data processing services rendered to a customer by a retailer which, on or after July 1, 1995, acquired the data processing operations from the customer, provided such customer formerly conducted such data processing operations for its own use. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of computers or data processing equipment, when sold to the retailer described in this subparagraph and used by such retailer to provide the services described in this subparagraph. The provisions in this subparagraph shall not apply if the retailer is a related person, as defined in section 12-217w, with respect to the customer or the customer is a related person, as defined therein, with respect to the retailer.

      (75) Aviation fuel. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of aviation fuel used exclusively for aviation purposes.

      (76) Aircraft repair or replacement parts. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of repair or replacement parts exclusively for use (A) in aircraft, or (B) in the significant overhauling or rebuilding of aircraft or aircraft parts or components on a factory basis.

      (77) Aircraft repair services. Sales of aircraft repair services when such services are rendered in connection with (A) aircraft, or (B) the significant overhauling or rebuilding of aircraft or aircraft parts or components on a factory basis.

      (78) Materials, tools, fuel, machinery and equipment in an aircraft manufacturing facility. On or after July 1, 1993, sales of and the storage, use or other consumption by an aircraft manufacturer operating an aircraft manufacturing facility in this state of materials, tools, fuel, machinery and equipment used in such facility. For purposes of this subsection, (A) "machinery and equipment" means tangible personal property (i) which is installed in an aircraft manufacturing facility operated by an aircraft manufacturer and (ii) the predominant use of which is for the manufacturing of aircraft or aircraft parts or components or for the significant overhauling or rebuilding of aircraft or aircraft parts or components on a factory basis and (B) "aircraft manufacturing facility" means that portion of a plant, building or other real property improvement used for the manufacturing of aircraft or aircraft parts or components or for the significant overhauling or rebuilding of aircraft or aircraft parts or components on a factory basis.

      (79) Marine fuel. Sales and the storage, use or other consumption of bunker fuel oil, intermediate fuel, marine diesel oil and marine gas oil for use in any vessel having a displacement exceeding four thousand dead weight tons or for use in any vessel primarily engaged in interstate commerce.

      (80) Equipment and associated repair and replacement parts installed in motor vehicles for persons with physical disabilities. Sales and the storage, use or other consumption of special equipment installed in a motor vehicle for the exclusive use of a person with physical disabilities and repair or replacement parts for such equipment, whether such repair or replacement parts are purchased separately or in conjunction with such equipment, and whether such parts continue the original function or enhance the functionality of such equipment.

      (81) Machinery, equipment, tools and materials used in fabricating optical lenses. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery, equipment, tools and materials used exclusively in the fabrication of optical lenses.

      (82) Sales of commercial motor vehicles where seventy-five per cent of days-in-service revenue derives from trips involving other states. (A) The sale of and the storage, use or other consumption of any commercial motor vehicle, as defined in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subdivision (15) of section 14-1, that is operating pursuant to the provisions of section 13b-88 or 13b-89, during the period commencing upon its purchase and ending one year after the date of purchase, provided seventy-five per cent of its revenue from its days in service is derived from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines.

      (B) Each purchaser of a commercial motor vehicle exempt from tax pursuant to the provisions of this subsection shall, in order to qualify for said exemption, present to the retailer a certificate, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, certifying that seventy-five per cent of such vehicle's revenue from its days in service will be derived from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines. The purchaser of the motor vehicle shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed if, during the period commencing upon its purchase and ending one year after the date of purchase, seventy-five per cent of the vehicle's revenue from its days in service is not derived from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines.

      (83) Sales of motor buses where seventy-five per cent of day-in-service revenue derives from trips involving other states. (A) The sale of and the storage, use or other consumption of any motor bus, as defined in section 14-1, that is operating pursuant to the provisions of section 13b-88 or 13b-89, during the period commencing upon its purchase and ending one year after the date of purchase provided seventy-five per cent of its revenue from its days in service is derived from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines.

      (B) Each purchaser of a motor bus exempt from tax pursuant to the provisions of this subsection shall, in order to qualify for said exemption, present to the retailer a certificate, in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, certifying that seventy-five per cent of such bus's revenue from its days in service will be derived from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines. The purchaser of the motor bus shall be liable for the tax otherwise imposed if, during the period commencing upon its purchase and ending one year after the date of purchase, seventy-five per cent of the bus's revenue from its days in service is not derived from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines.

      (84) Sales of goods and services to The University of Connecticut Educational Properties, Incorporated. Sales of tangible personal property and services to The University of Connecticut Educational Properties, Incorporated, with regard to Connecticut Technology Park.

      (85) Landscaping, horticulture, window cleaning or maintenance services rendered to certain disabled persons. Sales of any landscaping and horticultural services, window cleaning services or maintenance services, as described in subparagraph (I) of subdivision (37) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, on or after July 1, 1994, which are rendered to a person determined to be eligible for, and currently receiving, total disability benefits under the Social Security Act, provided such services are rendered at the residence of such person.

      (86) Sales by an affiliate participating in certain community economic development programs. Sales of services by an affiliate participating in implementation of the community economic development program established pursuant to section 8-240k to another affiliate participating in said program.

      (87) Sales of eligible benefits under Title XVIII or XIX of Social Security Act or CHAMPUS. Sales of items that are eligible benefits and that are made to an eligible beneficiary pursuant to Title XVIII, 42 USC Section 1395 et seq., or Title XIX, 42 USC Section 1396 et seq., of the Social Security Act or pursuant to the federal Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services, 10 USC Section 1071 et seq.

      (88) Commercial photographic film and paper processing materials. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery, equipment, tools and materials used exclusively in the commercial processing of photographic film and paper.

      (89) Machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies and fuel used in the biotechnology industry. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies and fuel used directly in the biotechnology industry. For the purposes of this subdivision, "biotechnology" means the application of technologies, such as recombinant DNA techniques, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, genetics and genetic engineering, biological cell fusion techniques, and new bioprocesses, using living organisms, or parts of organisms, to produce or modify products, to improve plants or animals, to identify targets for small molecule pharmaceutical development, to transform biological systems into useful processes and products or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.

      (90) Water companies. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of any personal property or any services to a water company, as defined in section 16-1, for use in maintaining, operating, managing or controlling any pond, lake, reservoir, stream, well or distributing plant or system employed for the purpose of supplying water to fifty or more consumers.

      (91) Safety apparel. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of safety apparel. For the purposes of this subsection "safety apparel" means any item of clothing or protective equipment worn by an employee for protection during the course of the employee's employment.

      (92) Services or tangible personal property for the operation of projects of the Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority. The sales and use of any services or tangible personal property to be incorporated into or used or otherwise consumed in the operation of any project of the Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority established pursuant to section 22a-261 whether such purchases are made directly by the authority or are reimbursed by the authority to the lessee or operator of such project.

      (93) Tangible personal property or services to tourism districts. Sales of tangible personal property or services to any tourism district, as defined in section 10-397.

      (94) Tangible personal property at bazaars, fairs, picnics, tag sales by nonprofit organizations. Sales of tangible personal property by nonprofit organizations at bazaars, fairs, picnics, tag sales or similar events to the extent of five such events of a day's duration held during any calendar year.

      (95) Services or tangible personal property used or consumed in operating solid waste-to-energy facilities. The sales or use of any services or tangible personal property to be incorporated into or used or otherwise consumed in the operation of a solid waste-to-energy facility, certified as approved for such purpose by the Commissioner of Environmental Protection, whether such purchases are made directly by an authority or an operating committee, or are reimbursed by an authority or operating committee to the lessee or operator of such facility.

      (96) Vegetable seeds. Sales of vegetable seeds suitable for planting to produce food for human consumption.

      (97) Yarn. Any sale of yarn for noncommercial use made of natural or synthetic fibers.

      (98) Tangible personal property by historical societies. Sales of tangible personal property by historical societies.

      (99) Certain aircraft. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of, aircraft having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of six thousand pounds or more. "Certificated takeoff weight" means the maximum such weight contained in the type certificate or airworthiness certificate.

      (100) Services used or consumed in the development, construction, rehabilitation, renovation or repair of housing facilities for low and moderate income families in qualified census tracts or difficult development areas. Sales of and the acceptance, use or other consumption of any service described in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 that is accepted, used or consumed in the development, construction, rehabilitation, renovation or repair of housing facilities for low and moderate income families and persons, provided such facilities are situated in qualified census tracts or difficult development areas as designated by the Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and provided, further, that the development of such facilities is assisted by an allocation of Low Income Housing Tax Credits pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. For purposes of this subdivision, (A) "housing facilities" means facilities having as their primary purpose the provision of safe and adequate housing and related facilities for low and moderate income families and persons, notwithstanding that said housing provides other dwelling accommodations for low and moderate income families; (B) "related facilities" means those facilities defined in subsection (d) of section 8-243; and (C) "low and moderate income families" means those families as defined in subsection (h) of said section 8-243.

      (101) Firearm safety devices. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of firearm safety devices. For purposes of this subdivision, "firearm safety devices" shall include safes, lock boxes, trigger and barrel locks and other items designed to enhance home firearm safety.

      (102) Bicycle helmets. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of bicycle helmets. For the purposes of this subdivision, "bicycle" means any vehicle propelled by the person riding the same by foot or hand power and "helmet" means protective headgear which conforms to the minimum specifications established by the American National Standards Institute or the Snell Memorial Foundation's Standard for Protective Headgear for Use in Bicycling.

      (103) Machinery, equipment and supplies of freight railroads. Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of railroad locomotives, track ballasts, ties, rails, machinery and equipment used to maintain the railroad right-of-way which is used or operated exclusively for the carriage of freight.

      (104) Calibration services. Sales, use or other consumption of (A) calibration services for machinery, equipment or instrumentation used in a manufacturing production process; or (B) other sales, use or other consumption of services or compliance practices associated with registration and compliance of quality management and quality assurance standards as part of standards created by the International Organization of Standards. For purposes of this subdivision, "calibration services" means independent inspection services performed to verify accuracy in the provision, calibration or recalibration of equipment used to test, measure, monitor or gage any quality, process or environmental equipment used in conjunction with maintaining quality standards or meeting regulatory requirements.

      (105) Shoe repair services. Sales of shoe repair services.

      (106) "Call before you dig" services. Sales of services enumerated in subparagraph (J) of subdivision (37) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, on or after July 1, 1999, which services are rendered to the central clearinghouse organized and operated under the direction of the Department of Public Utility Control, by the public utilities of this state for receiving and giving the notices required by section 16-349.

      (107) Diesel fuel used in portable generators. Sales of, and the storage, use or other consumption of, diesel fuel to be used exclusively in portable power system generators that are larger than one hundred fifty kilowatts.

      (108) Child car seats. Sales of child car seats.

      (109) College textbooks. Sales of college textbooks to full and part-time students enrolled at institutions of higher education or private occupational schools authorized pursuant to sections 10a-22a to 10a-22o, inclusive, provided the student presents a valid student identification card. For purposes of this subdivision, "college textbooks" means new or used books and related workbooks required or recommended for a course at an institution of higher education or a private occupational school authorized pursuant to sections 10a-22a to 10a-22o, inclusive.

      (110) High mileage motor vehicles. On and after January 1, 2008, and prior to July 1, 2010, the sale of any passenger motor vehicle, as defined in section 14-1, that has a United States Environmental Protection Agency estimated city or highway gasoline mileage rating of at least forty miles per gallon.

      (111) Products which aid in the cessation of smoking. Sales of specially formulated gum, inhalants or similar products designed to aid in the cessation of a smoking habit.

      (112) Equipment transmitting information at not less than two hundred kilobits per second. Sales of equipment to a telecommunications company or community antenna television company, as defined under section 16-1, that is used to provide telecommunications, high-speed data transmission or broad-band Internet services which offer the capability to transmit information at a rate that is not less than two hundred kilobits per second in at least one direction.

      (113) Materials, tools, fuel, machinery and equipment used in fuel cell manufacturing. (A) Sales to, and the storage, use or other consumption by, a fuel cell manufacturing facility in this state of materials, tools, fuel, machinery and equipment used in such facility.

      (B) For purposes of this subdivision, (i) "fuel cell" means a device that directly or indirectly produces electricity directly from hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel through a noncombustive electro-chemical process, (ii) "machinery and equipment" means tangible personal property which is installed in a fuel cell manufacturing facility operated by a fuel cell manufacturer, and the predominant use of which is for the manufacturing of fuel cells, and (iii) "fuel cell manufacturing facility" means that portion of a plant, building or other real property improvement used for the manufacturing of fuel cell parts or components or for the significant overhauling or rebuilding of such parts or components on a factory basis.

      (114) Magazines and newspapers. (A) Sales of magazines, including publications which only contain puzzles, by subscription; (B) sales of newspapers.

      (115) Hybrid passenger cars. On and after October 1, 2004, and prior to October 1, 2008, the sale of any hybrid passenger car that has a United States Environmental Protection Agency estimated highway gasoline mileage rating of at least forty miles per gallon. For purposes of this subdivision, "hybrid passenger car" means a passenger car that draws acceleration energy from two onboard sources of stored energy, which are both an internal combustion or heat engine using combustible fuel and a rechargeable energy storage system and, for a passenger car or light truck with a model year of 2004 or later, is certified to meet or exceed the tier II bin 5 low emission vehicle classification.

      (116) Marine vessel brokerage services. Sales of marine vessel brokerage services provided by marine vessel brokers selling such vessels for the owners.

      (117) Solar energy electricity generating, water and space heating systems and geothermal resource systems. Machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies and fuel used in renewable energy and clean energy technology industries. (A) Sales and use of solar energy electricity generating systems and passive or active solar water or space heating systems and geothermal resource systems, including equipment related to such systems, and sales of services relating to the installation of such systems.

      (B) Sales of and the storage, use or other consumption of machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies and fuel used directly in the renewable energy and clean energy technology industries. As used in this subdivision, "renewable energy and clean energy technology industries" means industries that apply technologies to produce, improve or develop solar energy electricity generating systems, passive or active solar water or space heating systems, geothermal resource systems and wind power electric generation systems, including equipment related to such systems.

      (118) Ice storage systems for cooling. Sales and use of ice storage systems used for cooling, including equipment related to such systems, and sales of services relating to the installation of such systems by a utility ratepayer who is billed by such utility on a time-of-service metering basis.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2096; 1953, S. 1167d; 1953, 1955, S. 1166d; 1955, S. 1168d; 1957, P.A. 195; 389; 390; 1959, P.A. 578, S. 11; 1961, P.A. 80; 1967, P.A. 57, S. 28; 754, S. 20; 1969, P.A. 187; 188; 758, S. 14; June, 1969, P.A. 1, S. 23; 1971, P.A. 455; 516, S. 1; 794, S. 1, 2; 872, S. 38, 150; June, 1971, P.A. 5, S. 129; 8, S. 6, 7; 1972, P.A. 46, S. 1; 285, S. 4; P.A. 73-196, S. 1, 2; 73-288, S. 4, 8; 73-299, S. 1, 2; 73-439; 73-452, S. 1, 2; P.A. 74-4, S. 1-3; 74-200; 74-263, S. 1, 2; P.A. 75-213, S. 33, 52, 53; 75-495, S. 1, 2; 75-567, S. 47, 48, 80; 75-607, S. 1; 75-613, S. 2, 4; P.A. 76-390, S. 1, 2; 76-435, S. 47, 82; P.A. 77-46; 77-266, S. 1, 2; 77-370, S. 9, 13; 77-395, S. 2, 3; 77-427, S. 1, 2; 77-457; P.A. 78-71, S. 3-5; 78-172, S. 1, 2; P.A. 79-33, S. 1, 2; 79-400, S. 1, 2; 79-419, S. 1, 2; 79-547, S. 1, 2; 79-627, S. 1, 6; P.A. 80-71, S. 21, 30; 80-98, S. 1, 2; 80-406, S. 2, 5; P.A. 81-323, S. 1, 2; 81-327, S. 1, 2; 81-399, S. 1, 3; 81-445, S. 5, 11; P.A. 82-25, S. 8, 10; 82-192, S. 1, 2; 82-416, S. 2, 3; 82-444; 82-467, S. 1, 3; P.A. 83-18, S. 1, 4, 5; 83-509, S. 1, 3; P.A. 84-415, S. 1-3; 84-507, S. 1, 3, 4; P.A. 85-3, S. 1, 3; 85-159, S. 7, 8, 16, 19; 85-240, S. 5, 6; 85-435, S. 1, 2; 85-462, S. 1, 2; 85-469, S. 4, 6; 85-513, S. 2, 3; 85-534, S. 3, 5; P.A. 86-120, S. 1, 2; 86-397, S. 1, 5, 10; P.A. 87-50; 87-119, S. 1, 2; 87-177, S. 1, 2; 87-238, S. 1, 2; 87-311, S. 1, 2; 87-315, S. 1, 2; 87-422, S. 2, 3; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 87-1, S. 1, 9; P.A. 88-307, S. 1, 4; 88-364, S. 19, 123; P.A. 89-123, S. 5, 9-11; 89-190; 89-251, S. 12-14, 202, 203; P.A. 90-255, S. 1, 2; 90-262, S. 3, 4; 90-295, S. 4, 5; 90-336, S. 2, 3; P.A. 91-179, S. 2, 5; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 114-117, 166, 168; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14, S. 27, 30; P.A. 92-133, S. 8, 9; 92-188, S. 2, 4; 92-193, S. 7, 8; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 28, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 28, 29, 40, 59; P.A. 93-44, S. 19, 24; 93-74, S. 27-31, 67; 93-122; 93-199, S. 3, 6; 93-262, S. 1, 87; 93-332, S. 14, 20, 23, 42; 93-360, S. 16, 17, 19; 93-361, S. 14, 17; Sept. Sp. Ses. P.A. 93-1, S. 29, 35; P.A. 94-9, S. 19, 41; 94-82, S. 4, 5; 94-175, S. 24, 26, 32; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 18, 19, 75, 80, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 40-47, 64, 69; 95-359, S. 2-7, 18, 19; P.A. 96-139, S. 12, 13; 96-172, S. 2, 3; 96-222, S. 8, 9, 41; 96-252, S. 5, 8; P.A. 97-112, S. 2; 97-243, S. 21-25, 67; 97-295, S. 6, 25; 97-315, S. 1, 4; 97-316, S. 1-4, 8-11; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-4, S. 5, 11; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-11, S. 63, 65; P.A. 98-110, S. 8, 9, 27; 98-262, S. 6, 14, 22; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1, S. 30, 43; P.A. 99-173, S. 16-27, 65; 99-241, S. 54, 66; P.A. 00-140, S. 22, 40; 00-170, S. 1-6, 42; 00-174, S. 8-12, 64, 75, 83; 00-196, S. 4, 66; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 18, 22, 30, 61, 66, 85; P.A. 02-103, S. 8-15, 47, 48, 54; May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-4, S. 10; P.A. 03-2, S. 28, 58; 03-225, S. 9, 10; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1, S. 98; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 54, 239; P.A. 04-201, S. 11, 12; 04-217, S. 22; 04-231, S. 1, 7; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 04-2, S. 103, 104; P.A. 05-251, S. 86, 87; 05-288, S. 53; P.A. 06-150, S. 20; 06-161, S. 5; 06-186, S. 74; 06-187, S. 80, 82; P.A. 07-242, S. 20, 68; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 07-4, S. 72, 121; P.A. 08-150, S. 34; P.A. 09-9, S. 4; P.A. 10-32, S. 38; 10-75, S. 11.)

      History: 1959 act made technical changes and added definition of "machinery" to Subsec. (r) (now (18)); 1961 act added subdivision (l)(6) (now (12)(F)); 1967 acts added Subsecs. (u) (now (21)) and (v) (now (22)) re industrial waste and air pollution control facilities; 1969 acts amended Subsecs. (u) (now (21)) and (v) (now (22)) to include property "...used and consumed in the operation of facilities", substituted clean air commission for air pollution control commission in Subsec. (v) (now (22)) and allowed certification of portions of property which reduce, control or eliminate air pollution; and amended Subsec. (j) (now (10)) to exempt only clothing for children less than 10 years old for period between July 1, 1969, and July 1, 1971; 1971 acts included syringes and needles in Subsec. (d) (now (4)), specified applicability to manufacturers of aircraft located in this state, specifically included "take out" meals as taxable in Subsec. (m) (now (13)) and amended Subsec. (q) (now (17)) accordingly, substituted commissioner of environmental protection for water resources commission and clean air commission in Subsecs. (u) (now (21)) and (v) (now (22)) respectively, made exemption limited to clothing for children under ten permanent in Subsec. (j) (now (10)), clarified utility exemption in Subsec. (c) (now (3)) by including specific provisions for each type of utility service and amended Subsec. (p) (now (16)) to include gas and electricity sold for domestic purposes; 1972 acts included food products and meals sold to patients in hospitals, nursing homes, etc. in Subsec. (i) (now (9)) and amended Subsec. (c) (now (3)) to exempt utility services to first $10 a month rather than to first $20; P.A. 73-196 added Subsec. (w) (now (23)) re flags; P.A. 73-288 deleted references to "consumption" in Subsec. (r) (now (18)); P.A. 73-299 added Subsec. (x) (now (24)) re municipal publications, etc.; P.A. 73-439 added Subsec. (y) (now (25)) re motor vehicles sold for use outside state; P.A. 73-452 added Subsec. (z) (now (26)) re sales of $2 or less for items sold by eleemosynary organizations; P.A. 74-4 amended Subsec. (c) (now (3)) to include sales of bottled gas and community antenna television and cable services and to delete special provisions added in 1971 and amended Subsec. (p) (now (16)) to refer simply to fuel for heating purposes rather than to list specific fuel sources, effective March 1, 1974, and applicable to all sales, furnishing or service of gas, including bottled gas, water, electricity, community antenna television and cable services, telephone, telegraph and heating fuel for billing periods commencing on and after that date; P.A. 74-200 amended Subsec. (l)(6) (now (12)(F)) to exempt sales of all horses except race horses rather than just sales of draft horses; P.A. 74-263 added Subsec. (aa) (now (27)) re one-cent vending machines; P.A. 75-213 added exception in Subsec. (k) (now (11)) and included references to "services" in Subsecs. (a) (now (1)) and (b) (now (2)); P.A. 75-495 amended Subsec. (c) (now (3)) to state that bottled gas is propane gas; P.A. 75-567 included references to "services" in Subsecs. (e) (now (5)) and (h) (now (8)); P.A. 75-607 added Subsec. (bb) (now (28)) re ambulance-type vehicles; P.A. 75-613 added Subsec. (cc) (now (29)) re housing facilities for low and moderate income persons and families; P.A. 76-390 included vital life support equipment in Subsec. (s) (now (19)); P.A. 76-435 make technical changes; P.A. 77-46 replaced "crippled" with "handicapped" in Subsec. (s) (now (19)); P.A. 77-266 added Subsec. (dd) (now (30)) re commodities; P.A. 77-370 added Subsec. (ee) (now (31)) re special order printing for use outside state; P.A. 77-395 included sales of steam in Subsec. (c) (now (3)), effective June 20, 1977, and applicable to any sale or furnishing of steam on or after March 1, 1974; P.A. 77-427 added Subsec. (ff) (now (32)) re vessels sold for use outside state; P.A. 77-457 added Subsec. (gg) (now (33)) re solar collectors; P.A. 78-71 deleted provisions re machinery in Subsec. (r) (now (18)) and added Subsec. (hh) (now (34)) re machinery; P.A. 78-172 clarified exemption re newspapers in Subsec. (f) (now (6)); P.A. 79-33 included sales of walkers in Subsec. (s) (now (19)); P.A. 79-400 added Subsec. (ii) (now (35)) re centers of service for the elderly; P.A. 79-419 added Subsec. (jj) (now (36)) re motor vehicle driving services; P.A. 79-547 extended provisions of Subsec. (gg) (now (33)) to apply to solar energy systems rather than just to collectors; P.A. 79-627 added Subsec. (kk) (now (37)) re fuel for use in high-occupancy commuter vehicles, effective July 1, 1979, and applicable to sale of fuel with respect to which motor fuel tax is refunded on or after July 1, 1979; P.A. 80-71 repealed Subsec. (g) (now (7)) re cigarettes; P.A. 80-98 added Subsec. (ll) (now (38)) re special telephone equipment for the deaf or blind; P.A. 80-406 added Subsec. (mm) (now (39)) re alternative energy systems; P.A. 81-323 added Subsec. (nn) (now (40)) allowing exemption for sales or use of commercial fishing vessels and machinery or equipment designed exclusively for use in such vessels; P.A. 81-327 added Subsec. (oo) (now (41)) allowing exemption for sales of services used to determine the effect on human health of consumption or use of a certain product or substance, effective July 1, 1981, and applicable to services rendered on or after that date; P.A. 81-399 added Subsec. (pp) (now (42)) allowing exemption from sales and use tax for aircraft held for resale by certain air carriers and used for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display, but receipts from uses of such aircraft are not exempt, effective July 1, 1981, and applicable to any purchase of such aircraft by such air carriers on or after January 1, 1977; P.A. 81-445 added Subsec. (qq) (now (43)) concerning replacement parts for machinery in enterprise zones, effective July 1, 1982; P.A. 82-25 changed statutory reference in Subsec. (kk) (now (37)) re the type of high-occupancy commuter vehicle with respect to which sales of fuel for use therein are exempt, conforming with amendments to Sec. 12-459 and repeal of Sec. 12-460 in said P.A. 82-25, effective July 1, 1982, and applicable to fuel sales by distributors on or after that date; P.A. 82-192 eliminated requirement in Subsec. (mm) (now (39)) that exemption is only applicable if such vessel or machinery or equipment was designed exclusively for use in commercial fishing, substituting in lieu thereof that such vessel or machinery or equipment be used exclusively in commercial fishing; P.A. 82-416 amended Subsec. (ff) (now (32)), which allows exemption from sales tax for sale of or vessel by a shipbuilder to a nonresident for use outside the state, by allowing the same exemption when sale is made by a marine dealer; P.A. 82-444 added Subdiv. (rr) (now (44)) re exemption for materials or equipment becoming part of or used in production or transmission of radio or television broadcasts; P.A. 82-467 amended Subsec. (pp) (now (42)) so that the exemption thereunder for aircraft held for resale by certain air carriers, which exemption is applicable although such aircraft is used for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display, shall be applicable irrespective of the classification of such aircraft for accounting and tax purposes. (Previously it was deemed necessary that such aircraft would have to be classified as inventory to be eligible for the exemption under this subsection), effective June 8, 1982, and applicable to use of aircraft by certificated air carriers on or after July 1, 1981; P.A. 83-18 amended Subsec. (l) (now (12)) to delete the exemption for seeds and fertilizer unless used directly in an agricultural production process, amended Subsec. (m) (now (13)) to delete the exemption for meals the total charge for which is less than $1 and repealed former Subsec. (q) (now (17)) which had exempted meals under $1 from sales tax; P.A. 83-509 added Subsec. (ss) (now (45)), effective July 1, 1983, and applicable to sales of gold or silver bullion and gold or silver legal tender occurring on or after said date; P.A. 84-415 amended the definition of food products in Subsec. (m) (now (13)) by clarifying the meaning of meals which when served by an eating establishment are not exempt from sales tax as in the case of the food products constituting such meals and added Subsec. (tt) (now (46)) re home-delivered meals, effective July 1, 1984, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 84-507 repealed Subsec. (gg) (now (33)), merging its provisions into Subsec. (mm) (now (39)) and extending the exemption under Subsec. (mm) (now (39)) to July 1, 1986; (Revisor's note: Substitution of numeric Subsec. indicators for alphabetic Subsec. indicators and of alphabetic Subdiv. indicators for numeric Subdiv. indicators was made editorially by the Revisors in 1984, and first published in the general statutes revised to 1985); P.A. 85-3 added Subdiv. (47) re exemption for articles of clothing or footwear, with certain exceptions, costing under $50, effective March 15, 1985, and applicable to sales of clothing or footwear occurring on or after April 1, 1985; P.A. 85-159 further amended Subdiv. (47) by changing the applicable price for clothing exempted to $75, effective May 16, 1985, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1985, amended Subdiv. (12) to restore exemption for all seeds and fertilizer deleted by P.A. 83-18, effective May 16, 1985, and applicable with respect to sales occurring on or after April 1, 1986, and added Subdiv. (48) re exemption of nonprescription drugs and medicines, effective May 16, 1985, and applicable with respect to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1985; P.A. 85-240 repealed Subdiv. (42) which had exempted aircraft held for resale by certain air carriers and used for purposes other than retention, demonstration or display; P.A. 85-435 added Subdiv. (49) concerning payments of property taxes under motor vehicle leases, effective July 1, 1985; P.A. 85-462 amended Subdiv. (26) by increasing the maximum allowable sales price for exempt items from two to $5, effective July 1, 1985, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1985; P.A. 85-469 revised effective date of P.A. 85-159 but without affecting this section; P.A. 85-513 added Subdiv. (50) providing exemption from sales tax for the lease or rental of any motion picture film by the owner or operator of a theater for display at such theater, effective July 1, 1985, and applicable to contracts of lease or rental of motion picture films becoming effective on or after July 1, 1985; P.A. 85-534 applied exemption under Subdiv. (39) to systems utilizing cogeneration technology, extended expiration of said exemption from July 1, 1986, to July 1, 1991, and added definition of "cogeneration technology"; P.A. 86-120 added new Subsec., designated as Subsec. (58), providing exemption for sales of services related to personnel, management or research when company rendering service and recipient are participating in a joint venture for purposes of research and new product development; P.A. 86-397 added Subsecs. (51), (52), (53), (54), (55) and (56), effective June 11, 1986, and applicable to sales of meals and certain tangible personal property occurring on or after July 1, 1986, and also added Subsec. (57) providing exemption from sales tax for items purchased with federal food stamp coupons, effective June 11, 1986, and applicable to purchases with food stamps on or after October 1, 1986, except as such date may be deferred in accordance with Sec. 12-412e; P.A. 87-50 amended Subsec. (14) by providing that returnable containers do not include nonrefillable beverage containers; P.A. 87-119 added Subsec. (59) providing exemption from sales tax for aviation fuel used exclusively and directly in the experimental testing of any product, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 87-177 amended Subsec. (13) to provide that a meal exempt from sales tax under Subsec. (51) may include a nonalcoholic beverage which is not a food product, and added a statement as to when a meal is a taxable sale, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to sales of meals occurring on or after that date; P.A. 87-238 added Subsec. (60) providing exemption from sales tax for a motor vehicle purchased but not registered in this state by a person who is not a resident and does not maintain a permanent place of abode in this state, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to sales of motor vehicles occurring on or after that date; P.A. 87-311 amended Subsec. (56) to increase the limit to $100 and to include nonprofit adult day care centers, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 87-315 amended Subsec. (48) by adding any medication to be used in a person's eyes for care and treatment of any disease of the eyes to the list of medicines available without prescription and exempt from sales tax, effective July 1, 1987, and applicable to sales of medication for diseases of the eye on or after that date; P.A. 87-422 added Subsec. (61) providing exemption from sales tax for the storage, use or other consumption of ambulances operating in accordance with Sec. 19a-180, effective April 1, 1988, and applicable to sale of any ambulance on or after that date; July Sp. Sess. P.A. 87-1 added Subsec. (62) allowing exemption from sales tax for certain sales of services between parent companies and wholly-owned subsidiaries; P.A. 88-307 amended Subsec. (62) by deleting June 30, 1988, as the date for termination of the exemption and allowing the exemption to continue without a date for termination; P.A. 88-364 made minor change in wording of Subsec. (54); P.A. 89-123 amended Subsec. (18) by removing the exemption for certain items used in agricultural production because of the addition by this act of Subsec. (63) providing exemption for all items sold exclusively for use in agricultural production, amended Subsec. (34) by removing the exemption for machinery used in agricultural production because of the addition by this act of Subsec. (63) providing exemption for all items sold exclusively for use in agricultural production, amended Subsec. (56) by making a technical change in the description of the sale of items to which the exemption applies and added Subsec. (63) providing exemption for sales of any items for use in agricultural production by a farmer engaged in such production as a business, with a certain minimum income requirement from such business, and providing for issuance of an agricultural sales tax exemption permit; P.A. 89-190 amended Subsec. (35) by eliminating the requirement that elderly service centers qualified for the exemption had to be approved for such purpose by the tax assessor in the municipality, and accordingly the commissioner of revenue services is authorized to approve such centers for purposes of the exemption; P.A. 89-251 amended Subsec. (3) to provide the following: (1) Continued exemption for gas and electricity in the case of residential use, (2) limited exemption for gas and electricity in the case of agricultural production, fabrication of products to be sold or manufacturing, requiring that at the location of such production, fabrication or manufacturing at least 75% of the gas or electricity consumed is for such purpose, (3) exemption for telephone and cable television service to remain in effect until January 1, 1990, when such service is to be subject to sales tax, (4) exemption of charges for electricity not exceeding $150 per month, if not otherwise exempt and (5) exemption for gas, water, steam or electricity used in furnishing same to consumers, deleted reference in Subsec. (13) to exemption for any meal the cost of which is less than $2, as provided under Subsec. (51) which is repealed by this act and amended Subsec. (16) to provide the following: (1) Continued exemption in the case of residential use and (2) limited exemption in the case of agricultural production, fabrication of products to be sold or manufacturing, requiring that at the location of such production, fabrication or manufacturing at least 75% of the fuel consumed is for heating in the building used for such production, fabrication or manufacturing; P.A. 90-255 amended Subsec. (26) by increasing the maximum amount of such exempt sales from $5 to $20 each; P.A. 90-262 added Subsec. (64) providing an exemption for the sales, storage, use or other consumption of certain computer related cleaning equipment, effective June 8, 1990, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1990; P.A. 90-295 amended Subsec. (44) by providing for exemption, in addition to that already allowed under said Subsec. (44), applicable to material or equipment used directly in production and transmission of programs, on or after October 1, 1986, for purposes of accredited medical or surgical training; P.A. 90-336 added Subsec. (64) providing an exemption for molds, dies, patterns and sand handling equipment for metal casting foundries and Subsec. (65) providing an exemption for molds, dies and patterns for pattern shops and metal casting foundries, effective June 12, 1990, and applicable to purchases and sales occurring on or after April 1, 1985; P.A. 91-179 added Subdivs. (67), (68) and (69) providing exemptions from sales tax for the sale of a motor vehicle powered by clean alternative fuel, for equipment used to convert a vehicle to a vehicle powered by clean alternative fuel and for equipment used in a natural gas filling station, respectively, effective October 1, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 (1) amended Subsec. (6) to provide that the exemption for newspapers would apply to subscriptions only, (2) amended Subsec. (44) to narrow the exemption for broadcast materials and equipment, (3) amended Subsec. (47) to reduce the exemption for clothing from $75 to $50, (4) added Subsecs. (70), concerning commercial vehicles, (71) and (72), concerning printed materials, and (73), concerning component parts, and (5) repealed Subsecs. (10), (12), (28), (32), (39) and (61), effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-14 repealed Subsec. (32); P.A. 92-133 amended Subsec. (40) to expand the definition of commercial vessels to vessels with a certain certification from the United States Coast Guard; P.A. 92-188 amended Subsecs. (67), (68) and (69) to authorize an exemption from the sales and use tax for vehicles powered by electricity, effective July 1, 1992, and applicable to sales made on or after July 1, 1992; P.A. 92-193 added Subsec. (74) providing an exemption for sales of computer and data processing services rendered by a retailer which acquired the operations of a data processing facility from the customer receiving such services, effective July 1, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1993; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (71) to make a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subsec. (14) to include returnable dairy product containers, effective June 19, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992, amended Subsec. (40) to change the words "coastwide fishing" to "coastwise fishery", effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991, and added Subsecs. (75), concerning aviation fuel, Subsec. (76), concerning aircraft repair or replacement parts, Subsec. (77), concerning aircraft repair services, Subsec. (78), concerning materials, tools, fuel, machinery and equipment in an aircraft manufacturing facility, Subsec. (79), concerning marine fuel, and Subsec. (80), concerning equipment for persons with physical disabilities installed in motor vehicles, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; P.A. 93-44 amended Subsec. (5) to except any transaction under Sec. 12-407(2)(o), effective April 23, 1993; P.A. 93-74 amended Subsec. (8) to include sales to nonprofit organizations which receive at least 75% of their funding from the state or municipality to provisions of exemption, amended Subsec. (19) by adding custom-made wigs or hairpieces for persons with medically diagnosed hair loss, hearing aid repairs and apnea monitors to provisions of exemption, amended Subsec. (27) to eliminate nonprofit requirement, to add rest homes and homes for the aged to qualify for the exemption and to delete Subdiv. (3) which had required that gift shop staff be provided by a nonprofit auxiliary service organization, amended Subsec. (44) by adding equipment used for medical or surgical training to provisions of exemption, and added Subsecs. (82) to (85), inclusive, providing exemption from the sales tax for certain commercial motor vehicles and buses deriving 75% of day's revenue from out-of-state trips, for sales of tangible personal property and services to The University of Connecticut Educational Properties, Inc. with regard to Connecticut Technology Park and for sales of certain services to persons eligible to receive permanent total disability benefits under Social Security, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after January 1, 1994; P.A. 93-122 amended Subsec. (63) to clarify the qualifications for the exemption for certain property used in agriculture; P.A. 93-199 made Subsecs. (67), (68) and (69) applicable to sales prior to January 1, 1998, redefined "clean alternative fuel" in Subsec. (67) to include propane and added reference to electric recharging stations in Subsec. (69), effective July 1, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-262 authorized substitution of commissioner and department of social services for commissioner and department on aging in Subsec. (56), effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-332 amended Subsec. (5) by exempting from the sales and use tax nonprofit nursing homes, nonprofit rest homes and nonprofit homes for the aged, amended Subsec. (8) by deleting language added in section 28 of public act 93-74 and providing that in determining exemption under the provisions of said Subsec. funds received by 501(c)(3) organizations shall be considered private donations, and amended Subsec. (74) by making existing language Subdiv. (A) and adding a Subdiv. (B) exempting computer and data processing services to a customer by a retailer which acquired the operations of the data processing facility from the retailer described in Subdiv. (A) from the sales and use tax, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on and after July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-360 amended Subsec. (4) to clarify exemption of prescription medicine and apply the exemption to medicine provided for no consideration and materials which become an ingredient or component part of medicine, effective July 1, 1993, and applicable to sales and the storage, use or other consumption occurring on or after January 1, 1990, and added Subsec. (81) re machinery, equipment, tools and materials used in fabrication of optical lenses, effective July 1, 1993, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1993; P.A. 93-361 amended Subsec. (1) by making existing Subsec. a Subdiv. (A) and adding a new Subdiv. (B) exempting sale of personal property or services used to develop property which the state is under contract to purchase through a long-term financing contract from the sales tax, effective July 1, 1993; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 93-1 added Subsec. (1)(C) exempting sale of personal property or services used to construct or equip the stadium facility, the stadium facility site, the practice facility or the practice facility site, effective September 28, 1993; P.A. 94-9 amended Subsec. (5) to delete reference to Subdiv. (o) and add reference to Subdiv. (i) of Sec. 12-407(2), effective April 1, 1994; P.A. 94-82 added Subdiv. (86) providing an exemption to sales of services by an affiliate participating in the community economic development program established pursuant to Sec. 8-240k to another affiliate participating in said program, effective May 25, 1994; P.A. 94-175 amended Subsec. (5) to add reference to Subpara. (GG), effective June 2, 1994, and applicable to sales on and after April 1, 1994, and added new Subsec. (87) concerning sales of items that are eligible benefits under federal Title XVIII or Title XIX or CHAMPUS, effective June 1, 1994, and applicable to sales on and after April 1, 1994 (Revisor's note: On and after July 1, 1996, Subpara. (GG), mentioned in Subsec. (5), is relettered as (FF)); May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 amended (1) Subsec. (6) to include publications which only contain puzzles, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date, (2) in Subsec. (34) specified that "machinery" is limited to equipment directly related to manufacturing processes, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to income years commencing on or after July 1, 1989, (3) added new Subsecs. concerning water companies and safety apparel, respectively, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date and revised effective date of P.A. 94-175 but without affecting this section (Revisor's note: New Subsecs. enacted by May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 were originally codified in Connecticut General Statutes, Revision of 1958, revised to 1995, as Subsecs. (88) and (89), but because of their delayed effective date were redesignated by the Revisors as Subsecs. (90) and (91) to accommodate intervening legislation); P.A. 95-160 (1) amended Subsec. (19) to add repair services, effective July 1, 1995, applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, (2) amended Subsec. (24) to include book sales by library support groups, amended Subsec. (27) to add sales of food products from vending machines, and amended Subsec. (44) to add Subpara. (B) re motion picture and video production and sound recording equipment, effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, (3) amended Subsec. (45) to add rare and antique coins, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, (4) amended Subsec. (74) to add new Subpara. (B) re computer and data processing services rendered to a customer by a retailer which acquired the data processing operations from the customer, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, (5) amended Subsec. (79) to add vessels primarily used in interstate commerce, and added new Subdiv. (92) re projects of the Connecticut Resource Recovery Authority, effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date and (6) changed effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 19, which added new Subsecs. (88) and (89) (codified by the Revisors as Subsecs. (90) and (91) because of the delayed effective date), to July 1, 1997, and applicable to sales on or after that date; P.A. 95-359 (1) amended Subdiv. (8) by deleting reference to charitable and religious organizations and substituting requirement that organization is exempt under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and that the U.S. Treasury Department has expressly determined by letter that the organization is an organization described in Section 501(c)(3) or (13) of the Internal Revenue Code and set out the exemption requirements, (2) amended Subdiv. (19) to extend exemption for oxygen, blood and blood plasma to animals as well as humans, (3) repealed Subdiv. (25) re unregistered motor vehicles in interstate commerce, (4) amended Subdiv. (63) to add conditions under which department may issue a farmer exemption permit when a farmer's gross income from agricultural production is less than $2,500, (5) amended Subdiv. (70) to require vehicle purchased under exemption to be operated actively and exclusively for the carriage of interstate freight during the 1-year period commencing with the date of purchase and added Subpara. (B) re qualifications for exemption under Subpara. (A)(ii), (6) amended Subdivs. (82) and (83) to require that the vehicles purchased under exemption derive 75% of their revenue from their days in service from out-of-state trips or trips crossing state lines during the 1-year period commencing with the date of purchase and (7) amended Subdiv. (85) to make technical changes and added requirement that recipient is currently receiving disability benefits, all changes effective July 13, 1995, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1995, and July 1, 1996; P.A. 96-139 changed effective date of P.A. 95-160 but without affecting this section; P.A. 96-172 added new Subdiv. (88) re machinery, equipment, tools and materials used in commercial processing of photographic film and paper, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 96-222 amended Subsec. (70) to insert "or its successor agency" after "Interstate Commerce Commission", effective July 1, 1996; P.A. 96-252 added Subsec. (89) re machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies and fuel used in the biotechnology industry, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales made on or after that date; P.A. 97-112 replaced "home for the aged" with "residential care home"; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (29) to add sales of services used and consumed in development, construction, rehabilitation, renovation, repair and operation of housing facilities for low and moderate income families, to add requirements re letter of determination from the commissioner and to make technical changes, amended Subsec. (62) to delete expense allocation requirement and to make technical changes, amended Subsecs. (71) and (72) to change use requirement from exclusive to predominant, and amended Subsec. (85) to delete Subpara. references and insert landscaping and horticulture services, window cleaning services and maintenance services, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997, and further amended Subsec. (79) to clarify exemption of fuels for use in vessel primarily engaged in interstate commerce, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1997; P.A. 97-295 amended Subsec. (74) to change reference from Sec. 12-217m to Sec. 12-217w, effective July 8, 1997, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 97-315 amended Subdiv. (29) to add provisions re services described in Subsec. (2) of Sec. 12-407, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on and after September 1, 1995; P.A. 97-316 amended Subsec. (19) to exempt oxygen supply equipment used for animals and Subsec. (44) to add Subpara. (C) re broadcast equipment, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1997, amended Subsecs. (76) and (77) to add aircraft having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or more, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997, added new Subsec. (93) re sales of tangible personal property or services to tourism districts, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after May 28, 1996, added new Subsec. (94) re sales by nonprofit organizations at certain events up to five days a year, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after June 1, 1997, added new Subsecs. (95) to (98) re property or services to be incorporated, used or consumed in solid waste to energy facilities, sales of vegetable seeds, yarn and tangible personal property by historical societies, respectively, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1997, and added new Subsec. (99) re aircraft having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or more, effective July 10, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-4 added new Subsec. (100) re low and moderate income housing facilities located in Qualified Census Tracks or Difficult Development Areas, effective June 30, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1997; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-11 changed effective date of June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 98-110 amended Subsec. (6)(B) to delete subscription sales, effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1998, and amended Subsec. (34) to exclude component parts and contrivances whether purchased separately or in conjunction with a machine, effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1999; P.A. 98-262 amended Subsec. (13) to remove vending machines from the definition of "eating establishments", effective June 8, 1998, and revised effective date of P.A. 97-295, but without affecting this section; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 98-1 amended Subdiv. (1) to delete existing language in Subpara. (C) and insert new provisions re the stadium facility and site, training facility and site, infrastructure improvements and the NFL pavilion, effective January 12, 1999; P.A. 99-173 amended Subdiv. (19) to exempt inclined chairlifts, repair and replacement parts for wheelchairs and other vital life function equipment, and artificial limbs and to make technical changes, amended Subdiv. (29) to make technical changes, to designate existing provisions as Subpara. (A) and expand the exemption for certain goods and services used or consumed in the construction, development and rehabilitation of housing facilities for low and moderate income housing to projects run by housing authorities and to add Subpara. (B) re services for mutual housing, amended Subdiv. (48) to expand the list of drugs and medicines to which the exemption applies, amended Subdiv. (54) to exempt repair and replacement parts for glucose monitoring devices, amended Subdiv. (58) to make technical changes, to add "and the marketing and support thereof" in Subpara. (c)(i), and to allow exemption for 30 years of joint venture in existence prior to January 1, 1986, within the aircraft industry, amended Subdiv. (60) to add vessels, and amended Subdiv. (62) to make technical changes, to expand exemption to include sales of services between noncorporate business entities when 100% wholly-owned and to eliminate the tax on telecommunication and cable services rendered between parent companies and wholly-owned subsidiaries, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999, amended Subdivs. (67), (68) and (69) to extend the sunset for exemption to January 1, 2002, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1998, amended Subdiv. (80) to exempt repair and replacement parts, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999, and added new Subdivs. (101) to (107), inclusive, re fire arm safety devices, bicycle helmets, machinery, equipment and supplies of freight railroads, calibration services, shoe repair services, "call before you dig" services and diesel fuel used in portable generators, respectively, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999; P.A. 99-241 amended Subdiv. (1) to delete stadium facility site and training facility site and add convention center site, sportsplex site and parking facilities site, effective July 1, 1999; P.A. 00-140 amended Subdiv. (1)(C) to delete references to former convention center site, sportsplex site and parking facilities site and add references to the Adriaen's Landing and the stadium facility site, effective May 2, 2000; P.A. 00-170 (1) amended Subdiv. (27) to exempt sales of items for $0.50 or less from vending machines, amended Subdiv. (47) to exempt articles of clothing or footwear which are less than $75 and to make technical changes and added Subdivs. (108) to (110), inclusive, re child car seats, college textbooks and cars with mileage ratings of at least 50 miles per gallon, respectively, effective July 1, 2000, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, and (2) amended Subdiv. (19) to include exemptions for closed circuit television equipment used as a reading aid, canes and medically necessary support hose, amended Subdiv. (55) to exempt caskets used for burial and added Subdiv. (111) re smoking cessation products and Subdiv. (112) re certain high-speed telecommunications equipment, effective July 1, 2001, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 00-174 (1) amended Subsec. (60) to delete requirement for an affidavit for certain information required to be submitted and to add provisions re declaration, effective July 1, 2000, and (2) amended Subdiv. (5) to make a technical change, amended Subdiv. (9) to exempt candy, confectionery and nonalcoholic beverages sold at educational institutions and certain health care and adult living facilities, amended Subdiv. (15) to specify that the exemption for motor vehicle fuels is for fuel sold for use in licensed motor vehicles, whether or not the tax under Ch. 221 has been paid or for any other use if said tax has been paid but not refunded, amended Subdiv. (40) to divide existing provisions into Subparas. (A) and (C), to coordinate requirements for the exemption under this section with the taxpayer's federal return in Subpara. (A) and to add Subpara. (B) allowing certain start-up commercial fishermen to avail themselves of the provisions of this section, amended Subdiv. (48) to delete requirement that exempted drugs and medicines be for use in or on the human body and amended Subdiv. (63) to divide existing provisions into Subparas. (A) to (D), inclusive, to make technical changes, to add provisions re declaration and delete requirement re notarization in Subpara. (B), to change "five years" to "two years" in Subpara. (D) and to add Subpara. (E), to facilitate issuance of permits for certain start-up farmers, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to sales made on or after that date; P.A. 00-196 made a technical change in Subdiv. (5). (Revisor's note: The beginning sentence of Subdiv. (13) which reads "Sales of food products for human consumption", that had been carried as a bold face Subdiv. catchline in the general statutes, was re-instated by the Revisors for the 2001 revision as part of the Subdiv. text, to reflect Sec. 1 of P.A. 87-177, and the Subdiv. catchline revised to read "Food products".); June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 amended Subdiv. (27) to make a technical change and amended Subdiv. (55) to exempt caskets used for cremation, effective July 1, 2001, amended Subdiv. (62) to include federally-recognized Indian tribes in the definition of "business entity" for purposes of subdivision, effective October 1, 2001, and applicable to sales or purchases made on or after that date, amended Subdivs. (67) to (69) to extend their sunset provisions from January 1, 2002, to July 1, 2002, effective July 1, 2001, and added new Subdiv. (113) re materials used in fuel cell manufacturing facility, effective July 1, 2001, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 02-103 amended Subdivs. (5), (11), (14), (19), (40), (62), (63), (67), (85), (100) and (106) to make technical changes, effective October 1, 2002, except amendment to Subdiv. (19) which is effective July 1, 2002 (Revisor's note: In Subdivs. (5) and (19) the words "of subsection (a)" were added editorially by the Revisors for consistency with changes made elsewhere in the act to Sec. 12-407); May 9 Sp. Sess. P.A. 02-4 amended Subdivs. (67) to (69) to extend the exemptions in those subdivisions to July 1, 2004, and added hydrogen to the fuels covered by Subdivs. (67) and (69), effective July 1, 2002; P.A. 03-2 repealed Subdiv. (6) re sales of magazines and newspapers, effective April 1, 2003, and amended Subdiv. (47) to lower the threshold for the clothing exemption from $75 to $50, effective April 1, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 03-225 amended Subdiv. (40) to substantially revise existing provisions, to allow start-up fishermen to obtain exemption permits, to add provisions re regulations and fisherman tax exemption permits and to make conforming changes, effective October 1, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, and amended Subdiv. (89) to make a technical change and delete "to develop microorganisms for specific uses", effective July 9, 2003; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-1 added Subdiv. (114) re sales of magazines and newspapers, effective July 1, 2004; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 amended Subdiv. (5) to add exemption for sales of certain medical equipment and supplies for patient care to and by acute care, for-profit hospitals, effective August 20, 2003, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2005, and amended Subsec. (93) to change section reference for tourism district, effective August 20, 2003; P.A. 04-201 amended Subdiv. (5) to exempt sales of tangible personal property at hospitals by certain nonprofit entities, effective June 3, 2004, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 2002; P.A. 04-217 amended Subdiv. (82)(A) to replace reference to Sec. 14-1(11) with reference to Sec. 14-1(13) and amended Subdiv. (83)(A) to eliminate reference to Sec. 14-1(44), effective January 1, 2005; P.A. 04-231 amended Subdivs. (67) to (69), inclusive, to extend the sunset dates for the exemptions from July 1, 2004, to July 1, 2008, effective July 1, 2004, and added Subdiv. (115) re sale of certain passenger cars utilizing hybrid technology; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 04-2 amended Subdiv. (5) to delete exemption for equipment and supplies for patient care to and by acute care, for-profit hospitals which was to have taken effect July 1, 2005, and added exemption for tangible personal property or services to an acute care, for-profit hospital in connection with constructing or equipping certain facilities, effective May 12, 2004, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2005; (Revisor's note: In 2005 a reference in Subdiv. (92) to "Connecticut Resource Recovery Authority" was changed editorially by the Revisors to "Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority"); P.A. 05-251 amended Subdiv. (109) by adding provisions re textbooks used at private occupational schools, effective July 1, 2005, and added Subdiv. (116) re sales of marine vessel brokerage services; P.A. 05-288 made technical changes in Subdiv. (82)(A), effective July 13, 2005; P.A. 06-150 amended Subdiv. (109) to change statutory references from Sec. 10a-22k to Sec. 10a-22o; P.A. 06-161 amended Subdiv. (115) to apply exemption to a hybrid passenger car rather than a passenger car utilizing hybrid technology and to define "hybrid passenger car"; P.A. 06-186 amended Subdivs. (76) and (77) by eliminating requirements that aircraft be owned or leased by certificated air carrier and have a maximum weight of 6,000 pounds or more, effective July 1, 2006; P.A. 06-187 amended Subdiv. (1) by adding the Connecticut Center for Science and Exploration in Subpara. (C)(ii), effective July 1, 2006, and amended Subdiv. (58) to add limited liability company as recipient of services and to extend exemption for sales from 10 years to 20 years from date of venture's incorporation, formation or organization, effective May 26, 2006; P.A. 07-242 amended Subdiv. (110) to extend sunset provision from on and after July 1, 2000, and prior to July 1, 2002, to on and after January 1, 2008, and prior to July 1, 2010, and to change mileage rating from at least 50 miles per gallon to at least 40 miles per gallon, effective January 1, 2008, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, and added Subdiv. (117) re exemption for solar energy electricity generating systems and passive or active solar water or space heating systems and geothermal resource systems and Subdiv. (118) re exemption for ice storage systems, effective July 1, 2007, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 07-4 amended Subdiv. (27)(B) by replacing provision re sales of food products through vending machines with provision re meals sold through vending machines or "honor boxes", effective July 1, 2007, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date, and amended Subdiv. (110) by replacing "passenger car" with "passenger motor vehicle, as defined in section 14-1", effective January 1, 2008, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 08-150 amended Subdiv. (82)(A) to make a technical change; P.A. 09-9 amended Subdiv. (57) to replace provision re federal food stamp coupons with "supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits", effective May 4, 2009; P.A. 10-32 made a technical change in Subdiv. (82)(A), effective May 10, 2010; P.A. 10-75 amended Subdiv. (117) by designating existing provisions as Subpara. (A) and adding Subpara. (B) re renewable energy and clean energy technology industries, effective July 1, 2010, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 2010.

      The express mention in a statute of one exemption precludes reading others into it. 134 C. 295. Cited. 168 C. 597. Cited. 174 C. 419. Cited. 176 C. 604. Cited. 213 C. 365. Cited. 216 C. 17. Cited. 222 C. 49. Cited. 231 C. 315. Cited. 238 C. 761.

      Cited. 44 CS 328.

      Subsec. (1) (Formerly Subsec. (a)):

      Goods procured by plaintiff but with title passing immediately to government held exempt. 145 C. 161. Cited. 198 C. 413. Cited. 210 C. 401. Cited. Id., 413. Agent of a tax-exempt municipality is eligible for the exception afforded its disclosed principal. 236 C. 613.

      Where plaintiff purchased facilities to be turned over to the federal government under certain conditions, and no relationship of agency was shown, it was not entitled to exemptions. 19 CS 333. Cited. 39 CS 234. Cited. 43 CS 253.

      Subsec. (2) (Formerly Subsec. (b)):

      Cited. 18 CS 286.

      Subsec. (6) (Formerly Subsec. (f)):

      Preprints of advertising matter do not qualify as "newspapers" within meaning of this statute. 183 C. 566. Cited. 221 C. 166.

      Subdiv. (B) cited. 44 CS 472.

      Subsec. (8) (Formerly Subsec. (h)):

      In order to achieve "charitable organization" status, organization must not only have a charitable purpose but must achieve its purpose through funds derived from benevolence of private sources. 170 C. 556. Cited. 228 C. 375. Cited. 231 C. 378. Cited. 236 C. 613.

      Cited. 9 CA 448.

      Cited. 41 CS 469. Cited. 43 CS 253.

      Subsec. (9)(Formerly Subsec. (i)):

      Cited. 242 C. 599.

      Subsec. (11) (Formerly Subsec. (k)):

      Critical factor is whether intent is to buy an individual's skills or a tangible end product of those skills. Personal service exemption inapplicable to salable tangible end product. 176 C. 604. Cited. 202 C. 412.

      Subsec. (12) (Formerly Subsec. (l)):

      Cited. 221 C. 751.

      Subsec. (13) (Formerly Subsec. (m)):

      Cited. 242 C. 599.

      Just because restaurant does not sell coleslaw by weight does not mean it is not a bulk sale and exempt from sales tax. 47 CA 694. Three or more pieces of fish as "take-out" constitutes a meal, the sale of which is therefore subject to sales tax. Id.

      Subsec. (18) (Formerly Subsec. (r)):

      Under former statute exempting such materials used in an industrial plant "in the process of the manufacture of tangible personal property to be sold" word "process" indicates an intention to include any use made of property as a necessary preliminary to delivery of finished product. 145 C. 176. Raw materials used directly in manufacture of products for sale, as distinguished from their use in procuring plaintiff's engineering services, held exempt. Id. Cited. 178 C. 493. Preprints of advertising matter do not become ingredient or component part of newspaper thus precluding applicability of statutory exemption. 183 C. 566. Cited. 204 C. 122. Cited. 205 C. 761. "Clearwells" are exempt from sales and use tax under this section. 206 C. 337. Cited. 212 C. 454. Cited. 220 C. 749.

      Cited. 24 CA 72.

      Cited. 30 CS 309.

      Subsec. (19) (Formerly Subsec. (s)):

      Gross receipts derived by dental laboratories from sales of dentures to licensed dentists are exempt from sales tax. 148 C. 94.

      Subsec. (24) (Formerly Subsec. (x)):

      Cited. 43 CS 253.

      Subsec. (29) (Formerly Subsec. (cc)):

      Cited. 228 C. 375.

      Subsec. (34) (Formerly Subsec. (hh)):

      "A component part of a machine must constitute a machine in and of itself or be purchased in conjunction with a machine in order to be exempt" from sales and use tax. 204 C. 122. Cited. Id., 137. Cited. 205 C. 761. Transformation of raw water into finished potable water at company's treatment plant does not constitute "manufacturing" within meaning of this section. 206 C. 337. Cited. 212 C. 454. Cited. 220 C. 749.

      Cited. 24 CA 72.

      Subsec. (51):

      Cited. 242 C. 599.

      Subsec. (78):

      Subpara. (A)(ii) does not specify that predominant use of machinery and equipment must be in direct connection with manufacturing, therefore the "predominant use" requirement is satisfied, and the exemption may be taken, if the machinery and equipment are used in research and development with respect to, or in furtherance of, manufacturing tangible personal property. 297 C. 540.

      Sec. 12-412a. Exemption for certain equipment purchased for transfer to the state. Section 12-412a is repealed.

      (P.A. 75-613, S. 3, 4; P.A. 82-472, S. 182, 183.)

      Sec. 12-412b. Regulations related to exemption for any article of clothing or footwear costing less than fifty dollars. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall prescribe regulations, to be adopted in accordance with chapter 54, for purposes of implementing the provisions of subdivision (47) of section 12-412, which regulations, when reasonably designed to carry out the intents and purposes of said subdivision (47), shall be prima facie evidence of its proper interpretation.

      (P.A. 85-3, S. 2, 3; 85-159, S. 9, 19; 85-469, S. 4, 6.)

      History: P.A. 85-3 effective March 15, 1985, and applicable to sales of clothing or footwear occurring on or after April 1, 1985; P.A. 85-159 made technical changes; P.A. 85-469 revised effective date of P.A. 85-159 but without affecting this section.

      Sec. 12-412c. Mobile manufactured home, modular or prefabricated home subject to sales tax when sold by manufacturer and subject to tax as a conveyance of realty when sold at its location in a mobile manufactured home park. (a) On or after July 1, 1986, the sale of a new mobile manufactured home, and on or after July 1, 1993, the sale of a new modular or prefabricated home, from a manufacturer shall be subject to sales and use taxes under this chapter, except that for purposes of said taxes the sales price of such new mobile manufactured home or new modular or prefabricated home shall be deemed to be seventy per cent of the manufacturer's sales price applicable with respect to such sale. For the purpose of this subsection, "mobile manufactured home" means a home at least twelve feet in width, which cannot proceed under its own power, which is towed or placed on flatbed trucks to be taken to its destination and which requires a limited duration oversize load permit in order to be transported on the highways of this state, and a "new modular or prefabricated home" means a modular or prefabricated home, as defined in section 21-85, which has not been previously sold or occupied as a dwelling unit.

      (b) On or after July 1, 1986, the resale of any mobile manufactured home located in a mobile manufactured home park licensed pursuant to chapter 412 or located on a single-family lot as a permitted nonconforming use or as otherwise permitted by the zoning regulations of the municipality in which the home is located, and on or after July 1, 1993, the resale of any modular home, shall be exempt from the sales and use taxes imposed by this chapter and shall be taxed as a conveyance of realty in accordance with the provisions of chapter 223.

      (P.A. 85-512, S. 8; P.A. 86-310, S. 2, 4; P.A. 88-364, S. 20, 123; P.A. 93-332, S. 3, 42.)

      History: P.A. 86-310 added provision to Subsec. (a) that sale of new mobile manufactured home by a manufacturer shall be subject to sales tax and for purposes of such tax, the sales price shall be deemed to be 70% of the manufacturer's price applicable to such sale, effective July 1, 1986, and applicable to the assessment year in any municipality commencing October 1, 1986, and each assessment year thereafter; P.A. 88-364 in Subsec. (a) corrected the word "loan" to read "load"; P.A. 93-332, S. 3, amended Subsec. (a) to apply to sales of new modular or prefabricated homes and defined "new modular or prefabricated home" and amended Subsec. (b) to apply with respect to resale of modular homes, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable on or after July 1, 1993.

      Sec. 12-412d. Refund of sales tax paid on repair or replacement parts sold exclusively for machinery in a manufacturing production process. Section 12-412d is repealed, effective May 18, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date.

      (P.A. 86-397, S. 2, 10; P.A. 88-307, S. 3, 4; P.A. 89-123, S. 12; P.A. 97-243, S. 55, 67; P.A. 98-110, S. 26, 27.)

      Sec. 12-412e. Exemption from sales tax for items purchased with federal food stamp coupons. Factors determining effective date thereof. Section 12-412e is repealed, effective May 4, 2009.

      (P.A. 86-397, S. 9, 10; P.A. 93-262, S. 1, 87; P.A. 02-103, S. 16.; P.A. 86-397, S. 9, 10; P.A. 93-262, S. 1, 87; P.A. 02-103, S. 16; P.A. 09-9, S. 40.)

      Sec. 12-412f. Exemption from sales tax for services rendered between parent companies and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Applicable to certain services prior to June 30, 1987. Provisions for refund of tax paid on such services. Section 12-412f is repealed, effective October 1, 2002.

      (July Sp. Sess. P.A. 87-1, S. 2, 9; P.A. 88-307, S. 2, 4; P.A. 02-103, S. 17; S.A. 02-12, S. 1.)

      Sec. 12-412g. Calculation of sales tax on transfer of vehicles used in state's interest-free vanpool program. The tax imposed by this chapter on the transfer of motor vehicles used in the Department of Transportation's interest-free vanpool program authorized pursuant to 23 USC 146, to the person assigned the use of such vehicle under such program, shall be calculated on the basis of such vehicle's fair market value as determined by the Commissioner of Transportation at the time of such transfer.

      (P.A. 87-445, S. 1, 2.)

      History: (Revisor's note: In 2003 a reference to "chapter 219" was changed editorially by the Revisors to "this chapter").

      Sec. 12-412h. Exemption for gas, electricity and fuel for heating when sold for use in agricultural production, fabrication of a product or manufacturing. Burden of proving that sale is for an exempt purpose. For purposes of the exemptions from sales and use tax under subdivisions (3) and (16) of section 12-412, applicable to sales for use directly in agricultural production, fabrication of a finished product to be sold or furnishing of power to an industrial manufacturing plant, the burden of proving that a sale under said subsections is not subject to tax is upon the person making such sale unless such person takes a certificate from the purchaser, in good faith, to the effect that such sale is for an exempt purpose under the applicable subsection. Such certificate shall be signed by and bear the name and address of the manufacturer or producer and shall be on a form furnished by the commissioner for such purpose.

      (P.A. 89-251, S. 201, 203; P.A. 02-103, S. 18.)

      History: P.A. 02-103 made a technical change.

      Sec. 12-412i. Partial exemption for materials, tools, fuels, machinery and equipment used in manufacturing. (a) The taxes imposed by this chapter shall not apply to the percentage set forth in subsection (c) of this section of the gross receipts from the sale of and the storage, use and consumption in this state of the following items: (1) Materials, tools and fuels or any substitute therefor which become an ingredient or component part of tangible personal property to be sold or which are used or consumed in an industrial plant in the manufacturing, processing or fabricating of products to be sold, in any process preparatory or related thereto or in the measuring or testing of such products or (2) machinery and equipment which will be used primarily in the process of manufacturing, processing or fabricating tangible personal property if: (A) The machinery or equipment is used for research and development, measuring or testing with respect to or in furtherance of the manufacturing, processing or fabricating of tangible personal property; (B) the machinery or equipment is used at any stage of the manufacturing, processing or fabricating process from the time any raw materials are received to the time the product is ready for delivery or storage, including overpacking and crating; (C) the machinery or equipment is used primarily to maintain or repair any machinery or equipment described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of this subdivision, or (D) the machinery or equipment is used primarily for metal finishing, provided this exemption shall not apply to any materials, tools, fuels, machinery or equipment which is used primarily in administration, general management, sales or any other activity which does not constitute manufacturing, processing or fabricating. The exemption under this subsection shall not apply to any materials, tools, fuels, machinery or equipment which is exempt under any other provision of this chapter.

      (b) As used in this section: (1) "Manufacturing" means the activity of converting or conditioning tangible personal property by changing the form, composition, quality or character of the property for ultimate sale at retail or use in the manufacturing of a product to be ultimately sold at retail. Changing the quality of property shall include any substantial overhaul of the property that results in a significantly greater service life than such property would have had in the absence of such overhaul or with significantly greater functionality within the original service life of the property, beyond merely restoring the original functionality for the balance of the original service life; (2) "fabricating" means to make, build, create, produce or assemble components or tangible personal property so that they work in a new or different manner; (3) "processing" means the physical application of the materials and labor necessary to modify or change the characteristics of tangible personal property; (4) "machinery" means the basic machine itself, including all of its component parts and contrivances such as belts, pulleys, shafts, moving parts, operating structures and all equipment or devices used or required to control, regulate or operate the machinery, including, without limitation, computers and data processing equipment, together with all replacement and repair parts therefor, whether purchased separately or in conjunction with a complete machine, and regardless of whether the machine or component parts thereof are assembled by the taxpayer or another party; (5) "equipment" means any device separate from machinery but essential to a manufacturing, processing or fabricating process; and (6) "measuring or testing" includes both nondestructive and destructive measuring or testing, and the alignment and calibration of machinery, equipment and tools, in the furtherance of the manufacturing, processing or fabricating of tangible personal property.

      (c) The gross receipts from the sale of and the storage, use and consumption in this state of the items set forth in subsection (a) of this section shall be exempt from the taxes imposed by this chapter, to the following extent: (1) For sales made on or after January 1, 1993, and prior to July 1, 1993, ten per cent of the gross receipts from such items; (2) for sales made on or after July 1, 1993, and prior to July 1, 1994, twenty per cent of the gross receipts from such items; (3) for sales made on or after July 1, 1994, and prior to July 1, 1995, thirty per cent of the gross receipts from such items; (4) for sales made on or after July 1, 1995, and prior to July 1, 1996, forty per cent of the gross receipts from such items; and (5) for sales made on or after July 1, 1996, fifty per cent of the gross receipts from such items.

      (d) The burden of proving that an item is subject to the exemption set forth in this section is upon the person who makes the sale unless he takes from the purchaser a certificate to the effect that the property is subject to such exemption. The certificate relieves the seller from the burden of proof only if taken in good faith by the seller. The certificate shall be signed by and bear the name and address of the purchaser. The certificate shall be substantially in such form as the commissioner prescribes.

      (e) If a purchaser who gives a certificate makes any use of the property other than the purposes set forth in this section, the use shall be deemed a use by the purchaser in accordance with this chapter, as of the time the property is first used by him, and the property shall be taxable to such purchaser in accordance with this chapter.

      (P.A. 92-193, S. 6, 8; P.A. 94-175, S. 29, 32; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 80, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; 95-359, S. 8, 19; P.A. 97-243, S. 26, 67.)

      History: P.A. 92-193 effective July 1, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1993; P.A. 94-175 made technical changes in Subsecs. (a) and (b), effective June 2, 1994; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 revised effective date of P.A. 94-175 but without affecting this section; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 95-359 amended Subsec. (a) to make technical change, effective July 13, 1995; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsecs. (d) and (e) to delete reference to certificate number and services, effective June 24, 1997.

      Sec. 12-412j. Exemption for value of core parts. In any sale at retail of any new or remanufactured part of an item of tangible personal property to a purchaser, which sale is made by a retailer of such parts who will accept in return from such purchaser a core component or core part of such tangible personal property, the sales or use tax with respect to such sale shall be imposed on the difference between the purchase price and the amount allowed by the retailer on the returned core component or core part, provided the retailer shall collect the tax, at the time of sale, on the purchase price and, when the core component or core part is returned, shall refund such tax on the amount allowed by the retailer on the returned core component or core part. When any such core component or core part traded in is subsequently sold to a consumer or user, the taxes imposed under this chapter shall be applicable to such sale.

      (P.A. 95-327, S. 1, 10; P.A. 96-172, S. 1, 3; P.A. 98-110, S. 10, 27.)

      History: P.A. 95-327, S. 1 effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 96-172 applied provisions to motor bus parts and defined "motor bus", effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 98-110 added proviso that the retailer must collect the tax on the purchase price when the core component or part is returned and refund the tax on the amount allowed on the returned component or part, effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1999.

      Sec. 12-412k. Exemption for residential weatherization products and compact fluorescent light bulbs. (a) For purposes of this section, "residential weatherization products" means programmable thermostats, window film, caulking, window and door weather strips, insulation, water heater blankets, water heaters, natural gas and propane furnaces and boilers that meet the federal Energy Star standard, windows and doors that meet the federal Energy Star standard, oil furnaces and boilers that are not less than eighty-four per cent efficient and ground-source heat pumps that meet the minimum federal energy efficiency rating.

      (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of the general statutes, the provisions of this chapter shall not apply to sales of any residential weatherization products or compact fluorescent light bulbs.

      (Oct. 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 05-2, S. 4; Oct. 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 05-4, S. 2; P.A. 06-187, S. 18; P.A. 07-242, S. 69.)

      History: Oct. 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 05-2 effective October 31, 2005; Oct. 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 05-4 redefined "residential weatherization products" to include propane furnaces and boilers, natural gas and oil boilers, doors that meet Energy Star standard and specified heat pumps, effective December 15, 2005, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; P.A. 06-187 amended Subsec. (b) to extend exemption to include dates from June 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007, effective June 1, 2006; P.A. 07-242 amended Subsec. (a) to redefine "residential weatherization products", by changing efficiency rating of oil furnaces and boilers from 85% to 84% and including ground-source heat pumps, rather than ground-based heat pumps, and amended Subsec. (b) to eliminate date restrictions of exemptions and to include compact fluorescent light bulbs, effective June 1, 2007.

      Sec. 12-412l. Exemption for sales of products used to fulfill paving contracts. (a)(1) For purposes of subparagraph (A) of subdivision (3) and subdivision (18) of section 12-412 and section 12-412i, a sale to a purchaser who will be making a finished product referred to in said sections, which sale would otherwise qualify for sales and use tax exemption pursuant to said sections except for the fact that such finished product is used by such purchaser to fulfill a paving contract, shall qualify for such exemption in the same manner as if such purchaser made a sale of such finished product.

      (2) Nothing in subdivision (1) of this subsection shall apply the exemption under subdivision (18) of section 12-412 to a sale to a purchaser of materials that become an ingredient or component part of a finished product that is used by such purchaser to fulfill a paving contract.

      (b) For purposes of subdivision (34) of section 12-412, a sale of machinery to a purchaser that would otherwise qualify for sales and use tax exemption pursuant to said section, except for the fact that the products being manufactured with the purchased machinery are used by such purchaser to fulfill a paving contract, shall qualify for such exemption in the same manner as if such manufactured products were being sold by the purchaser.

      (P.A. 09-200, S. 1.)

      History: P.A. 09-200 effective July 8, 2009.

      Sec. 12-413. Exemptions from use tax. (1) Where sales tax applicable. The storage, acceptance, consumption or other use in this state of services or property, the gross receipts from the sale of which are required to be included in the measure of the sales tax, is exempted from the use tax.

      (2) Property purchased from United States. The storage, use or other consumption in this state of property purchased from any incorporated agency or instrumentality of the United States, except (a) any property reported to the Surplus Property Board of the United States or any successor thereto, as surplus property by any owning agency; and (b) any property included in any contractor inventory, is exempted from the use tax. "Surplus property", "owning agency", and "contractor inventory" as used in this section have the meanings ascribed to them in that act of the Congress of the United States known as the "Surplus Property Act of 1944".

      (3) Purchase brought into state by resident. The use tax shall not apply to the purchase of any articles of tangible personal property which have been brought into this state on the person of a resident of this state when the purchase price of the same does not exceed twenty-five dollars; provided such purchase shall be for personal use or consumption in this state and not for use or consumption in carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession.

      (4) Property donated to governmental entity or tax-exempt organization. The use tax shall not apply to the purchase of any articles of tangible personal property by a retailer for resale, if those articles are subsequently withdrawn from inventory and donated by the retailer to (A) the United States, the state of Connecticut or any of the political subdivisions thereof, or its or their respective agencies, or (B) any organization that is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended, and that the United States Treasury Department has expressly determined, by letter, to be an organization that is described in Section 501(c)(3) of said internal revenue code.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2097; June, 1955, S. 1169d; P.A. 75-213, S. 34, 53; P.A. 00-174, S. 13, 83.)

      History: P.A. 75-213 added references to "acceptance" and "services" in Subsec. (1); P.A. 00-174 added Subdiv. (4) re exemption for items donated to the government or to charity, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable on or after that date.

      Cited. 43 CA 744.

      Subsec. (1):

      Cited. 211 C. 246.

      Cited. 44 CS 1.

      Sec. 12-413a. Exemption from use tax for vessels brought into the state exclusively for storage, maintenance or repair. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 12-411, the tax imposed thereunder shall not be applicable, in the period commencing on the first day of October in any year to and including the thirtieth day of April next succeeding, with respect to the use of any vessel within this state exclusively for purposes of (1) delivery of such vessel to a facility in this state for storage, including dry storage and storage in water by means of apparatus preventing ice damage to the hull, maintenance or repair or (2) the actual process of storage, maintenance or repair of such vessel. The provisions of this section shall have no effect upon liability for tax under this chapter related to the sale or use of such vessel other than such liability which may be established in relation to the specific use of such vessel as described in this section.

      (P.A. 83-455, S. 1, 4.)

      History: P.A. 83-455 effective July 1, 1983, and applicable to such use of vessels occurring on or after said date.

      Cited. 44 CS 1.

      Sec. 12-413b. Credit for capital resources provided to institutions of higher education for electronic commerce studies or work force development programs. (a) The Commissioner of Higher Education may select a direct payment permit holder, as described in section 12-409a, for a pilot program in accordance with the provisions of this section.

      (b) There shall be allowed a credit to such direct payment permit holder in an amount equal to the amount of a qualified investment, as defined in subsection (c) of this section, that is made on or after July 1, 2000, against the use tax liability that is incurred under this chapter by such holder in making purchases on or after July 1, 2000, of computer equipment to be used in this state in electronic commerce. The total amount of such credits allowed under this section shall not exceed four million dollars in the aggregate. No credit shall be allowed under this section unless the Commissioner of Higher Education certifies, in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Revenue Services, that a qualified investment has been made by the direct payment permit holder and that projects related to such investment have been completed. The Commissioner of Revenue Services may adopt regulations, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, which prescribe the procedures for the direct payment permit holder to claim the credit allowed under this section.

      (c) For purposes of this section, "qualified investment" means resources, including, but not limited to, cash, property or services provided by a direct payment permit holder to a public or private college or university in this state, for the design, planning, construction or renovation of buildings or classrooms, the acquisition of computer equipment or the acquisition of other property or licenses necessary for operation of computer programs which will be used in the instruction of students in business studies related to electronic commerce or in work force development programs.

      (P.A. 00-170, S. 21, 42; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 19, 70, 85.)

      History: P.A. 00-170 effective July 1, 2000, and applicable to sales occurring on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 made technical corrections, effective July 1, 2001, and increased the total aggregate amount of credits allowed under section from $2,000,000 to $4,000,000, effective July 1, 2003.

      Sec. 12-414. Returns and payment. (1) Due date; exception. The taxes imposed by this chapter are due and payable to the commissioner monthly on or before the last day of the month next succeeding each monthly period except that every person whose total tax liability for the twelve-month period ended on the preceding June thirtieth was less than four thousand dollars shall file returns on a quarterly basis. "Quarterly" means a period of three calendar months commencing on the first day of January, April, July or October of each year or, if any seller commences business on a date other than the first day of January, April, July or October, a period beginning on the date of commencement of business and ending on March thirty-first, June thirtieth, September thirtieth or December thirty-first, respectively.

      (2) Return. On or before the last day of the month following each monthly or quarterly period, as the case may be, a return for the preceding period shall be filed with the commissioner in such form as the commissioner may prescribe. For purposes of the sales tax a return shall be filed by every seller. For purposes of the use tax a return shall be filed by every retailer engaged in business in the state and by every person purchasing services or tangible personal property, the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of which is subject to the use tax, who has not paid the use tax due a retailer required to collect the tax, except that every person making such purchases for personal use or consumption in this state, and not for use or consumption in carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession, need file only one use tax return covering purchases during a calendar year. Such return shall be filed and the tax due thereon paid on or before the fifteenth day of the fourth month succeeding the end of the calendar year for which such return is filed. Returns shall be signed by the person required to file the return or by his authorized agent but need not be verified by oath, provided a return required to be filed by a corporation shall be signed by an officer of such corporation.

      (3) Contents of return. For purposes of the sales tax the return shall show the gross receipts of the seller during the preceding reporting period. For purposes of the use tax, in case of a return filed by a retailer, the return shall show the total sales price of the services or property sold by him, the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of which became subject to the use tax during the preceding reporting period; in case of a return filed by a purchaser, the return shall show the total sales price of the service or property purchased by him, the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of which became subject to the use tax during the preceding reporting period. The return shall also show the amount of the taxes for the period covered by the return in such manner as the commissioner may require and such other information as the commissioner deems necessary for the proper administration of this chapter. The Commissioner of Revenue Services is authorized in his discretion, for purposes of expediency, to permit returns to be filed in an alternative form wherein the person filing the return may elect to report his gross receipts, including the tax reimbursement to be collected as provided for herein, as a part of such gross receipts or to report his gross receipts exclusive of the tax collected in such cases where the gross receipts from sales have been segregated from tax collections. In the case of the former, ninety-four and three-tenths per cent of such gross income may be considered to be the gross receipts from sales exclusive of the taxes collected thereon.

      (4) Filing return. Returns, together with the amount of the tax due thereon, shall be filed with the Commissioner of Revenue Services.

      (5) Return periods. The commissioner, if he deems it necessary in order to insure payment to or facilitate the collection by the state of the amount of taxes, may permit or require returns and payment of the amount of taxes for other than monthly or quarterly periods.

      (6) Extension of time. The commissioner for good cause may extend the time for making any return and paying any amount required to be paid under this chapter, if a written request therefor is filed with the commissioner together with a tentative return which must be accompanied by a payment of the tax, which shall be estimated in such tentative return, on or before the last day for filing the return. Any person to whom an extension is granted shall pay, in addition to the tax, interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the date on which the tax would have been due without the extension until the date of payment.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2098; 1951, 1953, June, 1955, S. 1170d; November, 1955, S. N147; 1957, P.A. 553, S. 4; 1961, P.A. 574, S. 5; June, 1969, P.A. 1, S. 21; June, 1971, P.A. 5, S. 108; 8, S. 8; 1972, P.A. 285, S. 5; P.A. 73-288, S. 5, 8; P.A. 74-73, S. 4, 5; P.A. 75-2, S. 4, 5; 75-213, S. 35, 53; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1, S. 1-4, 12; P.A. 76-322, S. 9, 27; P.A. 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 80-71, S. 20, 30; 80-307, S. 17, 31; P.A. 81-399, S. 2, 3; 81-411, S. 25, 42; P.A. 82-467, S. 2, 3; P.A. 85-316, S. 1, 7; P.A. 89-251, S. 200, 203; P.A. 90-148, S. 9, 34; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 119, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 30, 37; P.A. 93-44, S. 5, 24; 93-74, S. 32, 67; P.A. 94-9, S. 18, 41; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 37, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 96-139, S. 5, 13; 96-180, S. 27, 166; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 74; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 112.)

      History: 1961 act changed technical language in Subsec. (3) and changed amount of gross income considered as gross receipts from 97% to 96.6%; 1969 act amended Subsec. (3) to lower amount of gross income considered as gross receipts from 96.6% to 95.2% for period from July 1, 1969, to June 30, 1971; 1971 acts made 95.2% the permanent amount, then changed it to 93.9% as of September 1, 1971; 1972 act changed amount to 93.5%; P.A. 73-288 changed amount to 93.9%; P.A. 74-73 changed amount to 94.3%; P.A. 75-2 changed amount to 93.5%; P.A. 75-213 included references to "services" and "acceptance" in Subsecs. (2) and (3); Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1 changed section to reflect monthly and quarterly payments, provisions for which were detailed in Subsec. (1), amended Subsec. (5) to allow commissioner to permit payments on basis other than monthly or quarterly and increased interest rate in Subsec. (6) from 0.5% to 0.75%; P.A. 76-322 increased interest rate in Subsec. (6) to 1%; P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 80-71 changed amount of gross income which may be considered as gross receipts to 93%; P.A. 80-307 temporarily increased interest rate in Subsec. (6) to 1.25% for taxes due on or after July 1, 1980, but not later than June 30, 1981; P.A. 81-399 amended Subsec. (4) by providing that any return and payment shall be deemed to have been filed within the time required if postmarked on or before the date such return and payment are required to be filed; P.A. 81-411 continued interest applicable under Subsec. (6) when an extension of time for payment is granted at 1.25% per month, effective July 1, 1981, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; P.A. 82-467 amended Subsec. (1) by eliminating certain redundant language and changing the order of certain dates in the definition of "quarterly" for clarification; P.A. 85-316 amended Subsec. (2) so as to require that a return filed by a corporation shall be signed by an officer of such corporation; P.A. 89-251 amended Subsec. (3) with respect to a person filing a return who elects to report gross receipts including the taxes collected, changing the percentage of gross receipts considered to be from sales, exclusive of taxes, to 92.5% of gross receipts, corresponding to the 8% rate of tax; P.A. 90-148 amended Subdiv. (6) to increase the rate of interest added during the period of extension from 1.25% to 1.66% per month, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 amended Subsec. (3) with respect to a person filing a return who elects to report gross receipts including the taxes collected, changing the percentage of gross receipts considered to be from sales, exclusive of taxes, to 94.3% of gross receipts, corresponding to the 6% rate of tax, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (2) to change the return date from the last day of the month following the end of the calendar year to the fifteenth day of the fourth month following the end of the calendar year, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1992; P.A. 93-44 added Subsec. (1)(b) re persons rendering services covered by Sec. 12-407(2)(o), effective April 23, 1993; P.A. 93-74 amended Subsec. (4) by deleting provision re time document is postmarked and filed, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on and after January 1, 1993; P.A. 94-9 deleted Subsec. (1)(b) re quarterly filing by persons rendering services covered under Sec. 12-407(2)(o) and making payments in accordance with Sec. 19a-168b, effective April 1, 1994; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 in Subsec. (6) reduced interest rate from 1.66% to 1%, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 96-139 and 96-180 both changed return due date from last day of the month succeeding the end of a calendar year to "fifteenth day of the fourth month" succeeding end of year, effective May 29, 1996, and June 3, 1996, respectively; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 amended Subdiv. (1) to change the income test period for quarterly filers to the 12-month period ending the preceding June thirtieth; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subdiv. (3) to change percentage of gross receipts from sales from 94.3% to 94.8%, corresponding to the 5.5% rate of tax, effective January 1, 2010 (Revisor's note: The amendments made to Subdiv. (3) by Sec. 112 of June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 did not take effect pursuant to Sec. 12-432c(a)).

      Subsec. (1):

      Cited. 183 C. 117.

      Subsec. (2):

      Cited. 12 CA 417.

      Sec. 12-414a. Liability for wilful nonpayment of taxes collected. Each person, other than a retailer, who is required, on behalf of a retailer, to collect, truthfully account for and pay over the tax imposed on such retailer under this chapter and who wilfully fails to collect such tax or truthfully account for and pay over such tax or who wilfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat the tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be liable for a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over, including any penalty or interest attributable to such wilful failure to collect or truthfully account for and pay over such tax or such wilful attempt to evade or defeat such tax, provided such penalty shall only be imposed against such person in the event that such tax, penalty or interest cannot otherwise be collected from the retailer itself in accordance with section 12-420. The amount of such penalty with respect to which a person may be personally liable under this section shall be collected in accordance with said section 12-420 and any amount so collected shall be allowed as a credit against the amount of such tax, penalty or interest due and owing from the retailer. The dissolution of the retailer shall not discharge any person in relation to any personal liability under this section for wilful failure to collect or truthfully account for and pay over such tax or for a wilful attempt to evade or defeat such tax prior to dissolution, except as otherwise provided in this section. For purposes of this section, "person" includes any individual, corporation, limited liability company or partnership and any officer or employee of any corporation, including a dissolved corporation, and a member or employee of any partnership or limited liability company who, as such officer, employee or member, is under a duty to file a tax return under this chapter on behalf of a retailer or to collect or truthfully account for and pay over the tax imposed under this chapter on behalf of a retailer.

      (P.A. 82-272, S. 1, 3; P.A. 97-243, S. 27, 67.)

      History: P.A. 97-243 extended liability of officer of a corporate retailer for wilful failure to pay over taxes to any other responsible person and made applicable whether retailer a corporation or other form of business entity, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to taxable periods commencing on or after July 1, 1997.

      Sec. 12-415. Deficiency assessments. (a) Deficiency assessments. If the commissioner is not satisfied with the return or returns of the tax or the amount of tax required to be paid to the state by any person, the commissioner may compute and assess the amount required to be paid upon the basis of the facts contained in the return or returns or upon the basis of any information which is in or that may come into the commissioner's possession. Except in the case of fraud or intent to evade or in the case of new information that may come into the commissioner's possession, the commissioner may not make more than one assessment for a tax period for which a return has been filed.

      (b) Interest. The amount of the assessment, exclusive of penalties, shall bear interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the last day of the month succeeding the period for which the amount or any portion thereof should have been returned until the date of payment.

      (c) Deficiency due to negligence or intentional disregard. When it appears that any part of the deficiency for which a deficiency assessment is made is due to negligence or intentional disregard of the provisions of this chapter or regulations promulgated thereunder, there shall be imposed a penalty equal to fifteen per cent of the amount of such deficiency assessment, or fifty dollars, whichever is greater.

      (d) Twenty-five per cent penalty. When it appears that any part of the deficiency for which a deficiency assessment is made is due to fraud or intent to evade the provisions of this chapter or regulations promulgated thereunder, there shall be imposed a penalty equal to twenty-five per cent of the amount of such deficiency assessment. No taxpayer shall be subject to a penalty under both subsection (c) of this section and this subsection in relation to the same tax period.

      (e) Notice of assessment. The commissioner shall give to the retailer or person storing, accepting, consuming or otherwise using services or tangible personal property written notice of the commissioner's assessment. The notice may be served personally or by mail. If by mail, it shall be addressed to the retailer or person storing, accepting, consuming or otherwise using services or tangible personal property at the address as it appears in the records of the commissioner's office.

      (f) Limitations on deficiency assessments. Except in the case of fraud, intent to evade this chapter or authorized regulations, failure to make a return, or claim for additional amount pursuant to subdivision (3) of section 12-418, every notice of a deficiency assessment shall be mailed within three years after the last day of the month following the period for which the amount is proposed to be assessed or within three years after the return is filed, whichever period expires later. The limitation specified in this subsection does not apply in case of a sales tax proposed to be assessed with respect to sales of services or property for the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of which notice of a deficiency assessment has been or is given pursuant to subsection (e) of this section, subsection (c) of section 12-416, subdivision (1) of section 12-417 and this subsection. The limitation specified in this subsection does not apply in case of an amount of use tax proposed to be assessed with respect to storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of services or property for the sale of which notice of a deficiency assessment has been or is given pursuant to said subsections and this subsection.

      (g) Waiver. If, before the expiration of the time prescribed in subsection (f) of this section for the mailing of a notice of deficiency determination, the taxpayer has consented in writing to the mailing of the notice after such time, the notice may be mailed at any time prior to the expiration of the period agreed upon. The period so agreed upon may be extended by subsequent agreements in writing made before the expiration of the period previously agreed upon.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2099; 1951, S. 1171d; 1969, P.A. 388, S. 9, 10; P.A. 75-213, S. 36, 53; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1, S. 5, 6, 12; P.A. 76-322, S. 10, 11, 27; P.A. 80-307, S. 18, 19, 31; P.A. 81-64, S. 7, 23; 81-411, S. 26, 27, 42; P.A. 85-316, S. 2, 7; P.A. 88-314, S. 25, 54; P.A. 90-148, S. 10, 34; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 38, 48, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 97-243, S. 28, 67; P.A. 98-262, S. 7, 22; P.A. 99-48, S. 6, 10; 99-121, S. 12, 28; P.A. 02-103, S. 19.)

      History: 1969 act changed interest rates in Subsecs. (2) and (3) from 0.5% to 0.75%; P.A. 75-213 added references to "acceptance" and "services" in Subsec. (6); Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1 deleted word "quarterly" from references re payment periods in Subsecs. (2) and (7), effective January 1, 1976, and applicable to taxes imposed by chapter 219 on or after that date; P.A. 76-322 increased interest rates in Subsecs. (2) and (3) to 1%; P.A. 80-307 temporarily increased interest rates in Subsecs. (2) and (3) to 1.25% for assessments and payments due on or after July 1, 1980, but not later than June 30, 1981; P.A. 81-64 amended Subsec. (4) to include a minimum penalty of $50; P.A. 81-411 continued the rate of interest applicable to a deficiency assessment under Subsec. (2) at 1.25% per month and continued the rate of interest applicable with respect to overpayments and underpayments as provided in Subsec. (3) at 1.25% per month, effective July 1, 1981, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; P.A. 85-316 amended Subsec. (3) by deleting reference to penalties on underpayments as an item against which overpayments may be offset, retaining interest on underpayments as an item subject to such offset; P.A. 88-314 made technical changes in Subsecs. (4) and (5) for purposes of clarification, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; P.A. 90-148 increased the rate of interest added under Subsecs. (2) and (3) from 1.25% to one and 1.66% per month and increased the penalty for deficiency assessment from 10% to 15% of the assessment as provided under Subsec. (4), effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 made existing Subsec. (1) a Subdiv. (A) and added provision that commissioner may not make more than one assessment for a tax period and added a new Subdiv. (B) re supplemental assessment, effective June 9, 1994, and in Subsecs. (2) and (3) reduced interest rate from 1.66% to 1%, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (1) to allow commissioner to make more than one assessment if new information comes into his possession and deleted requirement to adopt regulations, effective July 1, 1997; P.A. 98-262 amended Subsec. (7) to change reference from Subsec. (5) to Subsec. (4) of Sec. 12-416, effective June 8, 1998; P.A. 99-48 replaced numeric Subsec. indicators with alphabetic indicators, deleting former Subsec. (3) re offsets by the commissioner, and made technical changes, effective January 1, 2000; P.A. 99-121 amended Subsecs. (6) and (7) to make technical changes and delete obsolete language, effective June 3, 1999; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes in Subsec. (f).

      Cited. 168 C. 597. Cited. 187 C. 581. Cited. 210 C. 401. Cited. 231 C. 315. Section does not require proof of intent to evade "sales tax"; it requires proof of intent to evade the Sales and Use Tax Act or authorized regulations, which laws require accurate reporting and record keeping. 264 C. 286.

      Cited. 12 CA 417.

      Cited. 44 CS 297.

      Subsec. (2):

      Cited. 43 CA 744.

      Subsec. (4):

      Cited. 235 C. 393.

      Subsec. (7):

      Cited. 31 CS 373.

      Sec. 12-416. Assessments if no return made. (a) Assessment; failure to file return. If any person fails to make a return, the commissioner shall make an estimate of the amount of the gross receipts of the person or, as the case may be, of the amount of the total sales price of services or tangible personal property sold or purchased by the person, the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of which in this state is subject to the use tax. The estimate shall be made for the period or periods in respect to which the person failed to make a return and shall be based upon any information which is in or may come into the commissioner's possession. To the tax imposed upon the basis of such estimate, there shall be added an amount equal to fifteen per cent of such tax, or fifty dollars, whichever is greater. No person shall be subject to a penalty under both this section and section 12-419. Except in the case of new information that may come into the commissioner's possession, the commissioner may not make more than one assessment for a tax period for which a tax return has not been filed.

      (b) Interest. The amount of the assessment shall bear interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the last day of the month succeeding the period for which the amount or any portion thereof should have been returned until the date of payment.

      (c) Notice of assessment. Promptly after making the assessment the commissioner shall give to the person written notice of the estimate, assessment and penalty, the notice to be served personally or by mail in the manner prescribed for service of notice of a deficiency assessment.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2100; March, 1958, P.A. 27, S. 20; 1969, P.A. 388, S. 11, 12; P.A. 75-213, S. 37, 53; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1, S. 7, 12; P.A. 76-322, S. 12, 13, 27; P.A. 80-307, S. 20, 21, 31; P.A. 81-64, S. 8, 9, 23; 81-411, S. 28, 29, 42; P.A. 85-316, S. 3, 7; P.A. 88-314, S. 26, 54; P.A. 90-148, S. 11, 34; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 39, 76, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 97-243, S. 29, 67; P.A. 99-48, S. 7, 10.)

      History: 1969 act increased interest rates in Subsecs. (2) and (3) from 0.5% to 0.75%; P.A. 75-213 added references to "acceptance" and "services" in Subsec. (1); Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1 deleted "quarterly" with reference to payment period in Subsec. (3), effective January 1, 1976, and applicable to taxes imposed by chapter 219 on or after that date; P.A. 76-322 increased interest rates in Subsecs. (2) and (3) to 1%; P.A. 80-307 temporarily increased interest rates in Subsecs. (2) and (3) to 1.25% for payments and assessments due on or after July 1, 1980, but not later than June 30, 1981; P.A. 81-64 amended Subsec. (1) to include a minimum penalty of $50, and amended Subsec. (4) to include waiver of penalty provision applicable to other state taxes; P.A. 81-411 continued interest applicable to overpayments and underpayments related to assessment by the commissioner under Subsec. (2) at 1.25% per month, and continued interest applicable to an assessment by the commissioner under Subsec. (3) at the rate of 1.25% per month, effective July 1, 1981, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; P.A. 85-316 amended Subsec. (2) by deleting reference to penalties on underpayments as an item against which overpayments may be offset, retaining interest on underpayments as an item subject to such offset; P.A. 88-314 amended Subsec. (1) by a restatement of the commissioner's estimate of tax when no return is filed and the penalty to be added thereto, and deleted Subsec. (4) concerning failure of any person to file a return due to fraud or intent to evade the tax and the applicable penalties because this provision is covered in another section of chapter 219, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; P.A. 90-148 increased the rate of penalty added in Subsec. (1) from 10% to 15% of the tax and increased the rate of interest applicable under Subsecs. (2) and (3) from 1.25% to 1.66% per month, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 made existing Subsec. (1) a Subdiv. (A) and added provision that commissioner may not make more than one assessment for a tax period and added a new Subdiv. (B) re supplemental assessment, effective June 9, 1994, and in Subsecs. (2) and (3) reduced interest rate from 1.66% to 1%, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (1) to allow commissioner to make more than one assessment if new information comes into his possession and deleted requirement to adopt regulations, effective July 1, 1997; P.A. 99-48 replaced numeric Subsec. indicators with alphabetic indicators, deleting former Subsec. (2) re offsets by the commissioner, and made technical changes, effective January 1, 2000.

      Cited. 206 C. 253. Cited. 235 C. 737.

      Cited. 44 CS 297.

      Subsec. (1):

      Cited. 221 C. 166.

      Cited. 31 CS 373.

      Subsec. (3):

      Cited. 31 CS 373.

      Sec. 12-416a. Sharing of certain information and tax revenue with municipal agencies. The Commissioner of Revenue Services is authorized to pay to a municipal agency an amount not to exceed fifty per cent of the tax actually collected as the result of an assessment made under section 12-415 or 12-416 against the purchaser of a vessel, as defined in subdivision (24) of section 12-407, if said commissioner, in the commissioner's sole discretion, determines that information provided by such agency was instrumental in the making of such assessment. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 12-15, the commissioner may disclose to a municipal agency that receives a payment under this section the name and address of the person against whom the assessment is made, the amount of the tax actually assessed and the amount of the tax actually collected with respect to which such a payment may be made.

      (P.A. 97-229, S. 1, 3; P.A. 00-174, S. 14, 83.)

      History: P.A. 97-229 effective June 24, 1997; P.A. 00-174 added provision allowing sharing of certain information with the municipal agency receiving payment under this section, effective July 1, 2000, and applicable to assessments made on or after that date.

      Sec. 12-416b. Revenue sharing of certain tax revenue with revenue agencies of other states. The Commissioner of Revenue Services is authorized to pay to a revenue agency of another state an amount not to exceed fifty per cent of the tax actually collected as the result of an assessment made under section 12-416 against any purchaser of tangible personal property or services described in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 if said commissioner, in the commissioner's sole discretion, determines that information provided by such agency was instrumental in the making of such assessment.

      (P.A. 98-244, S. 19, 35; P.A. 02-103, S. 20.)

      History: P.A. 98-244 effective June 8, 1998; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes.

      Sec. 12-417. Jeopardy assessments. (1) Jeopardy assessment. Notice. If the commissioner believes that the collection of any tax or any amount of tax required to be collected and paid to the state or of any assessment will be jeopardized by delay, the commissioner shall make an assessment of the tax or amount of tax required to be collected, noting that fact upon the assessment and serving written notice thereof, personally or by mail, in the manner prescribed for service of notice of a deficiency assessment, on the person against whom the jeopardy assessment is made. Ten days after the date on which such notice is served on such person, such notice shall constitute a final assessment except only for such amounts as to which such person has filed a written petition for reassessment with the commissioner, as provided in subdivision (3) of this section.

      (2) Due date. Collection. Interest and penalty. The amount assessed is due and payable no later than the tenth day after service of the notice of assessment, unless on or before such tenth day the person against whom such assessment is made has obtained a stay of collection, as provided in subdivision (3) of this section. To the extent that collection has not been stayed, the commissioner may enforce collection of such tax by using the method provided in section 12-35 or by using any other method provided for in the general statutes relating to the enforced collection of taxes, provided, if the amount of such tax has been definitely fixed, the amount so fixed shall be assessed and collected, and if the amount of such tax has not been definitely fixed, the commissioner shall assess and collect such amount as, in the commissioner's opinion, from the facts available to the commissioner, is sufficient. If the amount specified in the notice of jeopardy assessment is not paid on or before the tenth day after service of notice thereof upon the person against whom the jeopardy assessment is made, the delinquency penalty and the interest provided in section 12-419 shall attach to the amount of the tax or the amount of the tax required to be collected.

      (3) Petition for reassessment. Stay of collection. Security. The person against whom a jeopardy assessment is made may file a petition for the reassessment thereof, pursuant to section 12-418, with the commissioner on or before the tenth day after the service upon such person of notice of the jeopardy assessment. Such person may obtain a stay of collection of the whole or any part of the amount of such jeopardy assessment by filing with the commissioner, on or before such tenth day, a bond of a surety company authorized to do business in this state or other security acceptable to the commissioner in such an amount not exceeding double the amount as to which the stay is desired, as the commissioner deems necessary to ensure compliance with this chapter, conditioned upon payment of as much of the amount, the collection of which is stayed by the bond, as is found to be due from such person. The security may be sold by the commissioner in the manner prescribed by section 12-430. At any time thereafter in respect to the whole or any part of the amount covered by the bond, such person may waive the stay, and if as the result of such waiver, any part of the amount covered by the bond is paid, the bond shall, at the request of such person, be proportionately reduced.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2101; P.A. 99-121, S. 13, 28; P.A. 02-103, S. 21.)

      History: P.A. 99-121 made technical changes and added provisions re jeopardy assessment, how served, when payable, how collected, how stayed and waiver of stay, effective June 3, 1999; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes in Subdivs. (1) and (2).

      Subsec. (1):

      Use of certified mail with return receipt converted notice from notice by mail to notice by personal service. 48 CS 410.

      Sec. 12-418. Reassessments. (1) Petition for reassessment. (A) Any person against whom an assessment is made under section 12-414a, 12-415, 12-416 or 12-424 or any person directly interested may petition for a reassessment not later than sixty days after service upon such person of notice thereof. If a petition for reassessment is not filed within the sixty-day period, the assessment becomes final at the expiration of the period.

      (B) Any person against whom an assessment is made under section 12-417 or any person directly interested may petition for a reassessment not later than ten days after service of notice upon such person. If a petition for reassessment is not filed within such ten-day period, the assessment becomes final at the expiration of the period.

      (2) Oral hearing. If a petition for reassessment is filed within the sixty-day period, in the case of an assessment made under section 12-414a, 12-415, 12-416 or 12-424, or within the ten-day period, in the case of an assessment made under section 12-417, the commissioner shall reconsider the assessment and, if the person has so requested in the petition, shall, in the commissioner's discretion, grant the person an oral hearing and shall give such person ten days' notice of the time and place of the hearing. The commissioner may continue the hearing from time to time, as may be necessary, and may assign the conduct of such hearing to a representative of the commissioner.

      (3) Decrease or increase of assessment. The commissioner may decrease or increase the amount of the assessment before it becomes final, but the amount may be increased only if a claim for the increase is asserted by the commissioner at or before the hearing.

      (4) Finality date of order or decision. The order or decision of the commissioner upon a petition for reassessment becomes final one month after service upon the petitioner of notice thereof unless within such period the petitioner seeks judicial review of the commissioner's order or decision pursuant to section 12-422.

      (5) Due date of assessment. All assessments made by the commissioner under section 12-414a, 12-415, 12-416 or 12-424 are due and payable at the time they become final.

      (6) Service of notice. Any notice required by this section shall be served personally or by mail in the manner prescribed for service of notice of a deficiency assessment.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2102; P.A. 81-64, S. 10, 23; P.A. 88-314, S. 27, 54; P.A. 91-236, S. 7, 25; P.A. 99-121, S. 14, 28; P.A. 00-174, S. 15, 83.)

      History: P.A. 81-64 amended Subsec. (5) to include a minimum penalty of $50; P.A. 88-314 deleted the description of applicable penalties in Subsec. (5) because these penalty provisions are provided for in Secs. 12-415 and 12-416 respectively, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; P.A. 91-236 provided for 60, rather than 30, days to request a reassessment, effective July 1, 1991, and applicable to taxes due on or after that date; P.A. 99-121 made technical changes and added provisions re deadline for filing a petition for reassessment where jeopardy assessment has been made, effective June 3, 1999; P.A. 00-174 added references to Secs. 12-414a and 12-424, allowing successors and officers to petition for reassessment, effective July 1, 2000, and applicable to assessments made on or after that date.

      Cited. 187 C. 581. Cited. 210 C. 401. Cited. 231 C. 315. Cited. 238 C. 761.

      Cited. 35 CA 72.

      Cited. 44 CS 133.

      Subsec. (1):

      Cited. 210 C. 413. Cited. 221 C. 166.

      Cited. 12 CA 417.

      Subsec. (2):

      Cited. 198 C. 413. Cited. 206 C. 253. Cited. 210 C. 413. Cited. 221 C. 166.

      Cited. 39 CS 234.

      Sec. 12-419. Interest and penalties. (a) Any person, other than an individual making purchases for personal use or consumption and not making purchases for use or consumption in carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession, who fails to pay any tax to the state or any amount of tax required to be collected and paid to the state, except amounts of assessments made by the commissioner under sections 12-415 and 12-416, within the time required shall pay, in addition to such tax or such amount of tax required to be collected and paid, a penalty of fifteen per cent of the tax or fifty dollars, whichever amount is greater, plus interest on such tax or such amount of tax required to be collected and paid at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the due date to the date of payment.

      (b) Any individual making purchases for personal use or consumption and not making purchases for use or consumption in carrying on a trade, occupation, business or profession who fails to pay use tax to the state, except amounts of assessments made by the commissioner under sections 12-415 and 12-416, within the time required shall pay, in addition to such tax, a penalty of ten per cent of the tax, plus interest on such tax at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the due date of such tax to the date of payment.

      (c) Subject to the provisions of section 12-3a, the commissioner may waive all or any part of the penalties provided under this chapter when it is proven to the satisfaction of the commissioner that failure to pay any tax was due to reasonable cause and was not intentional or due to neglect.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2103; 1953, S. 1172d; 1969, P.A. 388, S. 13; P.A. 76-322, S. 14, 27; P.A. 80-307, S. 22, 31; P.A. 81-64, S. 11, 23; 81-411, S. 30, 42; P.A. 85-316, S. 4, 7; P.A. 90-148, S. 12, 34; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 40, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 97-243, S. 30, 67.)

      History: 1969 act increased interest rate from 0.5% to 0.75%; P.A. 76-322 increased interest rate to 1%; P.A. 80-307 temporarily increased interest rate to 1.25% for taxes due on or after July 1, 1980, but not later than June 30, 1981; P.A. 81-64 amended penalty provisions to provide for penalty of 10% of the tax or $50, whichever is greater in all cases where previously charge was 5% for first 15 days and 10% thereafter; P.A. 81-411 continued interest on the amount of tax not paid when due at 1.25% per month, effective July 1, 1981, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; P.A. 85-316 added provision authorizing commissioner to waive penalties in specified cases; P.A. 90-148 increased the rate of penalty from 10% to 15% of the tax and increased the rate of interest added from 1.25% to 1.66% per month, effective July 1, 1990, and applicable to taxes becoming due on or after that date; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 in Subsec. (b) reduced interest rate from 1.66% to 1%, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-243 divided section into Subsecs. (a) to (c), reduced the penalty for late payment by individuals making purchase for their own personal use or consumption and made technical changes, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after January 1, 1997.

      Cited. 44 CS 297.

      Sec. 12-419a. Sales tax liability subject to penalty or interest and which is outstanding on July 1, 1990. In the case of any tax which is subject to penalty or interest, or both, pursuant to section 12-414, 12-415, 12-416 or 12-419, which is outstanding on July 1, 1990, and which is not the subject of a payment schedule or settlement between the Commissioner of Revenue Services and the taxpayer, the taxpayer shall be required to pay a penalty on the amount of such tax outstanding on said date in the amount of five per cent and shall be subject to interest at the rate of one and two-thirds per cent per month or fraction thereof for each month or portion thereof commencing on or after July 1, 1990.

      (P.A. 90-148, S. 13, 34; P.A. 94-175, S. 3, 32; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 80, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69.)

      History: P.A. 94-175 made a technical change in the statutory reference, effective June 2, 1994; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 revised effective date of P.A. 94-175 but without affecting this section; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section.

      Sec. 12-419b. Failure to file return when no tax is due. Any person required to file a return under the provisions of this chapter who fails to file such return within the time required in accordance with section 12-414 shall not be subject to the imposition of a penalty, as provided under section 12-30, when there is no tax due, with respect to such return. Such person may, however, be subject to the provisions of section 12-409 related to revocation of the permit of a seller for failure to comply with sales and use tax provisions.

      (P.A. 90-186, S. 2, 3; P.A. 95-359, S. 9, 19.)

      History: P.A. 95-359 changed reference from Sec. 12-419 to Sec. 12-30, effective July 13, 1995, and applicable to sales made on or after July 1, 1995.

      Sec. 12-420. Collection of taxes. Delinquent taxes. The amount of any tax, penalty or interest due and unpaid under the provisions of this chapter may be collected under the provisions of section 12-35. The warrant therein provided for shall be signed by the commissioner or his authorized agent. The amount of any such tax, penalty and interest shall be a lien, from the last day of the month next preceding the due date of such tax until discharged by payment, against all real estate of the taxpayer within the state, and a certificate of such lien signed by the commissioner may be filed for record in the office of the clerk of any town in which such real estate is situated, provided no such lien shall be effective as against any bona fide purchaser or qualified encumbrancer of any interest in any such property. When any tax with respect to which a lien has been recorded under the provisions of this section has been satisfied, the commissioner, upon request of any interested party, shall issue a certificate discharging such lien, which certificate shall be recorded in the same office in which the lien was recorded. Any action for the foreclosure of such lien shall be brought by the Attorney General in the name of the state in the superior court for the judicial district in which the property subject to such lien is situated, or, if such property is located in two or more judicial districts, in the superior court for any one such judicial district, and the court may limit the time for redemption or order the sale of such property or pass such other further decree as it judges equitable.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2104; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1, S. 8, 12; P.A. 78-280, S. 2, 4, 127; P.A. 85-501, S. 5.)

      History: Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1 deleted "quarterly" with reference to tax periods, effective January 1, 1976, and applicable to taxes imposed by chapter 219 on or after that date; P.A. 78-280 substituted "judicial district(s)" for "county(ies)"; P.A. 85-501 provided that lien shall be effective from the last day of the month next preceding the due date of the tax, rather than from filing day of a period for which the taxpayer is delinquent, and that such lien shall not be effective against a qualified encumbrancer as defined in Sec. 12-35b, deleting reference to purchasers or encumbrancers to whom property is transferred between last day of period and date of recording lien.

      The statute operates as an automatic lien whether or not state has fulfilled filing requirements. 183 C. 117.

      Cited. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 403.

      Sec. 12-420a. Managed compliance and audit agreements: Definitions. For purposes of this section and sections 12-420b and 12-420c:

      (1) "Eligible taxpayer" means any person who is required to file any return or to pay or remit any tax under this chapter and who in the opinion of the commissioner has demonstrated a willingness and ability to comply with the tax laws of this state and has maintained an acceptable system of business records;

      (2) "Managed compliance agreement" means an agreement between the commissioner and an eligible taxpayer that provides for an agreed upon method for calculating and remitting use tax on that taxpayer's purchases;

      (3) "Managed audit agreement" means an agreement between the commissioner and an eligible taxpayer consisting of an audit plan developed by the commissioner and the eligible taxpayer wherein the eligible taxpayer agrees to review selected sales and purchase records and to calculate and determine its liability for sales and use taxes;

      (4) "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Revenue Services; and

      (5) "Effective use tax rate" means the rate of use tax to be applied against a predetermined base of purchases for the purpose of computing the eligible taxpayer's use tax liability for a defined period.

      (P.A. 99-173, S. 60, 65.)

      History: P.A. 99-173 effective June 23, 1999.

      Sec. 12-420b. Managed compliance agreements, generally. (a) The commissioner may, in the commissioner's sole discretion, enter into a managed compliance agreement with an eligible taxpayer. Such agreement may provide for (1) one or more effective use tax rates for purchases subject to tax under this chapter, (2) a method to reconcile the effective use tax rate with the eligible taxpayer's actual liability, (3) a term not to exceed three years, provided nothing shall preclude the commissioner from entering into a subsequent agreement with the same taxpayer, (4) the conditions under which the agreement may require modification or termination, (5) a procedure to resolve disputes concerning the agreement, and (6) any such other provisions as the commissioner and the eligible taxpayer mutually agree upon to carry out the purposes of this section.

      (b) In performing a reconciliation of a managed compliance agreement the commissioner and the eligible taxpayer may agree to waive amounts either due the commissioner or due the eligible taxpayer, provided such amounts fall within a range that the commissioner determines shall apply to all eligible taxpayers entering into managed compliance agreements. Such range, which may be either a monetary amount or a percentage, shall be announced by the commissioner in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of section 12-2 and may be changed in accordance with said subsection (b), (1) on a prospective basis for agreements entered into after the effective date of such announced change, or (2) on a retroactive basis for agreements existing on the effective date of such announced change upon agreement by the commissioner and the eligible taxpayer.

      (c) The commissioner may, in the commissioner's sole discretion, terminate a managed compliance agreement and conduct an audit of an eligible taxpayer under subdivision (1) of section 12-415, if the eligible taxpayer fails to fulfill any of the terms of a managed compliance agreement and such failure is materially adverse to the commissioner and the taxpayer fails to cure such failure not later than thirty days after the mailing of written notice of such failure by the commissioner, provided no such notice need be given in the event such failure is not capable of being cured or the commissioner believes that the collection of any tax required to be collected and paid to the state or of any assessment will be jeopardized by delay. Any such termination shall be effective on the first day of the fourth month following the month in which notice of such termination is given by the commissioner to the taxpayer, except that such termination shall take effect immediately if such failure is not capable of being cured or if the commissioner believes that the collection of any tax required to be collected and paid to the state or of any assessment will be jeopardized by delay.

      (d) Nothing in this section shall abridge or alter any other requirements, rights or obligations of an eligible taxpayer or the commissioner granted or imposed by statute or regulation, including, but not limited to, penalties for negligence or intentional disregard of the provisions of this chapter, except as provided in subsection (c) of this section; penalties for failure to file returns or for fraud or intent to evade the provisions of this chapter; limitation periods and waivers of limitation periods; the right of an eligible taxpayer to petition for reassessment under section 12-418; the right of an eligible taxpayer to appeal an assessment under section 12-422; or the right of an eligible taxpayer to claim a refund under section 12-425.

      (P.A. 99-173, S. 61, 65; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 99-1, S. 41, 51; P.A. 02-103, S. 22.)

      History: P.A. 99-173 effective June 23, 1999; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 99-1 added new Subsec. (b) re waiver of amounts either due commissioner or eligible taxpayer and redesignated former Subsecs. (b) and (c) as Subsecs. (c) and (d), effective July 1, 1999; P.A. 02-103 made a technical change in Subsec. (c).

      Sec. 12-420c. Managed audit agreements. (a) The commissioner may, in the commissioner's sole discretion, enter into a managed audit agreement with an eligible taxpayer. Under a managed audit agreement, the commissioner shall (1) agree to accept, upon verification, the eligible taxpayer's determinations for purposes of making a deficiency assessment or otherwise determining the taxpayer's liability for the period under review, (2) provide written procedural guidelines to be included as part of the managed audit agreement, including, but not limited to, the general scope of the managed audit, what records will be examined and what types of sampling techniques will be used, and (3) review the results of the managed audit with the eligible taxpayer and issue an audit determination.

      (b) Such agreement may provide that, upon compliance by the taxpayer with all the terms of said agreement, in calculating the total amount of the audit assessment resulting from such managed audit the first ten thousand dollars of interest and ten per cent of any additional interest otherwise due under subdivision (2) of section 12-415 shall not be imposed. Any interest accruing after the initial assessment shall be at the rate of interest specified in subdivision (2) of section 12-415.

      (c) The commissioner may, in the commissioner's sole discretion, terminate a managed audit agreement and conduct an audit of an eligible taxpayer under subdivision (1) of section 12-415, if the eligible taxpayer fails to fulfill any of the terms of a managed audit agreement, or if the commissioner believes that a managed audit should not be conducted for any other reason.

      (d) Nothing in this section shall abridge or alter any other requirements, rights or obligations of an eligible taxpayer or the commissioner granted or imposed by statute or regulation, including, but not limited to, penalties for negligence or intentional disregard of the provisions of this chapter, except as provided in subsection (c) of this section; penalties for failure to file returns or for fraud or intent to evade the provisions of this chapter; limitation periods and waivers of limitation periods; the right of an eligible taxpayer to petition for reassessment under section 12-418; the right of an eligible taxpayer to appeal an assessment under section 12-422 or the right of an eligible taxpayer to claim a refund under section 12-425.

      (P.A. 99-173, S. 62, 65; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 99-1, S. 42, 51; P.A. 02-103, S. 23.)

      History: P.A. 99-173 effective June 23, 1999; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 99-1 added new Subsec. (b) re waiver of first $10,000 of interest and 10% of any additional interest otherwise due and redesignated former Subsecs. (b) and (c) as Subsecs. (c) and (d), effective July 1, 1999; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes in Subsecs. (b) and (c).

      Sec. 12-421. Hearing by commissioner. Any taxpayer, having paid any tax as provided by this chapter, aggrieved by the action of the commissioner or his authorized agent in fixing the amount of such tax or in imposing any penalty hereunder, may apply to the commissioner, in writing, within sixty days after the notice of such action is delivered or mailed to him, for a hearing and a correction of the amount of the tax or penalty so fixed, setting forth the reasons why such hearing should be granted and the amount in which such tax should be reduced. The commissioner shall promptly consider each such application and may grant or deny the hearing requested. If the hearing is denied, the applicant shall be notified thereof forthwith; if it is granted, the commissioner shall notify the applicant of the time and place fixed for such hearing. After such hearing the commissioner may make such order in the premises as appears to him just and lawful and shall furnish a copy of such order to the applicant. The commissioner may, by notice in writing at any time within three years after the date when any return of any taxpayer has been due, order a hearing on his own initiative and require the taxpayer or any other individual whom he believes to be in possession of relevant information concerning the taxpayer to appear before him or his authorized agent with any specified books of account, papers or other documents, for examination under oath.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2105; P.A. 91-236, S. 8, 25.)

      History: P.A. 91-236 provided for 60, rather than 30, days to request a hearing, effective July 1, 1991, and applicable to taxes due on or after that date.

      Cited. 158 C. 236. Statutes granting exemptions from taxation must be strictly construed and the burden of proving that an assessment of a deficiency tax was erroneous is on the plaintiff. 168 C. 597. Cited. 174 C. 51. Cited. 187 C. 581. Cited. 210 C. 401. Cited. 217 C. 220.

      Cited. 31 CS 134.

      Sec. 12-422. Appeal. Any taxpayer aggrieved because of any order, decision, determination or disallowance of the Commissioner of Revenue Services under section 12-418, 12-421 or 12-425 may, within one month after service upon the taxpayer of notice of such order, decision, determination or disallowance, take an appeal therefrom to the superior court for the judicial district of New Britain, which shall be accompanied by a citation to the Commissioner of Revenue Services to appear before said court. Such citation shall be signed by the same authority, and such appeal shall be returnable at the same time and served and returned in the same manner, as is required in case of a summons in a civil action. The authority issuing the citation shall take from the appellant a bond or recognizance to the state of Connecticut, with surety to prosecute the appeal to effect and to comply with the orders and decrees of the court in the premises. Such appeals shall be preferred cases, to be heard, unless cause appears to the contrary, at the first session, by the court or by a committee appointed by it. Said court may grant such relief as may be equitable and, if such tax has been paid prior to the granting of such relief, may order the Treasurer to pay the amount of such relief, with interest at the rate of two-thirds of one per cent per month or fraction thereof, to the aggrieved taxpayer. If the appeal has been taken without probable cause, the court may tax double or triple costs, as the case demands; and, upon all such appeals which are denied, costs may be taxed against the appellant at the discretion of the court, but no costs shall be taxed against the state.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2106; 1955, S. 1173d; 1971, P.A. 870, S. 35; P.A. 76-436, S. 317, 681; P.A. 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 78-280, S. 5, 127; P.A. 88-230, S. 1, 12; P.A. 89-343, S. 11, 17; P.A. 90-98, S. 1, 2; P.A. 93-142, S. 4, 7, 8; P.A. 95-26, S. 18, 52; 95-220, S. 4-6; P.A. 99-215, S. 24, 29.)

      History: 1971 act substituted court of common pleas for superior court, effective September 1, 1971, except that courts with cases pending retain jurisdiction unless matters pending are transferable; P.A. 76-436 substituted superior court for court of common pleas, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 78-280 substituted judicial district of Hartford-New Britain for Hartford county; P.A. 88-230 replaced "judicial district of Hartford-New Britain" with "judicial district of Hartford", effective September 1, 1991; P.A. 89-343 increased the rate of interest on the amount of relief ordered by the court from 6% to 9% per annum; P.A. 90-98 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1991, to September 1, 1993; P.A. 93-142 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1993, to September 1, 1996, effective June 14, 1993; P.A. 95-26 lowered interest rate from 9% per annum to 0.66% per month, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date; P.A. 95-220 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1996, to September 1, 1998, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 99-215 replaced "judicial district of Hartford" with "judicial district of New Britain", effective June 29, 1999.

      Cited. 145 C. 161. Cited. 158 C. 236. Cited. 168 C. 597. Cited. 170 C. 556. Cited. 183 C. 566. Cited. 187 C. 581. Cited. 198 C. 413; Id., 624. Cited. 204 C. 137. Cited. 205 C. 761. Cited. 206 C. 337. Cited. 210 C. 401. Sec. 14-422 [sic] cited. Id., 413. Cited. 211 C. 246. Cited. 212 C. 454. Cited. 213 C. 365. Cited. 214 C. 292. Cited. 217 C. 220. Cited. 220 C. 749. Cited. 221 C. 166; Id. 751. Cited. 222 C. 49. Cited. 231 C. 315; Id., 378. Cited. 235 C. 393; Id., 737. Cited. 236 C. 613; Id., 701. Cited. 238 C. 571; Id., 761. Cited. 242 C. 599.

      Cited. 2 CA 165; reversed and case remanded with direction that judgment of trial court be set aside with judgment directed in favor of defendant, see 198 C. 413 et seq. Cited. 6 CA 261. Cited. 12 CA 417. Cited. 24 CA 72. Cited. 35 CA 72. Cited. 43 CA 744.

      Cited. 30 CS 309. Cited. 31 CS 134. Equitable relief granted to taxpayer who innocently failed to file sales tax returns over twenty-one-year period, recovery of sales tax limited to three years plus interest and penalty. Id., 373. Cited. 39 CS 234. Cited. Id., 247. Failure to serve an appeal from a decision of commissioner in manner prescribed by this section deprives court of subject matter jurisdiction. 43 CS 10. Cited. 44 CS 1; Id., 297; Id., 472.

      Sec. 12-423. Abatement of taxes. Section 12-423 is repealed, effective April 13, 1995.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2107; P.A. 77-614, S. 146, 610; P.A. 95-4, S. 7, 8.)

      Sec. 12-424. Payment on termination of business and successor's liability. (1) Withholding by purchaser. If any person liable for any amount under this chapter sells out his or her business or stock of goods or quits the business, such person's successors or assigns shall withhold sufficient of the purchase price to cover such amount until the former owner produces a receipt from the commissioner showing that it has been paid or a certificate stating that no amount is due.

      (2) Liability of purchaser; release. If the purchaser of a business or stock of goods fails to withhold the purchase price as required, such purchaser becomes personally liable for the payment of the amount required to be withheld by the purchaser to the extent of the purchase price, valued in money. Within sixty days after receiving a written request from the purchaser for a certificate, the commissioner shall either issue the certificate or mail notice to the purchaser at said purchaser's address as it appears on the records of the commissioner of the amount that must be paid as a condition of issuing the certificate. Failure of the commissioner to mail the notice shall release the purchaser from any further obligation to withhold the purchase price as above provided. The time within which the obligation of the successor may be enforced shall start to run at the time the person sells out his or her business or stock of goods or quits the business or at the time that the assessment against such person becomes final, whichever event occurs later.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2108; P.A. 85-316, S. 5, 7; P.A. 00-174, S. 16, 83.)

      History: P.A. 85-316 made technical change in Subsec. (2); P.A. 00-174 replaced references to "retailer" with "person" with regard to liability under this section, provided that the obligation under this section may commence with the person's quitting the business and made technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to sales of a business or stock of goods occurring on or after that date.

      Cited. 44 CS 361.

      Sec. 12-425. Overpayments and refunds. (1) Claim limitation period. No refund shall be allowed unless a claim therefor is filed with the commissioner within three years from the last day of the month succeeding the period for which the overpayment was made, or, with respect to assessments made under sections 12-415 and 12-416, within six months after the assessments become final. No credit shall be allowed after the expiration of the period specified for filing claims for refund unless a claim for credit is filed with the commissioner within such period, or unless the credit relates to a period for which a waiver is given pursuant to subsection (g) of section 12-415.

      (2) Conditions; sales tax reimbursement. No credit or refund of any amount paid pursuant to section 12-411 shall be allowed on the ground that the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of the services or property is exempted under subdivision (1) of section 12-413, unless in addition to the overpayment for which the claim is filed the claimant also has reimbursed the claimant's vendor for the amount of the sales tax imposed upon the claimant's vendor with respect to the sale of the property and paid by the vendor to the state.

      (3) Form and content of claim. Every claim shall be in writing and shall state the specific grounds upon which the claim is founded.

      (4) Effect of failure to file claim. Failure to file a claim within the time prescribed in this section constitutes a waiver of any demand against the state on account of overpayment.

      (5) Determination of validity. Notice of action. (A) The commissioner, upon receipt of such claim for refund, shall determine whether such claim is valid and, if so, shall notify the State Comptroller of the amount of such refund and the State Comptroller shall draw an order on the State Treasurer for payment of such refund. If the commissioner determines that such claim is not valid, either in whole or in part, he shall mail notice of the proposed disallowance to the claimant in the manner prescribed for service of notice of a deficiency assessment. Sixty days after the date on which it is mailed, a notice of proposed disallowance shall constitute a final disallowance except only for such amounts as to which the claimant has filed, as provided in subparagraph (B) of this subdivision, a written protest with the commissioner.

      (B) On or before the sixtieth day after the mailing of the proposed disallowance, the claimant may file with the commissioner a written protest against the proposed disallowance in which the claimant sets forth the grounds on which the protest is based. If a protest is filed, the commissioner shall reconsider the proposed disallowance and, if the claimant has so requested, may grant or deny the claimant or the claimant's authorized representatives an oral hearing.

      (C) The commissioner shall mail notice of his determination to the claimant, which notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of decision in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to the claimant.

      (D) The action of the commissioner on the claimant's protest shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which he mails notice of his action to the claimant unless within such period the claimant seeks judicial review of the commissioner's determination pursuant to section 12-422.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2109; 1951, S. 1174d; P.A. 75-213, S. 38, 53; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1, S. 9, 12; P.A. 85-316, S. 6, 7; P.A. 87-56; P.A. 90-28, S. 3; P.A. 95-4, S. 4, 8; P.A. 97-243, S. 56, 67; P.A. 99-48, S. 9, 10; P.A. 02-103, S. 24.)

      History: P.A. 75-213 included references to "acceptance" and "services"; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1 deleted "quarterly" with reference to payment periods, effective January 1, 1976, and applicable to taxes imposed by chapter 219 on or after that date; P.A. 85-316 amended Subsec. (2) for purposes of a technical correction deleting a limitation on filing claim for overpayment, stated as "within six months from the date of overpayment"; P.A. 87-56 amended Subsec. (2) to make technical correction, deleting the phrase "whichever period expires later" after the word "final"; P.A. 90-28 made technical change in Subsec. (3); P.A. 95-4 deleted former Subdiv. (1) concerning credits and refunds and renumbered the remaining Subdivs., effective April 13, 1995; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (5) to provide for an administrative hearing with the department before taking an appeal to the Superior Court, establish the time for filing a claim and make technical changes, effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to claims for refund filed on or after said date; P.A. 99-48 amended Subsec. (1) to change reference to Sec. 12-415(8) to Sec. 12-415(g), effective May 27, 1999; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes in Subdiv. (2).

      Cited. 183 C. 566. Cited. 210 C. 401. Cited. 221 C. 751.

      Subsec. (2):

      Cited. 12 CA 417.

      Cited. 31 CS 373.

      Sec. 12-425a. Time limit on claims for certain deficiency assessments or awards. Section 12-425a is repealed.

      (P.A. 74-301, S. 1, 2; P.A. 75-213, S. 39, 53; P.A. 82-472, S. 182, 183.)

      Sec. 12-426. Administration. (1) Enforcement by commissioner; regulations. The commissioner shall enforce the provisions of this chapter and may adopt and enforce regulations relating to the administration and enforcement of this chapter. The commissioner may prescribe the extent to which any ruling or regulation shall be applied without retroactive effect.

      (2) Employees and representatives of commissioner. The commissioner may employ accountants, auditors, investigators, assistants and clerks necessary for the efficient administration of this chapter, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 67, and may designate representatives to conduct hearings or perform any other duties imposed by this chapter upon the commissioner.

      (3) Records. (A) Every seller, every retailer as defined in subparagraph (B) of subdivision (12) of section 12-407 and every person storing, accepting, consuming or otherwise using in this state services or tangible personal property purchased from a retailer shall keep such records, receipts, invoices and other pertinent papers in such form as the commissioner requires.

      (B) In addition any records required pursuant to subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, each materialman collecting tax as allowed under the provisions of subparagraph (C) of subdivision (2) of section 12-408 shall keep the following records with respect to each sale of building materials or services described in said subparagraph (C): (i) The date of such sale; (ii) proof that the sale meets the qualifications described in said subparagraph (C); (iii) the amount of credit, if any, extended by such materialman to such contractor, subcontractor or repairman for each such sale; (iv) the terms for payment of the purchase price or repayment of any such credit; and (v) the date or dates on which such purchase price is paid or such credit is repaid, in whole or in part, and the amount of each such payment or repayment. Such records shall be kept for a period of three years from the date the tax on each such sale is paid over to the commissioner in full, provided the commissioner may consent to their destruction within that period or may require that they be kept longer.

      (4) Examination of records. The commissioner or any person authorized by him may examine the books, papers, records and equipment of any person selling services or tangible personal property and any person liable for the use tax, and may investigate the character of the business of the person in order to verify the accuracy of any return made or, if no return is made by the person, to ascertain and determine the amount required to be paid.

      (5) Reports relative to use tax liability. In administration of the use tax the commissioner may require the filing of information reports by any person or class of persons having in his or their possession or custody information relating to sales of services or tangible personal property the storage, acceptance, consumption or other use of which is subject to the tax. Such reports shall be filed when the commissioner requires and shall set forth the names and addresses of purchasers of the services or tangible personal property, the sales price of the services or property, the date of sale and such other information as the commissioner may require.

      (6) Divulging of information forbidden. Repealed by P.A. 82-67, S. 4.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2110; P.A. 75-213, S. 40, 53; P.A. 82-67, S. 4; P.A. 85-613, S. 98, 154; P.A. 99-173, S. 28, 65; P.A. 00-230, S. 6.)

      History: P.A. 75-213 added references to "acceptance" and "services"; P.A. 82-67 repealed Subsec. (6) re prohibition against divulging information; P.A. 85-613 made technical change in Subsec. (2), substituting reference to chapter 67 for reference to chapter 63; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (3) to designate existing provisions as Subdiv. (A) and add new Subdiv. (B) re record keeping requirements for the optional remitting sales tax when payment is received under Sec. 12-408(2)(C), effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999; P.A. 00-230 made technical changes in Subdiv. (3)(A).

      Cited. 184 C. 102.

      Subsec. (1):

      Cited. 187 C. 581.

      Subsec. (3):

      Cited. 217 C. 476.

      Subsec. (6):

      Nowhere in statute is any prohibition against disclosure of tax delinquents or amount of delinquency. Whether sales taxes are owed and the amount of same do not relate to the conduct of the business of the taxpayer. 184 C. 102.

      Sec. 12-427. Disposition of proceeds. (1) Settlement with Treasurer. All funds received by the Commissioner of Revenue Services under the provisions of this chapter shall be recorded with the Comptroller and shall be deposited daily with the State Treasurer. The commissioner shall issue his receipt to any taxpayer for any payment upon request.

      (2) Publication and disclosure of information. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall publish in his report, required under the provisions of section 4-60, data showing the amount of taxes and the amount of penalties, assessed under the provisions of this chapter, with such classifications of taxpayers, incomes and deductions and such other facts as he deems pertinent and valuable. Such published figures shall not disclose the operations of any taxpayer in such manner as to permit the identification of such taxpayer by those unassociated with his business. The commissioner shall, at least annually, and more often in his discretion, publish for distribution all regulations prescribed hereunder and such rulings and information as appear to him to be of general interest.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2111; September, 1957, P.A. 11, S. 13; 1959, P.A. 291, S. 2; P.A. 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 85-356, S. 4, 9; P.A. 90-271, S. 9, 24.)

      History: 1959 act deleted language in Subsec. (2) that refund be from "the unappropriated surplus" of the general fund; P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 85-356 deleted former Subsec. (2) authorizing the comptroller to draw upon the general fund for the purpose of making any refund under chapter 219 and relettered former Subsec. (3) accordingly; P.A. 90-271 made a technical change.

      See Sec. 4-32 re state revenue accounting procedure.

      Sec. 12-428. Wilful violations and corresponding penalties. (1) Wilful failure to file return. Any person required under this chapter to pay any tax, or required under this chapter or by regulations thereunder to make a return, keep any record or supply any information, who wilfully fails to pay such tax, make such return, keep such records or supply such information, at the time required by law, shall, in addition to any other penalty provided by law, be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or both. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 54-193, no person shall be prosecuted for a violation of the provisions of this subsection committed on or after July 1, 1997, except within three years next after such violation has been committed. As used in this section, "person" includes any officer or employee of a corporation, or a member or employee of a partnership under a duty to pay such tax, make such return, keep such records or supply such information.

      (2) Wilful delivery of false return or document. Any person who wilfully delivers or discloses to the commissioner or his authorized agent any list, return, account, statement or other document, known by him to be fraudulent or false in any material matter, shall, in addition to any other penalty provided by law, be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five years nor less than one year or both. No person shall be charged with an offense under both subsections (1) and (2) of this section in relation to the same tax period but such person may be charged and prosecuted for both such offenses upon the same information.

      (3) Penalties for certain violations. Any person who knowingly violates any provision of this chapter for which no other penalty is provided, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or both for each offense.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2112; P.A. 76-243; P.A. 88-314, S. 28, 54; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 78, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 97-203, S. 6, 20.)

      History: P.A. 76-243 amended Subsec. (1) to remove from provisions those who render false or fraudulent return and to increase fine from $500 to $1,000 and term of imprisonment from 30 days to 3 months and amended Subsec. (2) to delete reference to fraudulent return, to delete minimum fine and to set minimum imprisonment at one year and maximum imprisonment at five years, replacing previous provision which set imprisonment at "not more than one year"; P.A. 88-314 replaced existing section concerning failure to file a return or data as required, filing a false return with intent to defraud and applicable penalties, and substituted in lieu thereof the provisions related to these subjects as currently used in state taxes as follows: Wilful failure to make a return as required, including penalty provisions, wilful delivery of any return or document known to be false, including penalty provisions and penalties applicable in the event of knowing violations for which there is no specific penalty, effective July 1, 1988, and applicable to any tax which first becomes due and payable on or after said date, to any return or report due on or after said date, or in the case of any ongoing obligation imposed in accordance with said act, to the tax period next beginning on or after said date; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 in Subdiv. (2) increased penalty for a violation of the Subdiv. from not more than one year to not more than five years nor less than one year, effective June 9, 1994; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-203 amended Subsec. (1) to extend to three years the time within which persons wilfully failing to file tax returns or pay taxes may be criminally prosecuted, effective July 1, 1997.

      Sec. 12-429. Oaths and subpoenas. The commissioner and any agent of the commissioner authorized to conduct any inquiry, investigation or hearing hereunder may administer oaths and take testimony under oath relative to the matter of inquiry or investigation. At any hearing ordered by the commissioner, the commissioner or his agent authorized to conduct such hearing and having authority by law to issue such process may subpoena witnesses and require the production of books, papers and documents pertinent to such inquiry. No witness under subpoena authorized to be issued by the provisions of this chapter shall be excused from testifying or from producing books or papers on the ground that such testimony or the production of such books or other documentary evidence would tend to incriminate him, but such evidence or the books or papers so produced shall not be used in any criminal proceeding against him. If any person disobeys such process or, having appeared in obedience thereto, refuses to answer any pertinent question put to him by the commissioner or his authorized agent, or to produce any books and papers pursuant thereto, the commissioner or such agent may apply to the superior court for the judicial district wherein the taxpayer resides or wherein the business has been conducted, or to any judge of said court if the same is not in session, setting forth such disobedience to process or refusal to answer, and said court or such judge shall cite such person to appear before said court or such judge to answer such question or to produce such books and papers and, upon his refusal so to do, shall commit such person to a community correctional center until he testifies, but not for a longer period than sixty days. Notwithstanding the serving of the term of such commitment by any person, the commissioner may proceed in all respects with such inquiry and examination as if the witness had not previously been called upon to testify. Officers who serve subpoenas issued by the commissioner or under his authority and witnesses attending hearings conducted by him hereunder shall receive fees and compensation at the same rates as officers and witnesses in the courts of this state, to be paid on vouchers of the commissioner on order of the Comptroller from the appropriation for the administration of this chapter.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2113; 1969, P.A. 297; P.A. 78-280, S. 2, 127.)

      History: 1969 act substituted "community correctional center" for "jail"; P.A. 78-280 substituted "judicial district" for "county".

      Order issued pursuant to section is not final and appealable, discussed. 194 C. 245.

      Sec. 12-430. Miscellaneous provisions. (1) Security for tax. The commissioner, whenever he deems it necessary to insure compliance with this chapter, may require any person subject thereto to deposit with him such security as the commissioner determines. The amount of the security shall be fixed by the commissioner but shall not be greater than six times the person's estimated average liability for the period for which he files returns, determined in such manner as the commissioner deems proper. The amount of the security may be increased or decreased by the commissioner subject to the limitations herein provided. The commissioner may sell the security at public auction if it becomes necessary so to do in order to recover any tax or any amount required to be collected, or any interest or penalty due. Notice of the sale may be served upon the person who deposited the security personally or by mail. If by mail, service shall be made in the manner prescribed for service of a notice of a deficiency assessment and shall be addressed to the person at his address as it appears in the records of the commissioner's office. Security in the form of a bearer bond, issued by the United States or the state of Connecticut, which has a prevailing market price may, however, be sold by the commissioner at private sale at a price not lower than the prevailing market price thereof. Upon any sale any surplus above the amounts due shall be returned to the person who deposited the security.

      (2) Penalty for delinquent filing of return. Repealed by P.A. 81-64, S. 22, 23.

      (3) Evidence of sales tax payment required before obtaining registration for motor vehicle, vessel, snowmobile or aircraft. Each person before obtaining an original or transferral registration for a motor vehicle, vessel, snowmobile or aircraft in this state shall furnish evidence that any tax due thereon pursuant to the provisions of this chapter has been paid in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Commissioner of Revenue Services, and on forms approved by, in the case of a motor vehicle, vessel or snowmobile, the Commissioner of Revenue Services and the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, and, in the case of an aircraft, the Commissioner of Revenue Services and the Commissioner of Transportation. The Commissioner of Motor Vehicles shall, upon the request of the Commissioner of Revenue Services, after hearing by the Commissioner of Revenue Services, suspend or revoke a motor vehicle, vessel or snowmobile registration of any person who fails to pay any tax due in connection with the sale, storage, use or other consumption of such motor vehicle, vessel or snowmobile pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. The Commissioner of Transportation shall, upon the request of the Commissioner of Revenue Services, after a hearing by the Commissioner of Revenue Services, suspend or revoke an aircraft registration of any person who fails to pay any tax due in connection with the sale, storage, use or other consumption of such aircraft pursuant to the provisions of this chapter.

      (4) Trade-in of motor vehicles, snowmobiles, aircraft, vessels or farm tractors. Where a trade-in of a motor vehicle is received by a motor vehicle dealer, upon the sale of another motor vehicle to a consumer, or where a trade-in of an aircraft, as defined in subdivision (5) of section 15-34, is received by an aircraft dealer, upon the sale of another aircraft to a consumer, or where a trade-in of a farm tractor, snowmobile or any vessel, as defined in section 15-127, is received by a retailer of farm tractors, snowmobiles or such vessels upon the sale of another farm tractor, snowmobile or such vessel to a consumer, the tax is only on the difference between the sale price of the motor vehicle, aircraft, snowmobile, farm tractor or such vessel purchased and the amount allowed on the motor vehicle, aircraft, snowmobile, farm tractor or such vessel traded in on such purchase. When any such motor vehicle, aircraft, snowmobile, farm tractor or such vessel traded in is subsequently sold to a consumer or user, the tax provided for in this chapter applies.

      (5) Payment of sales or use tax to another state. If any service or article of tangible personal property has already been subjected to a sales or use tax by any other state or political subdivision thereof and payment made thereon in respect to its sale or use in an amount less than the tax imposed by this chapter, the provisions of this chapter shall apply, but at a rate measured by the difference, only, between the rate herein fixed and the rate by which the previous tax upon the sale or use was computed. If such tax imposed in such other state or political subdivision thereof is equivalent to or in excess of the rate imposed under this chapter at the time of such sale or use, then no tax shall be due on such article.

      (6) Miscellaneous provisions. When a licensed motor vehicle dealer replaces a motor vehicle which has been registered to such dealer and the replaced motor vehicle is no longer in the possession of or used by such dealer, the tax imposed by this chapter shall be applicable only with respect to the difference between such dealer's cost for the new motor vehicle being registered, which motor vehicle is the replacement for said replaced motor vehicle, and the wholesale value of said replaced motor vehicle at the time of its replacement, determined in accordance with a standard reference book for such values acceptable to the Commissioner of Revenue Services.

      (7) Deposit requirement for persons doing business with nonresident contractors. (A) As used in this section, (i) "nonresident contractor" means a contractor who does not maintain a regular place of business in this state; (ii) "regular place of business" means any bona fide office, factory, warehouse or other space in this state at which a contractor is doing business in its own name in a regular and systematic manner, and which place is continuously maintained, occupied, and used by the contractor in carrying on its business through its employees regularly in attendance to carry on the contractor's business in the contractor's own name, except that "regular place of business" does not include a place of business for a statutory agent for service of process, or a temporary office or location used by the contractor only for the duration of the contract, whether or not at the site of construction, or an office maintained, occupied and used by a person affiliated with the contractor; (iii) "contract price" means the total contract price, including deposits, amounts held as retainage, costs for any change orders, or charges for add-ons; and (iv) "person doing business with a nonresident contractor" does not include an owner or tenant of real property used exclusively for residential purposes and consisting of three or fewer dwelling units, in one of which the owner or tenant resides, provided each nonresident contractor doing business with such owner or tenant shall be required to comply with the bond requirements under subparagraph (F) of this subdivision.

      (B) Any person doing business with a nonresident contractor and making payments of the contract price to such nonresident contractor shall deduct and withhold from such payments an amount of five per cent of such payments, unless such nonresident contractor has furnished a certificate of compliance as described in subparagraph (E) of this subdivision. The amounts so required to be deducted and withheld shall be paid over to the commissioner by the last day of the month following the calendar quarter following the calendar quarter in which the first payment to the nonresident contractor is made, and every calendar quarter thereafter. Each such payment to the commissioner shall be accompanied by a form prescribed by the commissioner. The amount required to be deducted and withheld from the nonresident contractor, when so deducted and withheld, shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the state. No nonresident contractor shall have any right of action against a person deducting and withholding under this subdivision with respect to any moneys deducted and withheld and paid over to the commissioner in compliance with or intended compliance with this subdivision.

      (C) A nonresident contractor shall request, in writing, that the Commissioner of Revenue Services audit the records of such contractor for a project for which amounts were deducted and withheld from such contractor under subparagraph (B) of this subdivision. If such request is not made within three years after the date the final payment of such amounts was made to the commissioner, such contractor waives the right to request such audit and claim a refund of such amounts. The commissioner shall, after receipt of such request, conduct an audit and issue to the nonresident contractor a certificate of no tax due or a certificate of tax due from the nonresident contractor. Not later than ninety days after the issuance of a certificate of no tax due, the commissioner shall return to the nonresident contractor the amounts deducted and withheld from such contractor and paid over to the commissioner. Upon issuance of a certificate of taxes due, the commissioner may return to the nonresident contractor the amount by which the amounts deducted and withheld and paid over to the commissioner under subparagraph (B) of this subdivision exceed the amount of taxes set forth in the certificate, together with the interest and penalties then assessed.

      (D) When a person doing business with the nonresident contractor pays over to the Commissioner of Revenue Services amounts deducted and withheld pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this subdivision, such person shall not be liable for any claim of the nonresident contractor for such amounts or for any claim of the commissioner for any taxes of the nonresident contractor arising from the activities of the nonresident contractor on the project for which the amounts were paid over. Such payment shall not relieve the person doing business with the nonresident contractor of such person's liability for use taxes due on purchases of services from such nonresident contractor.

      (E) When a nonresident contractor enters into a contract with the state, said contractor shall provide the Labor Department with evidence demonstrating compliance with the provisions of chapters 567 and 568, the prevailing wage requirements of chapter 557 and any other provisions of the general statutes related to conditions of employment.

      (F) Not later than one hundred twenty days after the commencement of the contract, or thirty days after the completion of the contract, whichever is earlier, a nonresident contractor may (i) furnish a guarantee bond in a sum equivalent to five per cent of the contract price, or (ii) deposit with the commissioner a cash bond in a sum equal to five per cent of the contract price, in lieu of the requirements contained in subparagraph (B) of this subdivision. The commissioner may accept such bond on such terms and conditions as the commissioner may require, and upon acceptance of such bond, shall issue a certificate of compliance to the contractor. The provisions of subparagraph (C) of this subdivision shall apply to such bond, upon completion of the contract, in the same manner as such provisions apply to amounts paid over under subparagraph (B) of this subdivision.

      (G) Upon the furnishing of a certificate of compliance by the nonresident contractor to the person doing business with a nonresident contractor, such person shall not be liable for any claim of the commissioner for any taxes of the nonresident contractor arising from the activities of such contractor on the project for which the bond was provided. Such certificate of compliance shall not relieve the person doing business with the nonresident contractor of such person's liability for use taxes due on purchases of services from such nonresident contractor.

      (H) If any person doing business with a nonresident contractor fails to deduct and withhold and pay over to the commissioner amounts under subparagraph (B) of this subdivision, or fails to obtain a certificate of compliance from the nonresident contractor pursuant to subparagraph (G) of this subdivision, such person shall be personally liable for payment of any taxes of the nonresident contractor arising from the activities of such contractor on the project for which such amounts or certificate were required.

      (1949 Rev., S. 2114; 1951, S. 1175d, 1176d; September, 1957, P.A. 13, S. 2; 1961, P.A. 399; 1969, P.A. 752, S. 13; June, 1969, P.A. 1, S. 22; June, 1971, P.A. 5, S. 128; P.A. 73-166; 73-518, S. 1, 2; 73-520; P.A. 74-338, S. 16, 94; P.A. 75-213, S. 41, 53; 75-470, S. 1, 2; Dec. Sp. Sess. P.A. 75-1, S. 10-12; P.A. 76-199, S. 1, 3; P.A. 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 81-64, S. 22, 23; P.A. 82-36, S. 1, 3; P.A. 88-6, S. 5; 88-7, S. 1; P.A. 89-123, S. 6; P.A. 91-127, S. 1; P.A. 93-288, S. 6, 7; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 20, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; 95-260, S. 2, 24; P.A. 00-174, S. 17, 83; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6, S. 45, 85; P.A. 03-147, S. 1; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 76; P.A. 05-260, S. 6.)

      History: 1961 act provided that Subsec. (4) apply only to Connecticut motor vehicle dealers; 1969 acts included snowmobiles in Subsecs. (3) and (4), deleted references to dealers "licensed under the provisions of subpart (D) of part III of chapter 246 and holding a valid seller's permit" in Subsec. (4) and added provision re computation of tax during period between July 1, 1969, and July 1, 1971, in Subsec. (4); 1971 act deleted special provisions re tax between 1969 and 1971 in Subsec. (4); P.A. 73-166 increased amount of security from $10,000 to $20,000 in Subsec. (1); P.A. 73-518 placed snowmobiles and dealers in provision re dealers of farm tractors rather than in provision re motor vehicle dealers and included dealers of vessels under Subsec. (4); P.A. 73-520 added Subsec. (6) re dealers' replacement vehicles; P.A. 74-338 made technical change in Subsec. (4); P.A. 75-213 included references to "acceptance" and "services"; P.A. 75-470 added Subsec. (7) re bond requirement for nonresident contractor; December, 1975, P.A. 75-1 increased alternate amounts of security in Subsec. (1) at six times, rather than two times, the person's estimated average liability for filing period and deleted "quarterly or other" with reference to tax periods, effective January 1, 1976, and applicable to taxes imposed by chapter 219 on or after that date; P.A. 76-199 included boats in Subsec. (3) and made technical correction; P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 81-64 repealed Subsec. (2) re penalty for delinquent filing of return; P.A. 82-36 increased the maximum security that may be required under Subsec. (1) to insure compliance with sales tax requirements, which maximum security prior to P.A. 82-36 was six times the taxpayer's estimated average liability or $20,000, whichever is less, by raising $20,000 to $100,000; P.A. 88-6 amended Subsec. (3) by including registration of aircraft as subject to the requirements of this Subsec. and adding the requirement previously in Sec. 12-431 that proof of property tax payment be made before allowing exemption from sales tax for certain transfers of motor vehicles under said Sec. 12-431; P.A. 88-7 amended Subsec. (3) by inserting provisions deleted from Sec. 12-431 by P.A. 88-7, requiring each person eligible for exemption under use tax for a motor vehicle as allowed in Sec. 12-431(a) or (b) to furnish evidence that property tax applicable to the motor vehicle has been paid in full; P.A. 89-123 amended Subsec. (3) by substituting the term "vessel" for the term "boat", wherever it appeared in the subsection; P.A. 91-127 amended Subsec. (1) to remove the upper limit of $100,000 on the required security; (Revisor's note: In 1993 the following language, which was omitted from the 1991 revision due to clerical error, was reinstated editorially at the end of Subsec. (3): "suspend or revoke an aircraft registration of any person who fails to pay any tax due in connection with the sale, storage, use or other consumption of such aircraft pursuant to the provisions of this chapter"); P.A. 93-288 amended Subsec. (7) increasing bond requirement from 3% of the total amount of the contract to 5% of the total amount of the contract and adding Subdiv. (7) re information to be supplied by nonresident contractors, effective July 1, 1993; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 in Subsec. (4) included the trade-in of aircraft, effective July 1, 1996, and applicable to sales occurring on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 changed the effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 20 to July 1, 1997, and applicable to sales on or after that date; P.A. 95-260 amended Subsec. (3) to eliminate provision requiring person to furnish evidence of payment of property tax applicable to the motor vehicle before obtaining original or transferral motor vehicle registration and provision as to what evidence of payment consists of, effective July 1, 1995 (Revisor's note: A reference in Subsec. (7) to "Department of Labor" was changed editorially by the Revisors to "Labor Department" for consistency with customary statutory usage); P.A. 00-174 added Subdivs. (7)(a)(ii) and (7)(b)(ii) re security for tax required of direct payment permit holders, specified when persons other than direct payment permit holders shall make payments under this section and made technical changes, effective October 1, 2000, and applicable to contracts entered into on or after that date; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 01-6 amended Subdiv. (7)(b) to extend the deadline for a person who hires an out-of-state contractor to post security for payment of sales tax on property to be consumed in fulfilling the contract, effective July 1, 2001; P.A. 03-147 amended Subdiv. (7) to delete former Subsecs. (a) to (c), to add new Subparas. (A) to (D) re deposit requirements for persons doing business with nonresident contractors and to redesignate existing Subsec. (d) as Subpara. (E), effective July 1, 2003, and applicable to contracts entered into on or after that date; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 added Subdiv. (7)(F) re guarantee bond in lieu of the requirements of Subpara. (B), effective August 20, 2003; P.A. 05-260 amended Subdiv. (7) by adding definitions for "contract price" and "person doing business with a nonresident contractor", providing for a certificate of compliance as alternative method of ensuring payment of tax, requiring tax payments to be held in special fund, adding Subparas. (G) and (H) re liability for taxes, and making other conforming changes, effective October 1, 2005, and applicable to contracts entered into on or after that date.

      See Sec. 14-379 for definition of "snowmobile".

      Subsec. (3):

      Cited. 198 C. 168.

      Subsec. (4):

      Former provision of section restricting allowance for trade-in to car dealers licensed in Connecticut held unconstitutional. 158 C. 234.

      Subsec. (5):

      Cited. 168 C. 597. Cited. 198 C. 168; Id., 624. Cited. 240 C. 531.

      Subsec. (7):

      Under 1999 revision, a nonresident contractor is an individual who is not physically located within this state or a business entity that does not maintain a permanent place of business in the state; taxpayer who has complied with Subdiv. (C) by either paying five per cent withheld to Commissioner of Revenue Services or providing a guarantee bond is not liable for failure to pay the taxes and obtain a receipt under Sec. 12-411(3); terms "retailer engaged in business in this state" in Sec. 12-411(3) and "nonresident contractor" in Subsec. are not mutually exclusive and may be construed to avoid double taxation. 293 C. 363.

      Sec. 12-430a. Determination of sales tax on certain construction equipment or machinery when such equipment or machinery is traded in on purchase. In any sale at retail of construction equipment or machinery, the source of power for which is an integral part of any individual unit of such equipment or machinery, which sale is made by a retailer of such equipment or machinery who accepts a trade-in of such equipment or machinery in such sale, the sales tax with respect to such sale shall not be applicable to the entire purchase price of such equipment or machinery but shall be imposed on the difference between such purchase price and the amount allowed by the retailer on such equipment or machinery traded in as a credit against the entire purchase price of such equipment or machinery purchased. When any such equipment or machinery traded in is subsequently sold to a consumer or user, the tax imposed under this chapter shall be applicable to such sale.

      (P.A. 85-457, S. 1, 2.)

      History: P.A. 85-457 effective July 1, 1985, and applicable to sales of such construction equipment or machinery on or after July 1, 1985.

      Sec. 12-431. Tax on casual sales of motor vehicles, vessels, snowmobiles and aircraft. (a)(1) Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, in case of the purchase of any motor vehicle, snowmobile, vessel or aircraft other than from a licensed motor vehicle dealer or licensed motor vehicle lessor, a snowmobile dealer, a licensed marine dealer or a retailer of aircraft, respectively, the receipts therefrom shall not be included in the measure of the sales tax, but the purchaser thereof shall pay a use tax on the total purchase price thereof to the Commissioner of Revenue Services, as provided in section 12-411, in the case of tangible personal property purchased from a retailer, and, in the case of motor vehicles, vessels and snowmobiles, before obtaining an original or transferal registration, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Commissioner of Revenue Services and on forms approved by the Commissioner of Revenue Services and the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, and, in the case of aircraft, before obtaining an original or transferal registration, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Commissioner of Revenue Services and on forms approved by the Commissioner of Revenue Services and the Commissioner of Transportation.

      (2) No use tax shall be payable in cases of purchase (A) when the purchaser is the spouse, mother, father, brother, sister or child of the seller, (B) when a motor vehicle or vessel is sold in connection with the organization, reorganization or liquidation of an incorporated business, provided the last taxable sale or use of the motor vehicle or vessel was subjected to a tax imposed by this chapter and the purchaser is the incorporated business or a stockholder thereof, (C) when a motor vehicle is sold in connection with the organization or termination of a partnership or limited liability company, provided the last taxable sale or use of the motor vehicle was subjected to a tax imposed by this chapter and the purchaser is the partnership or limited liability company, as the case may be, or a partner or member, thereof, as the case may be, or (D) when a motor vehicle which has been declared a total loss pursuant to the provisions of section 14-16c is rebuilt for sale or use, provided the purchaser was subjected to the tax imposed by this chapter for the last taxable sale of said vehicle.

      (b) In order to determine the total purchase price of a motor vehicle for the purposes of this section, the commissioner shall, by regulation, adopt by reference a book of valuations, for various purposes, of motor vehicles published by a nationally recognized organization. The commissioner shall, by regulation, determine which of the various valuations of motor vehicles contained in any such book is appropriate for the purposes of this section and such value shall, regardless of the value placed on the motor vehicle at the time of the purchase by the parties to such transaction, be presumed to be the total purchase price of such motor vehicle for the purposes of this section unless the purchaser can prove to the satisfaction of the commissioner that such value is incorrect.

      (1951, 1953, June, 1955, S. 1177d; 1957, P.A. 459, S. 1; September, 1957, P.A. 13, S. 3; 1959, P.A. 533; 1969, P.A. 752, S. 14; P.A. 76-199, S. 2, 3; P.A. 77-614, S. 139, 610; P.A. 82-416, S. 1, 3; P.A. 86-73, S. 1, 2; P.A. 88-6, S. 6; 88-7, S. 2; 88-24, S. 1, 2; P.A. 89-123, S. 7; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 155, 168; P.A. 95-260, S. 22, 24; P.A. 97-243, S. 31, 67; P.A. 99-173, S. 29, 65; P.A. 00-174, S. 18, 83.)

      History: 1959 act clarified language re when use tax not paid and provided additionally that use tax not paid when transferee is the incorporated or unincorporated business involved or a stockholder, owner, member or partner of such business; 1969 act included snowmobiles under provisions of section; P.A. 76-199 included boats under provisions of section; P.A. 77-614 substituted commissioner of revenue services for tax commissioner, effective January 1, 1979; P.A. 82-416 amended provision which allows transfer of a motor vehicle owned by a business without imposition of use tax in the event of dissolution or reorganization of such business and such transfer is to an owner of the business, by providing that transfer of a boat under such conditions be allowed the same exemption from use tax as in the case of a motor vehicle; P.A. 86-73 added the provision that in the case of any transfer of a motor vehicle as provided under Subdiv. (a) or (b) of this section, any property tax applicable to the motor vehicle transferred becoming due prior thereto shall be paid in full before registration of the motor vehicle transferred may be obtained, effective July 1, 1986, and applicable to such transfers occurring on or after that date; P.A. 88-6 changed "airplane" to "aircraft" and provided for payment of use tax by a purchaser of aircraft before obtaining registration; P.A. 88-7 deleted provisions requiring each person eligible for exemption under use tax for a motor vehicle as allowed in Subdiv. (a) or (b) to furnish evidence that property tax applicable to the motor vehicle has been paid in full, which provisions were inserted by P.A. 88-7 in Subsec. (3) of Sec. 12-430; P.A. 88-24 restated provisions allowing exemption from use tax for transfer of a motor vehicle in connection with the organization or termination of a partnership provided the transfer is to the partnership or a partner thereof; P.A. 89-123 substituted the term "vessel" for the term "boat" wherever it appeared; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3 added Subsec. (b), concerning the method of valuation of motor vehicles under this section, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1991; P.A. 95-260 amended Subsec. (a) to add a new Subdiv. (4) to allow exemption from use tax for transfer of a motor vehicle declared a total loss and rebuilt for sale or use provided transferee was subjected to tax imposed by chapter for last taxable sale of vehicle, effective June 13, 1995, and applicable to sales or transfers occurring on and after July 1, 1995; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (a) to add "licensed motor vehicle lessor", effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to sales occurring on or after October 1, 1997; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (a) to expand the exemption to sales in connection with the organization or termination of limited liability companies, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to sales occurring on or after July 1, 1999; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (a) to delete provision re federal treatment of casual sales for purposes of this section and to make technical changes for purposes of grammar and organization of this section, effective May 26, 2000.

      See Sec. 14-379 for definition of "snowmobile".

      Transfer to corporation under former statute (460b of 1951 Supp.). 144 C. 569.

      Sec. 12-432. Use of proceeds. Section 12-432 is repealed.

      (1953, S. 1178d; P.A. 73-288, S. 7, 8.)

      Sec. 12-432a. Civil action related to mail-order sales from outside Connecticut not allowed by retailer failing to comply with this chapter re such sales. No retailer, as defined in subdivision (g) of subsection (12) of section 12-407, who fails to comply with the provisions of this chapter shall maintain any action in law or equity in this state on any sale or transaction included under said subdivision (g) of subsection (12).

      (February, 1965, P.A. 381, S. 3; P.A. 89-41, S. 3, 6.)

      History: P.A. 89-41 made the limitation on legal action in this section applicable to persons making retail sales from outside this state and not maintaining a place of business in this state.

      Sec. 12-432b. Severability in application of sales and use tax to mail-order sales from outside Connecticut. If any section, subsection, part, clause or phrase in subdivisions (12) and (15) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 and section 12-432a is for any reason held to be invalid or unconstitutional, any section, subsection, part, clause or phrase in said subdivisions (12) and (15) of subsection (a) of section 12-407 and section 12-432a not held to be invalid or unconstitutional shall not be affected and shall remain in full force and effect.

      (P.A. 89-41, S. 4, 6; P.A. 90-295, S. 3, 5; P.A. 02-103, S. 25.)

      History: P.A. 89-41 effective July 1, 1989, and applicable to sales from outside this state to destinations in this state on or after that date; P.A. 90-295 made no substantive change; P.A. 02-103 made technical changes.

      Sec. 12-432c. Tax rate amendments contingent upon estimated gross tax revenue in cumulative monthly financial statement issued by Comptroller. (a) If any cumulative monthly financial statement issued by the Comptroller pursuant to section 3-115 after September 9, 2009, and before January 1, 2010, indicates that the estimated gross tax revenue to the General Fund, to the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 2010, is at least one per cent less than the estimated gross tax revenue to the General Fund for said fiscal year, included in public act 09-3 of the June special session* pursuant to section 2-35, the amendments made to the provisions of subdivisions (1) and (3) of section 12-408, subdivision (1) of section 12-411, subsection (c) of section 12-411b and subdivision (3) of section 12-414, pursuant to sections 108 to 112, inclusive, of public act 09-3 of the June special session*, shall not take effect.

      (b) If any cumulative monthly financial statement issued by the Comptroller pursuant to section 3-115 after January 1, 2010, and on or before June 30, 2010, indicates that the estimated gross tax revenue to the General Fund, to the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 2010, is at least one per cent less than the estimated gross tax revenue to the General Fund for said fiscal year, included in public act 09-3 of the June special session* pursuant to section 2-35, (1) the amendments made to the provisions of subdivisions (1) and (3) of section 12-408, subdivision (1) of section 12-411, subsection (c) of section 12-411b and subdivision (3) of section 12-414, pursuant to sections 108 to 112, inclusive, of public act 09-3 of the June special session*, shall, on and after July 1, 2010, be inoperative and have no effect, and (2) the provisions of said subdivisions and subsection of said sections of the general statutes, revision of 1958, revised to December 31, 2009, shall be effective on and after July 1, 2010.

      (June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 113.)

      *Note: Public act 09-3 of the June special session is entitled "An Act Concerning Expenditures and Revenue for the Biennium Ending June 30, 2011". (See Reference Table captioned "Public Acts of June, 2009" in Volume 16 which lists the sections amended, created or repealed by the act.)

      History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 effective September 9, 2009.