Sec. 52-185. Bond for prosecution. (a) If the plaintiff in any civil action is not an inhabitant of this state, or if it does not appear to the authority signing the process that the plaintiff is able to pay the costs of the action should judgment be rendered against him, the plaintiff shall, before the process is signed, enter into a recognizance to the adverse party with a financially responsible inhabitant of this state as surety, or a financially responsible inhabitant of this state shall enter into a recognizance to the adverse party, that the plaintiff shall prosecute his action to effect and answer all costs for which judgment is rendered against him. The recognizance shall not be discharged by any amendment or alteration of the process between the time of signing and of serving it.
(b) The recognizance may be taken in the following form:
You, C.S., as principal, and E.C., as surety, acknowledge yourselves jointly and severally bound to J.L., in a recognizance (or, as the case may be, You, E.C., acknowledge yourself bound to J.L., in a recognizance) of .... dollars, that C.S. shall prosecute the action which he has now commenced against J.L. at the Superior court to be held at H. in and for the judicial district of H., on the .... Tuesday of ...., 20.. to full effect, and that he shall pay any costs for which judgment may be rendered against him thereon.
Taken and acknowledged at H. on the .... day of ...., 20.., before me, J.W., Commissioner of the Superior Court.
(c) If a bond or recognizance is required on any writ of summons or attachment, it may be noted in the writ in the following manner:
E.C. of .... is recognized in $.... to prosecute, etc. (or words to that effect).
(d) If there has been a failure to comply with the provisions of this section, or if the authority signing a writ has failed to certify in accordance with any statute or rule that he has personal knowledge as to the financial responsibility of the plaintiff and deems it sufficient, the validity of the writ and service shall not be affected unless the failure is made a ground of a plea in abatement. If such plea in abatement is filed and sustained or if the plaintiff voluntarily elects to cure the defect by filing a bond, the court shall direct the plaintiff to file a bond to prosecute in the usual amount. Upon the filing of the bond, the case shall proceed in the same manner and to the same effect as to rights of attachment and in all other respects as though the failure had not occurred. The court may, in its discretion, order, as a condition to the acceptance of the bond, that the plaintiff pay to the defendant costs not to exceed the costs in full to the date of the order.
(1949 Rev., S. 7931; 1961, P.A. 517, S. 43; P.A. 78-280, S. 2, 127; P.A. 82-160, S. 86.)
History: 1961 act deleted obsolete provision for actions before justices of the peace; P.A. 78-280 substituted "judicial district" for "county" where appearing; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators; (Revisor's note: The references in Subsec. (b) of this section to the date "19.." were changed editorially by the Revisors to "20.." to reflect the new millennium).
The person serving the writ may give bond. 1 R. 356. The want of a bond is only matter of abatement. 16 C. 574. Death of plaintiff discharges bond. 9 C. 238. Liability of surety on bond. 14 C. 329; 30 C. 143, 144. Liability of bondsman continues until final termination of the litigation. 7 C. 435. Bond may be written out in full after suit is brought upon it. 48 C. 381. Is in itself a complete record, imports verity and is conclusive evidence of its own truth. 48 C. 380; 28 C. 534. If nonresident plaintiff fails to give bond, the defect cannot be made good by bond afterward given in court. 51 C. 327. Ordinary bond for costs not required where replevin bond is given. 54 C. 48. Bond for costs not essential on application for an alternative writ of mandamus. 67 C. 365, 366. Bond of surety company may be accepted. 70 C. 558. The bondsman's undertaking is that of surety, although the plaintiff is not formally joined as principal. 70 C. 559, 560. Bond of $140 to answer all damages, etc., held sufficient. 73 C. 541. Of practice in general; applies to writ of error. 75 C. 652. Failure to give bond waived by appearance. 67 C. 366. Taking is ministerial act. 77 C. 184. Mistake in memo. 74 C. 170. Discretion of court as to amount. 82 C. 1. Statute applies to mandamus, when. 90 C. 639; 91 C. 114. Temporary residence in another state does not make one a nonresident. 92 C. 345. Memorandum de bond at foot of injunction writ, held a compliance with the statute. 73 C. 541. Effect of noting bond under this section. 75 C. 652. Statute applies only to process in actions in which costs are taxable; not to habeas corpus. 113 C. 739. Cited. 113 C. 772. Cited. 166 C. 174. Cited. 173 C. 408. Cited. 191 C. 201, 202, 204, 206.
History and review of section. 3 CS 434. Recognizance or certificate of financial responsibility is a condition precedent to the validity of the writ. 4 CS 279. Cited. 6 CS 156; 8 CS 398; 13 CS 441. Applicability in divorce actions. 7 CS 88. Meaning of "substantial" discussed. 13 CS 13. Court cannot waive bond even in the case of an indigent plaintiff. 36 CS 37−41. Cited. Id., 37, 39, 40.
Where addresses of two of three plaintiffs were lacking, but subscribing authority certified as to plaintiff's financial responsibility, plea in abatement by defendant upon grounds the two plaintiffs might be nonresidents was overruled. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 235.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 191 C. 201, 207.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 191 C. 201, 207, 208.
Subsec. (d):
Cited. 191 C. 201, 208.

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Sec. 52-186. Court may order bond. (a) If a court finds that any bond taken for prosecution in a pending action, or on appeal, is insufficient, or that the plaintiff has not given a bond for prosecution and is not able to pay the costs, it shall order a sufficient bond to be given before trial, unless the trial will thereby necessarily be delayed. In determining the sufficiency of the bond to be given, the court shall consider only the taxable costs which the plaintiff may be responsible for under section 52-257, except that in no event shall the court consider the fees or charges of expert witnesses notwithstanding that such fees or charges may be allowable under said section.
(b) Any party failing to comply with an order of the court to give a sufficient bond may be nonsuited or defaulted, as the case may be.
(c) Bonds for the prosecution of any civil action or appeal, pending in any court, may be taken when the court is not in session by its clerk.
(1949 Rev., S. 7932; P.A. 82-160, S. 87; P.A. 91-158.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators; P.A. 91-158 amended Subsec. (a) to add provision limiting the costs which the court may consider in determining the sufficiency of the bond.
Amount of bond is in court's discretion. 82 C. 1. Clerk may take bond for appeal, where that has been general practice of court. 84 C. 461. Cited. 113 C. 772; 131 C. 658. Bond furnished no security to one of the adverse parties, held case is not one of a bond which is merely "insufficient." 147 C. 722.
Burden of proof is on party moving for such bond. 13 CS 13. Court cannot waive bond even in the case of an indigent person. 36 CS 37−41. Cited. Id., 37, 40.

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Sec. 52-187. Member of community defending to give bond. If, in any action against a community, any individual member of the community appears to defend, he shall procure bond with surety to the acceptance of the court in which the action is pending to save the community harmless from all costs which may arise by reason of the appearance. The bond shall be payable to the community and be filed in the court. If the individual member successfully defends against the action, he shall be entitled to the costs recoverable from the plaintiff unless the community also appeared and incurred the costs of the defense.
(1949 Rev., S. 7934; P.A. 82-160, S. 88.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.
Any inhabitant of a town can appear to defend in an action against it. 19 C. 331; 81 C. 235. Bond not required when a party aggrieved remonstrates against acceptance of report of committee on highway petition. 27 C. 424. Property of an inhabitant of a town may be taken on execution against it. 121 U. S. 121.

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Sec. 52-188. Court may order bond by nonresident defendant in realty action. Any nonresident defendant in any civil action relating to real property or any interest therein, if any relief other than money damages is claimed, may be ordered by the court, during the pendency of the action, to give such bond to such other party or parties to the action as the court may direct, conditioned for the payment of costs. Judgment as on default may be rendered against any defendant who fails to comply with such order.
(1949 Rev., S. 7995; P.A. 82-160, S. 89.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.

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Sec. 52-189. Surety company bond acceptable. Any surety company chartered by this state or authorized to do business herein may be accepted as surety or recognizor upon any bond or recognizance required by law in any civil action or in any proceeding instituted under the statutes of this state. In any action where a bond or recognizance is by law required, the bond of the company, duly executed and conditioned for the performance of the obligations expressed in the bond or recognizance, may be accepted by the person having authority thereto, and shall be filed by him in the court to which the action or proceeding is returnable or pending.
(1949 Rev., S. 7935; P.A. 82-160, S. 90.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.
It seems that bonds of surety companies for costs were lawful before this statute. 70 C. 558. Rule of construction favoring surety does not extend to surety company. 78 C. 702; 109 C. 266.

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Sec. 52-190. Action on probate bond. Endorsement of writ. (a) The writ in any action brought upon a probate bond, or bond taken to a judge of probate and his successors in office, shall be abatable unless, before its issue, a financially responsible inhabitant of the state signs a written endorsement upon it, substantially as follows: "I agree to be responsible for the costs of this action." The endorser shall be liable for the costs of the action in case of judgment for the defendant, and the judgment shall be rendered against the endorser and not against the plaintiff.
(b) If the endorser dies or removes from this state, a new endorser on the writ shall be substituted. The court before which the action is pending may at any time order the substitution of a new endorser, to be approved by it, who shall endorse the writ and be liable for the costs from the commencement of the action in the same manner as the original endorser. For any failure to comply with such an order the plaintiff may be nonsuited.
(1949 Rev., S. 7933; P.A. 82-160, S. 91.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators.
See Sec. 45a-144 re action on probate bond by aggrieved person.
See Sec. 52-74 re action on foreign probate bond.
See Sec. 52-117 re pleading in action on probate bond.
Cited. 63 C. 569.

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Sec. 52-190a. Prior reasonable inquiry and certificate of good faith required in negligence action against health care provider. (a) No civil action shall be filed to recover damages resulting from personal injury or wrongful death occurring on or after October 1, 1987, whether in tort or in contract, in which it is alleged that such injury or death resulted from the negligence of a health care provider, unless the attorney or party filing the action has made a reasonable inquiry as permitted by the circumstances to determine that there are grounds for a good faith belief that there has been negligence in the care or treatment of the claimant. The complaint or initial pleading shall contain a certificate, on a form prescribed by the rules of the superior court, of the attorney or party filing the action that such reasonable inquiry gave rise to a good faith belief that grounds exist for an action against each named defendant. For purposes of this section, such good faith may be shown to exist if the claimant or his attorney has received a written opinion, which shall not be subject to discovery by any party except for questioning the validity of the certificate, of a similar health care provider as defined in section 52-184c, which similar health care provider shall be selected pursuant to the provisions of said section, that there appears to be evidence of medical negligence. In addition to such written opinion, the court may consider other factors with regard to the existence of good faith. If the court determines after the completion of discovery, that such certificate was not made in good faith and that no justiciable issue was presented against a health care provider that fully cooperated in providing informal discovery, the court upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed such certificate, a represented party or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the pleading, motion or other paper, including a reasonable attorney's fee. The court may also submit the matter to the appropriate authority for disciplinary review of the attorney if the claimant's attorney submitted the certificate.
(b) Upon petition to the clerk of the court where the action will be filed, an automatic ninety-day extension of the statute of limitations shall be granted to allow the reasonable inquiry required by subsection (a) of this section. This period shall be in addition to other tolling periods.
(P.A. 86-338, S. 12; P.A. 87-227, S. 9.)
History: P.A. 87-227 amended Subsec. (a) to replace provision that "No action, accruing on or after October 1, 1986, shall be filed to recover damages for personal injury or wrongful death" with "No civil action shall be filed to recover damages resulting from personal injury or wrongful death occurring on or after October 1, 1987".
P.A. 86-338 cited. 214 C. 1, 6, 7. Good faith certificate is not jurisdictional. 215 C. 701, 702, 705−710, 713. Cited. 236 C. 681, 690. Cited. 242 C. 1.
Cited. 26 CA 497−499, 501. Cited. 33 CA 378, 380, 383, 384, 386. Cited. 37 CA 105, 123.
Cited. 41 CS 169, 173−175.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 215 C. 701, 705, 709, 712. Cited. 242 C. 1.
Cited. 33 CA 378.
Cited. 41 CS 169, 170, 172.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 242 C. 1.
Cited. 33 CA 378, 381−383, 385. Cited. 43 CA 397.

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Sec. 52-191. Precedence of actions in favor of the state. All civil actions brought by or on behalf of the state, including informations on the relation of a private individual, shall have precedence over all other civil actions in respect to the order of trial, except actions upon probate bonds.
(1949 Rev., S. 7945; P.A. 82-160, S. 92.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.

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Sec. 52-191a. Precedence of certain actions involving zoning ordinances and regulations. Any civil action wherein one of the issues is the interpretation of a zoning ordinance or regulation that is the basis of a pending criminal prosecution under section 8-12 shall be privileged in assignment for trial.
(February, 1965, P.A. 109, S. 2.)

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Sec. 52-191b. Precedence of proceedings involving planning commissions. Any legal proceeding to which any municipal planning commission is a party shall be considered a privileged matter with respect to the order of trial.
(1971, P.A. 274.)

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Sec. 52-191c. Precedence of actions involving terminally ill persons. (a) Any civil action to which a terminally ill person is a party shall be privileged in assignment for trial. For the purpose of this section, "terminally ill" means in the final stage of an incurable or irreversible medical condition which will result in death within a relatively short time, in the opinion of the attending physician.
(b) The judges of the Superior Court may, in accordance with the provisions of section 51-14, adopt rules for the precedence of actions pursuant to this section.
(P.A. 98-54.)

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Sec. 52-192. Precedence of other cases in order of trial. Any objections made to the acceptance of the report of a committee or auditor, or award of an arbitrator, shall be heard and determined promptly and without delay after return of the report or award, unless a continuance is granted for cause. Appeals from probate and from the actions of commissioners appointed by courts of probate, actions brought by or against executors or administrators of estates, actions brought by or against conservators of the estates of incapable persons, actions brought by or against guardians of the estates of minors, actions brought by receivers of insolvent corporations by order of the court by which such receivers were appointed, actions brought by or against any person sixty-five years of age or older or who reaches the age of sixty-five during the pendency of the action, actions in which a party has been ordered to post security with the Department of Motor Vehicles or has posted security with the Department of Motor Vehicles, pursuant to the requirements of section 14-117, appeals from any action of the Commissioner of Environmental Protection in accordance with section 25-17, appeals under the provisions of section 14-57, partitions and foreclosure cases, including cases in which a bond has been substituted for a mechanic's lien, shall have precedence over all other civil actions in respect to the order of trial, except as provided in section 52-191.
(1949 Rev., S. 7946; 1957, P.A. 78, S. 1; March, 1958, P.A. 14, S. 2; 1959, P.A. 102; 1961, P.A. 329; 509, S. 1; 1963, P.A. 162; 1967, P.A. 819; 1971, P.A. 872, S. 156; P.A. 82-160, S. 93; P.A. 92-118, S. 8.)
History: 1959 act added partitions and foreclosures; 1961 acts added appeals under section 14-57; 1963 act added cases where bond has been substituted for mechanic's lien; 1967 act added actions where party has been ordered to or has posted security with motor vehicle department; 1971 act replaced water resources commission with commissioner of environmental protection; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section; P.A. 92-118 added provision re precedence in order of trial for actions brought by or against executors or administrators of estates, conservators of estates of incapable persons and guardians of the estates of minors; (Revisor's note: In 1997 references to "Motor Vehicle Department" were changed editorially by the Revisors to "Department of Motor Vehicles" for consistency with customary statutory usage).
See Sec. 49-39 re privileged status of action to foreclose a mechanics' lien with respect to order of trial.
Cited. 63 C. 307. Cited. 179 C. 415, 424. Cited. 229 C. 634, 643. Cited. 230 C. 828, 833.
Privilege given to "persons" over sixty-five years of age does not extend to corporate entities in existence over sixty- five years. Legislative intent construed. 22 CS 156.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 26 CA 322, 324. Cited. 44 CA 154.

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Sec. 52-192a. Offer of judgment by plaintiff. Acceptance by defendant. Computation of interest. (a) After commencement of any civil action based upon contract or seeking the recovery of money damages, whether or not other relief is sought, the plaintiff may before trial file with the clerk of the court a written "offer of judgment" signed by him or his attorney, directed to the defendant or his attorney, offering to settle the claim underlying the action and to stipulate to a judgment for a sum certain. The plaintiff shall give notice of the offer of settlement to the defendant's attorney, or if the defendant is not represented by an attorney, to the defendant himself. Within thirty days after being notified of the filing of the "offer of judgment" and prior to the rendering of a verdict by the jury or an award by the court, the defendant or his attorney may file with the clerk of the court a written "acceptance of offer of judgment" agreeing to a stipulation for judgment as contained in plaintiff's "offer of judgment". Upon such filing, the clerk shall enter judgment immediately on the stipulation. If the "offer of judgment" is not accepted within thirty days and prior to the rendering of a verdict by the jury or an award by the court, the "offer of judgment" shall be considered rejected and not subject to acceptance unless refiled. Any such "offer of judgment" and any "acceptance of offer of judgment" shall be included by the clerk in the record of the case.
(b) After trial the court shall examine the record to determine whether the plaintiff made an "offer of judgment" which the defendant failed to accept. If the court ascertains from the record that the plaintiff has recovered an amount equal to or greater than the sum certain stated in his "offer of judgment", the court shall add to the amount so recovered twelve per cent annual interest on said amount, computed from the date such offer was filed in actions commenced before October 1, 1981. In those actions commenced on or after October 1, 1981, the interest shall be computed from the date the complaint in the civil action was filed with the court if the "offer of judgment" was filed not later than eighteen months from the filing of such complaint. If such offer was filed later than eighteen months from the date of filing of the complaint, the interest shall be computed from the date the "offer of judgment" was filed. The court may award reasonable attorney's fees in an amount not to exceed three hundred fifty dollars, and shall render judgment accordingly. This section shall not be interpreted to abrogate the contractual rights of any party concerning the recovery of attorney's fees in accordance with the provisions of any written contract between the parties to the action.
(P.A. 76-316, S. 2; P.A. 77-269, S. 1, 2; P.A. 79-60; 79-250, S. 1; P.A. 81-315, S. 3; P.A. 82-160, S. 94; 82-228; P.A. 83-295, S. 9; P.A. 92-110, S. 1; P.A. 94-20.)
History: P.A. 77-269 amended Subsec. (c) to specify that provisions apply to "all claims, except claims which were assigned for trial on or before October 1, 1976" rather than to claims "accruing after October 1, 1976"; P.A. 79-60 raised annual interest on offer of judgment from six to twelve per cent in Subsec. (b); P.A. 79-250 authorized court to award attorney's fees not exceeding three hundred and fifty dollars and specified that provisions do not abrogate contractual rights concerning recovery of attorney's fees in Subsec. (b); P.A. 81-315 amended provisions in Subsec. (b) concerning computation of interest on judgments in actions commenced on or after October 1, 1981; P.A. 82-160 made minor technical changes to Subsecs. (a) and (b) and deleted Subsec. (c) which had provided "This section shall apply to all claims, except claims which were assigned for trial on or before October 1, 1976"; P.A. 82-228 amended Subsec. (a) by deleting the provision allowing a plaintiff to file a new offer of judgment after rejection and to continue to file offers up until trial, and amended Subsec. (b) by providing that interest is to be computed on the amount of the verdict rather than on the amount "contained in such offer" and by deleting a provision concerning what constituted the largest offer of judgment for purposes of computing interest; P.A. 83-295 amended Subsec. (b) by providing that interest is to be computed on and added to the "amount so recovered" rather than the "verdict"; P.A. 92-110 amended Subsec. (a) to authorize a plaintiff to file an offer of judgment in any civil action "seeking the recovery of money damages, whether or not other relief is sought" rather than in any civil action "for the recovery of money only"; P.A. 94-20 amended Subsec. (a) to require an offer of judgment to be accepted prior to the rendering of a verdict by the jury or an award by the court.
In the context of the statute, reference to "verdict" incorporates a recovery awarded by the court. Prejudgment and postjudgment interest discussed with reference to Sec. 37-3a. 192 C. 301−310. Does not apply to state; sovereign immunity not expressly waived. 205 C. 542, 544, 556, 558, 559. Cited. 206 C. 100−102. Is applicable to court as well as jury trials. 208 C. 82, 91, 93. Cited. 211 C. 648, 652, 653. Cited. 225 C. 146, 150, 154, 162, 163. Cited. 227 C. 914, 915. Cited. 228 C. 206, 208, 213, 230. Cited. 229 C. 525−528. Cited. 231 C. 745, 749. Cited. 234 C. 169, 170, 174, 175, 179, 181, 182. Cited. 239 C. 144. Cited. Id., 708. Cited. Id., 769. Cited. Id., 802. Cited. 240 C. 49. Cited. Id., 287. Cited. Id., 799. Cited. 241 C. 319. Statute permits plaintiff to offer only one offer of judgment as to each defendant. 249 C. 339.
Cited. 3 CA 111, 117. Cited. Id., 570, 573, 574. Cited. 8 CA 254, 255, 261, 267, 269. Cited. 13 CA 712, 719. Cited. 21 CA 366, 367, 369. Cited. Id., 549−556. Imposes penalty for wasting Connecticut judicial resources; court "will not permit defendant to avoid consequences of his decision to ignore plaintiff's offer of judgment merely because his contract obligations were made in another state." 22 CA 640, 648, 650−656. Cited. 25 CA 67, 77, 78, 82. Cited. 26 CA 231, 234, 239. Cited. Id., 322, 325, 326. Cited. 30 CA 664, 667. Cited. 31 CA 806−809, 811−816. Cited. 32 CA 118, 122. Cited. 33 CA 662−664. Cited. Id., 842, 844. Cited. 35 CA 504, 506. Cited. 36 CA 653, 656. Cited. 38 CA 685, 687, 701−704. Cited. 42 CA 239. Cited. Id., 712. Cited. 43 CA 645. Cited. 44 CA 154. Cited. 45 CA 165. Cited. Id., 543. Cited. 46 CA 37.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 192 C. 301, 305. Cited. 234 C. 169, 180. Cited. 239 C. 708.
Cited. 3 CA 570, 571. Cited. 31 CA 806, 814. Cited. 44 CA 154.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 188 C. 213, 222−224. Cited. 192 C. 301, 305, 306. Cited. 208 C. 82−85, 87, 90, 92, 93. Cited. 211 C. 648, 650, 652. Cited. 234 C. 169, 179, 180. Cited. 239 C. 708. Cited. Id., 769. Requirements, purpose, de novo review, and application to unified offers of judgment. 245 C. 1.
Cited. 3 CA 570−572, 574, 575. Cited. 8 CA 254, 267−271. Cited. 21 CA 366, 369. Cited. Id., 549, 554, 555. Cited. 31 CA 806, 810, 812, 814. Cited. 33 CA 662, 663. Cited. 38 CA 685, 686, 702−704. Cited. 43 CA 645. Cited. 44 CA 154. Trial court exceeded statutory authority by trebling award of attorney's fees. 47 CA 517.

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Sec. 52-193. Offer of judgment by defendant. In any action on contract, or seeking the recovery of money damages, whether or not other relief is sought, the defendant may before trial file with the clerk of the court a written notice signed by him or his attorney, directed to the plaintiff or his attorney, offering to allow the plaintiff to take judgment for the sum named in such notice.
(1949 Rev., S. 7942; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 175; P.A. 92-110, S. 2.)
History: 1959 act deleted reference to actions before justices of the peace; P.A. 92-110 authorized the defendant to file an offer of judgment in any action "seeking the recovery of money damages, whether or not other relief is sought" rather than in any action "for the recovery of money only".
Not applicable to foreclosure suits. 27 C. 146. Statute construed. 33 C. 217. Cited. 163 C. 445. Cited. 192 C. 301, 305. Cited. 239 C. 708.
Cited. 17 CA 219−221, 223.
Cited. 10 CS 166.

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Sec. 52-194. Acceptance of defendant's offer of judgment. In any action, the plaintiff may, within ten days after being notified by the defendant of the filing of an offer of judgment, file with the clerk of the court a written acceptance of the offer signed by himself or his attorney. Upon the filing of the written acceptance, the court shall render judgment against the defendant as upon default for the sum so named and for the costs accrued at the time of the defendant's giving the plaintiff notice of the offer. No trial may be postponed because the period within which the plaintiff may accept the offer has not expired, except at the discretion of the court.
(1949 Rev., S. 7943; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 111; P.A. 82-160, S. 95.)
History: 1959 act deleted provisions for actions before justices of the peace; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.
See note to Sec. 52-193.
Cited. 163 C. 445. Cited. 239 C. 708.
Cited. 10 CS 166.

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Sec. 52-195. Effect of failure to accept defendant's offer. Costs. (a) If the plaintiff does not, within the time allowed for acceptance of the offer of judgment and before the commencement of the trial, file his notice of acceptance, the offer shall be deemed to be withdrawn and shall not be given in evidence.
(b) Unless the plaintiff recovers more than the sum named in the offer of judgment, with interest from its date, he shall recover no costs accruing after he received notice of the filing of such offer, but shall pay the defendant's costs accruing after he received notice. Such costs may include reasonable attorney's fees in an amount not to exceed three hundred fifty dollars.
(c) This section shall not be interpreted to abrogate the contractual rights of any party concerning the recovery of attorney's fees in accordance with the provisions of any written contract between the parties to the action. The provisions of this section shall not apply to cases in which nominal damages have been assessed upon a hearing after a default or after a demurrer has been overruled.
(1949 Rev., S. 7944; P.A. 79-250, S. 2; P.A. 82-160, S. 96.)
History: P.A. 79-250 specified that costs may include attorney's fees not exceeding three hundred fifty dollars and that provisions do not abrogate contractual rights re recovery of attorney's fees; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators.
See note to Sec. 52-193.
Cited. 163 C. 445. The phrase which states "such costs may include reasonable attorney's fees" modifies only the term "defendants costs" in the immediately preceding clause of the statute. 188 C. 213, 216−219, 223−225. Cited. 239 C. 708.
Cited. 8 CA 254, 267, 271.
Cited. 10 CS 166. Reasonableness of offer of judgment discussed. 39 CS 467, 469.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 239 C. 708.
Cited. 8 CA 254, 270.

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Sec. 52-195a. (Formerly Sec. 52-256). Unliquidated damages; tender. Any party upon whom a claim for unliquidated damages is made may tender to the claimant a sum of money in payment thereof, which tender may be pleaded and in all respects be as effectual as a tender in case of a claim for debt.
(1949 Rev., S. 8002.)
History: Sec. 52-256 transferred to Sec. 52-195a in 1983.
Annotations to former section 52-256:
General issue and tender repugnant; costs. 67 C. 74. Tender bars costs. 80 C. 233; 87 C. 158. Waiver of defects in tender; 67 C. 585; 76 C. 705; tender of money due on contract excused where other party cannot perform. 88 C. 64. Not now necessary to pay money into court. 87 C. 157.

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Sec. 52-195b. Referral of civil action involving motor vehicle to alternative dispute resolution program. Expedited process case. Privileged case. (a) In any civil action arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of a private passenger motor vehicle the parties may agree to refer the dispute to an alternative dispute resolution program. Such referral shall be made within sixty days of the return date. The duration of the referral shall not exceed ninety days unless the court, for good cause shown, extends the time period. The court shall stay the time periods within which all further pleadings, motions, requests, discovery and other procedures must be filed or undertaken until (1) such time as the alternative dispute resolution process is completed or (2) the time period set by the court for the referral has elapsed, whichever occurs first.
(b) (1) If the alternative dispute resolution process does not result in a resolution of the dispute, the parties shall report the lack of resolution to the court promptly but in no event later than five days after the expiration of the stay provided in subsection (a) of this section.
(2) Any such action wherein each plaintiff has limited his own claim, exclusive of interest and costs, to a maximum of seventy-five thousand dollars may, with the consent of all parties, be brought as an expedited process case in accordance with section 51- 15 and shall be privileged with respect to assignment for trial.
(3) Any such action wherein at least one plaintiff has not limited his own claim, exclusive of interest and costs, to a maximum of seventy-five thousand dollars, shall be privileged with respect to assignment for trial.
(c) If an agreement is reached between the parties on any issues, the neutral party shall report such agreement to the court and the parties shall seek the entry of an appropriate order from the court.
(d) If the parties had agreed to refer the dispute to an alternative dispute resolution program consisting of binding arbitration, the parties shall report to the court upon completion of such arbitration. The arbitration award may be confirmed in the same manner as any other arbitration award as provided in chapter 909.
(e) The alternative dispute resolution process under this section shall be deemed to be settlement negotiations for evidentiary and confidentiality purposes.
(P.A. 93-297, S. 3, 29.)
History: P.A. 93-297 effective January 1, 1994.

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Sec. 52-195c. Time period for payment of settlement amount. (a) When an action to recover damages has been settled, any settling defendant shall tender all sums due from such settling defendant to any settling plaintiff or such plaintiff's agent not later than thirty days after receipt by the person or office designated in writing to the settling plaintiff or such plaintiff's agent by the settling defendant at the time of settlement of a duly executed release and a withdrawal discontinuing any court action, if any such action is pending, that are tendered by such settling plaintiff or plaintiff's agent and are executed by or on behalf of the settling plaintiff. If no such person or office is so designated, a settling plaintiff may tender such settlement documents to the settling defendant's attorney or the representative of the settling defendant's insurer with whom the settlement agreement was reached and such settling defendant shall tender all sums due from such settling defendant to any settling plaintiff or such plaintiff's agent not later than thirty days after receipt of such settlement documents by the settling defendant's attorney or the representative of the settling defendant's insurer.
(b) In an action that requires judicial approval of the settlement, the plaintiff shall also tender a copy of the order of the Probate Court or other order approving such settlement with the duly executed release and withdrawal discontinuing any pending court action executed on behalf of the plaintiff.
(c) In the event that a settling defendant or insurer fails to promptly tender all sums as required by subsection (a) of this section, a default judgment shall be entered by the court on behalf of any unpaid plaintiff against such defendant twenty days after such plaintiff files a motion for a default judgment with the court and serves such motion upon the representative of the insurer with whom the settlement was reached or the defendant with whom the settlement was reached. Such motion shall be accompanied by an affidavit executed by the plaintiff or the plaintiff's attorney setting forth the terms of such settlement with supporting documentation attached.
(d) Any insurer or defendant with whom the settlement was reached that fails to tender settlement proceeds within the time limit set forth in this section shall be liable for interest at a rate of twelve per cent a year on the amount of such settlement proceeds computed from the date such time limit expired.
(e) As used in this section, "tender" means either to personally deliver or cause to be delivered or to mail by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. An insurer or a defendant may otherwise prove tender by presenting evidence that the settlement sums due from such insurer or such defendant were received by the settling plaintiff or such plaintiff's agent.
(P.A. 97-58, S. 3.)

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Sec. 52-196. Motion to continue or postpone. Whenever in any action pending in the Superior Court a motion for a postponement or continuance is made by either party and such motion is granted, the court may require the party making the same to pay to the adverse party such sum by way of indemnity as it deems reasonable.
(1949 Rev., S. 7930; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 112; P.A. 74-183, S. 85, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 129, 681.)
History: 1959 act substituted circuit court for city court; P.A. 74-183 removed actions pending in circuit court from purview of section, reflecting transfer of circuit court functions to court of common pleas, effective December 31, 1974; P.A. 76-436 removed actions pending in court of common pleas from purview of section reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court, effective July 1, 1978.
Discretion of court to grant continuances. 69 C. 186; 75 C. 308; id., 314; 78 C. 654; 79 C. 383; 81 C. 474; 92 C. 658; 100 C. 4. Informalities in adjournment of justice court from time to time waived if parties eventually appear and are heard. 104 C. 294. Where defendant's motion for mistrial was, in essence, one for continuance or postponement because of illness of necessary witness, trial court did not err in denying motion when not informed of the facts at the time. 157 C. 561.

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Sec. 52-197. Motion for disclosure. Rules. (a) In any civil action, the court, upon motion of either party, may order disclosure of facts or disclosure, production and inspection of papers, books or documents by any party thereto, material to the moving party's cause of action or defense, and within the knowledge, possession or power of the adverse party.
(b) The judges of the Supreme Court shall make rules to carry out the provisions of this section.
(1949 Rev., S. 7949; 1957, P.A. 651, S. 30; P.A. 82-160, S. 97.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators.
Discovery to be responsive to the motion. 20 C. 486. Cited. 59 C. 243; id., 508; 63 C. 569; 125 C. 9. Applies only where the matter lies within the exclusive knowledge or possession of the adverse party. 61 C. 594; 90 C. 261. Statute simply designed to enable a court of law to exercise clearly defined powers of a court of equity. 61 C. 596. Right of court to compel production of documents on trial. 79 C. 121. Errors in action on demurrer to motion waived by replacing it with another. 90 C. 270. Denial of motion addressed to defense that would be unavailing is harmless. 91 C. 554. Where demurrer to complaint is sustained and plaintiff does not plead over, motion does not lie. 95 C. 301. Form of motion. 77 C. 387. Does not abrogate independent action for discovery in equity. 126 C. 386. A trial tests the court's ruling on a motion for disclosure for it then appears whether the mover was hampered in the preparation and presentation of his case by the denial of his motion. 147 C. 321. Party cannot assert lack of notice to produce or want of a subpoena duces tecum if, by his own testimony, either would have been futile. 147 C. 496. An answer to an interrogatory is not, without more, a judicial admission in the same sense as admissions in the pleadings or in open court. 148 C. 202. Relation to constitutional separation of powers. History (dissent). 166 C. 501. Cited. 212 C. 661, 665. Cited. 229 C. 716, 752. Cited. 230 C. 1, 5.
Cited. 4 CA 339, 350. Cited. 14 CA 267, 270.
Motion to inspect a trolley car is not within the statute. 5 CS 161. Cited. Id., 291; 8 CS 137; id., 246; 9 CS 44; 19 CS 147. An independent equitable action for discovery may be maintained notwithstanding this section. 7 CS 76. The facts desired by the defendant to be disclosed by the plaintiff must be material to the defendant's cause. 16 CS 54. Disclosure may be ordered as to any matter concerned solely with damages as well as to issues of liability. 17 CS 40. Disclosure of written statements of witnesses and defendants refused. 21 CS 165. Disclosure of whether there is liability insurance, and the amount and terms thereof, held not within the rules of disclosure. Id., 168, but see section 52-200a. Connecticut's disclosure rules are not as broad as the federal rules. 21 CS 170. Court refused request for pretrial disclosure of confidential corporate information required to establish damages before the right to obtain damages of any kind had been proved. Id. In a criminal case the accused cannot compel the prosecution to produce documents which he himself has made. Furthermore, facts sought to be disclosed must be shown to be exclusively within the knowledge of the state. 23 CS 41. Plaintiff alleging loss of earnings not required to produce copies of income tax returns. 25 CS 147. Cited. 26 CS 338, 341. Cited. 28 CS 53. Discovery not available in appeal from administrative agency, when. 30 CS 299. Cited. 31 CS 129. Motion not allowed where an overwhelming volume of inquiry was proposed and the information was obtainable from other defendants. 31 CS 335. Discovery is available in summary process proceeding. 36 CS 47, 48.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 14 CA 267, 269.

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Sec. 52-197a. Transferred to Chapter 368a, Sec. 19a-17b.

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Sec. 52-197b. Discovery outside country to be in accordance with treaty or convention or court order. (a) If an applicable treaty or convention including, but not limited to, the Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad, provides for discovery outside the United States of America, the discovery methods agreed to in such treaty or convention shall be employed.
(b) If an applicable treaty or convention renders discovery inadequate or inequitable but does not prohibit additional discovery, the Superior Court may, upon application, order additional discovery under such terms and conditions as the court deems just and equitable.
(P.A. 91-324, S. 2.)
Cited. 229 C. 716, 752.

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Sec. 52-198. Disclosure; examination of officer of corporation. If a corporation is party to an action, the opposite party may examine the president, treasurer, secretary, clerk or any director or other officer thereof in the same manner as if he were a party to the suit.
(1949 Rev., S. 7950.)
Cited. 212 C. 661, 665, 671−674. Cited. 229 C. 716, 752.

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Sec. 52-199. Questions which need not be answered. Self-incrimination. (a) In any hearing or trial, a party interrogated shall not be obliged to answer a question or produce a document the answering or producing of which would tend to incriminate him, or to disclose his title to any property if the title is not material to the hearing or trial.
(b) The right to refuse to answer a question, produce a document or disclose a title may be claimed by the party interrogated or by counsel in his behalf.
(1949 Rev., S. 7951; P.A. 82-160, S. 62.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators.
See Sec. 51-35 re witnesses' imprisonment for refusal to testify and protection against self-incrimination.
See Sec. 54-84 re option of accused to testify or remain silent during trial.
Answers to interrogatories did not expose defendant to self-degradation and self-incrimination. 137 C. 404. Privilege against self-incrimination does not apply to corporations. 212 C. 661, 662, 665−668, 670−676. Cited. 229 C. 716, 752.
The term "any hearing or trial" includes the taking of a deposition. 31 CS 66. Cited. 32 CS 306.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 32 CA 811, 818. Cited. 37 CA 456, 461; judgment reversed, see 236 C. 176 et seq.

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Sec. 52-200. Disclosure not conclusive. When either party in any action has obtained from the other party a disclosure on oath, respecting the matters alleged in any pleading, the disclosure shall not be deemed conclusive, but may be contradicted like any other testimony.
(1949 Rev., S. 7952.)
Cited. 186 C. 275, 278. Cited. 194 C. 35, 38. Cited. 212 C. 661, 665. Cited. 228 C. 42, 51. Cited. 229 C. 716, 752.
Cited. 2 CA 523, 529. Cited. 4 CA 641, 645. Cited. 11 CA 518, 525. Cited. 13 CA 725, 727. Cited. 40 CA 449, 450.

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Sec. 52-200a. Defendant's insurance liability policy limits and insurer's duty to indemnify subject to discovery. In any civil action founded upon negligence, both the defendant's insurance liability policy limits and whether or not the insurer has disclaimed its duty to indemnify shall be subject to discovery upon written motion of the plaintiff. Any such motion and disclosure shall be excluded from the file submitted to the jury.
(1967, P.A. 485; P.A. 78-142.)
History: P.A. 78-142 reworded provisions and made "whether or not the insurer has disclaimed its duty to indemnify" subject to discovery upon written motion of plaintiff.
Cited. 212 C. 661, 665. Cited. 229 C. 716, 752.
Statute is not unconstitutional interference by legislature with judicial department. Public policy often requires legislation to facilitate administration of justice. 28 CS 32. Applies to pending cases at its enactment and is not unconstitutional infringement on judiciary rule making power. 29 CS 195 et seq.

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Sec. 52-201. Action on nonnegotiable instruments; defense. Assignment. Section 52-201 is repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 7953; 1959, P.A. 133, S. 10-102.)

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Sec. 52-202. Transferred to Chapter 925, Sec. 52-570a.

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Sec. 52-203. Demand for receipt not to vitiate a legal tender. The requirement or demand for a receipt for such amount of lawful money as may be offered or tendered on account, or in payment or in part payment of any indebtedness, shall not prevent such offer or tender from being regarded or held to be a legal tender.
(1949 Rev., S. 7955.)

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Sec. 52-204. Recovery of expenditures by husband or parent. In any civil action arising out of personal injury or property damage, as a result of which personal injury or property damage the husband or parent of the plaintiff has made or will be compelled to make expenditures or has contracted indebtedness, the amount of such expenditures or indebtedness may be recovered by the plaintiff, provided a recovery by the plaintiff shall be a bar to any claim by such husband or parent, except in an action in which the husband or parent is a defendant.
(1949 Rev., S. 7947; 1951, S. 3181d.)
Cited. 117 C. 686; 153 C. 363. Damages due to incapacity of wife by reason of personal injury are recoverable by her and not her husband; but right to recover sums actually paid by husband because of her incapacity is in him. 125 C. 390. In absence of endorsement on writ by husband, wife may recover expenditures if it is not reasonably probable that husband would have to pay them but probable that she will be called upon to do so. 129 C. 361. When a minor child is injured by the negligent act of a third party, two independent causes of action spring into existence; first, the right of action by the child for personal injuries; second, a right of action by the parent for consequential damages. 147 C. 333. Cited. 165 C. 490, 506. Cited. 200 C. 290, 308.
Husband must endorse his consent upon the complaint prior to service on defendant. 4 CS 147. Transfer by parent of his right of action for consequential damages has all the attributes of an assignment. 7 CS 480. Cited. 19 CS 480. Vicarious contributory negligence or concurring negligence of parent does not bar plaintiff's recovery of consequential damages. 28 CS 493, 497, 498. Wife may sue for husband's medical expenses for which she is legally liable. 32 CS 156.

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Sec. 52-205. Court may determine order in which issues shall be tried. In all cases, whether entered upon the docket as jury cases or court cases, the court may order that one or more of the issues joined be tried before the others.
(1949 Rev., S. 7939.)
Cited. 63 C. 560; 149 C. 430. When legal issues of fact should be determined by jury before court tries equitable issues. 98 C. 221. General claim for jury list does not secure jury trial of equitable issues of fact; special order necessary under section 52-218. 100 C. 248. The court may determine the issues on the cross complaint first. 135 C. 558.
Illness of plaintiff's attorney reason to bifurcate trial. 50 CA 577.

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Sec. 52-206. Writings; admission of their execution. (a) Either party to a civil action may, by a written notice, call upon the other to admit the existence and due execution of any document, material to the issue, saving all just exceptions.
(b) If the opposing party neglects or refuses to make such a requested admission within a reasonable time after the receipt of such notice, the costs of proving the document shall be paid by the party neglecting or refusing to make the admission regardless of the result of the action unless the court finds that the neglect or refusal was reasonable.
(1949 Rev., S. 7959; P.A. 82-160, S. 98.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators.

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Sec. 52-207. Defense based on Sunday contract. No person who has received a valuable consideration for a contract, express or implied, made on a Sunday prior to June 9, 1976, may defend any action upon the contract on the ground that it was made on a Sunday, until he has restored the consideration.
(1949 Rev., S. 7980; P.A. 76-415, S. 6; 76-435, S. 81, 82; P.A. 82-160, S. 99.)
History: P.A. 76-415 specified applicability to contracts made on Sunday "prior to October 1, 1976"; P.A. 76-435 changed effective date from October 1, 1976, to June 9, 1976, amending section text accordingly; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.
See Sec. 53-300a re validity of Sunday real estate contracts.
Defendant must pay the reasonable value or agreed price, where a return of the identical consideration is practically impossible. 73 C. 624. Court should instruct jury as to whether certain date is Sunday. 81 C. 490. That contract was made on Sunday should be pleaded. 85 C. 635. See notes to sections 53-300, 53-301. In action by assignee to enforce bond for deed, defendant who received nothing as result of assignment may defend on ground it was made on Sunday. 133 C. 649. Cited. 66 C. 275; 155 C. 55. Cited. 177 C. 304, 310.
Cited. 14 CS 407. Sunday contract not demurrable if there is nothing to indicate that deposit allegedly accepted by defendant has been returned. 20 CS 443.

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Sec. 52-208. Reception of evidence objected to as inadmissible. Whenever evidence offered upon the trial of any civil action is objected to as inadmissible, the court or committee trying such action shall not admit such evidence subject to the objection, unless both parties agree that it be so admitted; but, if either party requests a decision, such court or committee shall pass upon such objection and admit or reject the testimony.
(1949 Rev., S. 7960.)
Does not apply to evidence received in advance of its logical place. 53 C. 558. New trial ordinarily granted for an infraction of statute, unless the error appears to have been harmless. 68 C. 63. Admitting evidence with an offer to consider later a motion to strike it out is equivalent of admitting it subject to objection. 130 C. 232. Cited. 132 C. 646. To avail himself of the rule that grounds upon which evidence is claimed to be inadmissible must be stated, a party must state the grounds for his claim of admissibility. 148 C. 208.
Cited. 5 CA 118, 120.

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Sec. 52-209. Argument of counsel; time limit. In a trial before the Superior Court, counsel shall not occupy more than one hour in argument, unless the court, on motion for special cause, before the commencement of the argument, allows a longer time. Interlocutory questions arising during the trial of an action shall not be argued by counsel unless the court requests it.
(1949 Rev., S. 7962; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 113; P.A. 76-436, S. 404, 681; P.A. 82-160, S. 100.)
History: 1959 act deleted provision for appeal from trial before justice of the peace; P.A. 76-436 removed trials before court of common pleas from purview of section, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section.
The constitutional right of the accused to be heard by counsel is subject to a reasonable time limit. 47 C. 535. Party represented by two counsel in superior court may occupy two hours in argument, dividing the time as they may agree. 55 C. 18. Discretion of court to extend time for argument. 95 C. 79. Cited. 122 C. 611. Cited. 217 C. 671, 678.
Where presentation of evidence lasted three and one-half days and plaintiff's counsel did not move for additional time until after the argument had begun, rule of court limiting him to one hour was not an abuse of discretion. 15 CS 305.

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Sec. 52-210. Motion for nonsuit. If, on the trial of any issue of fact in a civil action, the plaintiff has produced his evidence and rested his cause, the defendant may move for judgment as in case of nonsuit, and the court may grant such motion, if in its opinion the plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case.
(1949 Rev., S. 7977.)
This does not impair right of trial by jury. 24 C. 468. Cannot be granted because suit was brought without authority. 26 C. 529. Cases of nonsuit. 23 C. 485; 24 C. 40; id., 207; 30 C. 492. When to be granted. 93 C. 96; 97 C. 312. Refusal to nonsuit not reviewable on application of defendant. 51 C. 512. A nonsuit should not be granted where there is substantial evidence to support plaintiff's claim. 58 C. 279; 70 C. 74; 71 C. 29. Nor on a jury trial upon the ground that the allegations of the complaint, if proved, would not support a judgment. 66 C. 196. Nor because the court is satisfied that the witnesses are not credible. Id., 206. Statute salutary. 76 C. 41. If law applied to facts proved does not make out case, nonsuit is proper; 77 C. 321; so, where plaintiff's evidence brings case within statute of limitations; 64 C. 430; 71 C. 24; or statute of frauds; 82 C. 293; or plaintiff fails to make out prima facie case; 66 C. 313; 104 C. 78, 746; or bases case on surmise or conjecture; 82 C. 403; 83 C. 231; 84 C. 401; 86 C. 509; id., 546; or offers no substantial evidence. 70 C. 74; 84 C. 403. But not proper if plaintiff makes out prima facie case; 71 C. 24; 104 C. 78; or offers substantial evidence; 82 C. 236; 83 C. 261; though it is weak; 83 C. 20; or evidence is conflicting; 70 C. 505; or issue involves determination of credibility of witness; 94 C. 350; 96 C. 230; 116 C. 69; or reasonable men might differ. 87 C. 119. Sufficiency of allegations of complaint not in question. 82 C. 236. Court must construe evidence most favorably to plaintiff. 83 C. 20; 116 C. 69. Motion need not specify grounds. 77 C. 559. Proper as to one of several defendants. 79 C. 379; 82 C. 685. Court may permit reopening of case to supply proof. 68 C. 33. Discretion of court in refusing to grant. 77 C. 136; id., 334; id., 462; 79 C. 266; id., 379; 80 C. 298; 106 C. 13. Form motion takes immaterial if no evidence offered which could sustain recovery. 90 C. 617. Grant carries costs but does not determine issues; form of judgment file. 94 C. 80. Has no place on hearing in damages after default. 94 C. 244. Rules same in court and jury cases. 96 C. 230. All inferences to be drawn in favor of plaintiff. 96 C. 222. Only evidence considered is that offered by plaintiff to support complaint, not that pertinent to affirmative defense. 97 C. 312; 100 C. 42. Nature of nonsuit; is entirely different from erasure or dismissal for want of jurisdiction. 98 C. 231. Does not apply to judgments entered upon nonsuits for failure to plead. 116 C. 31. Denial of motion for nonsuit serves no other purpose than to establish fact that prima facie case is made. 132 C. 402. Upon a motion for nonsuit, unless it appears that no relief could be granted under the pleadings, their legal sufficiency is not open to question. 134 C. 502. Nonsuit may be granted only when plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case. 143 C. 230. Cited. 140 C. 643; 145 C. 99; 147 C. 260; 152 C. 699. See note to section 52-80. Cited. 185 C. 1, 2. Where granting of a nonsuit must depend in any appreciable degree upon court's passing on credibility of a witness nonsuit should not be granted. Id., 195, 196.
Cited. 30 CA 664, 675. Cited. 43 CA 83.
Motion for dismissal is unknown to Connecticut law. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 7. Cited. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 8 (Diss. Op.).

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Sec. 52-211. Refusal to set aside nonsuit; appeal. If a nonsuit has been so granted in the Superior Court, the plaintiff may either (a) during the same term or session of the court and before its next return day, file a written motion to set aside such judgment; and, if such motion is denied, may appeal from such denial; and to enable him to do so the court shall state the whole evidence so produced as aforesaid that it may become a part of the record or (b) appeal pursuant to section 51-197a directly from the judgment of nonsuit. If such judgment is set aside, either on motion or appeal, the cause shall be proceeded with as though no nonsuit had been granted.
(1949 Rev., S. 7978; 1953, S. 3183d; 1969, P.A. 310; P.A. 74-183, S. 86, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 130, 681.)
History: 1969 act allowed plaintiff option of filing appeal pursuant to Sec. 52-263 directly from judgment of nonsuit; P.A. 74-183 added reference to appeals filed pursuant to Sec. 51-265; P.A. 76-436 removed court of common pleas from purview of section, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court and substituted reference to Sec. 51-197a for reference to Secs. 52-263 and 51-265, effective July 1, 1978.
A motion for a nonsuit cannot be reserved for advice of supreme court. 33 C. 445. Formerly the refusal to set aside a nonsuit could be reviewed only on a motion in error. 43 C. 167; 44 C. 465. No appeal lies until the court has denied the written motion to set aside the judgment. 72 C. 707. Cited. 51 C. 512; 140 C. 643. Motion to set aside need not state grounds; 77 C. 559; must be reasonably made; discretion of court. 75 C. 314. If granted for variance between pleading and evidence, remedy is new action. 82 C. 236. Motion to set aside must be made. 72 C. 707; 75 C. 317; 106 C. 14. Refusal to grant not ground of exception. 64 C. 481. Appellant must furnish court with transcript of evidence. 82 C. 132; id., 142; 83 C. 316. Questions presented; finding necessary if rulings on evidence are to be reviewed. 71 C. 339; 89 C. 382. Time allowed for appeal; certification of evidence not an extension. 83 C. 316. The granting of a nonsuit will not prevent an appeal from rulings leading up to it. 73 C. 1. Granting or refusing nonsuit regarded on appeal as an exercise of the court's discretion. 75 C. 314; 79 C. 266; 80 C. 299. Only question ordinarily open is, has plaintiff failed for any reason to make out prima facie case. 94 C. 80; 104 C. 746. Evidence to be taken in light most favorable to plaintiff. 95 C. 206; id., 442; 101 C. 52, 79. Does not apply to judgments entered upon nonsuits for failure to plead. 116 C. 31. Exclusive method of attacking the court's action in rendering a judgment of nonsuit is to appeal from the denial of the plaintiff's motion to set aside the judgment. 143 C. 226; 145 C. 99. Applies only to nonsuit for failure to make out a prima facie case. 147 C. 260. Cited. 152 C. 699. See note to section 52-210.
Failure to move to have nonsuit set aside not a bar to plaintiff's right to bring new action for the same cause within one year. Motion to erase improper way to attack court's jurisdiction. 20 CS 377.
Cited. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 8 (diss. op.).
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 34 CS 606, 608.

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Sec. 52-212. Reopening judgment upon default or nonsuit. (a) Any judgment rendered or decree passed upon a default or nonsuit in the Superior Court may be set aside, within four months following the date on which it was rendered or passed, and the case reinstated on the docket, on such terms in respect to costs as the court deems reasonable, upon the complaint or written motion of any party or person prejudiced thereby, showing reasonable cause, or that a good cause of action or defense in whole or in part existed at the time of the rendition of the judgment or the passage of the decree, and that the plaintiff or defendant was prevented by mistake, accident or other reasonable cause from prosecuting the action or making the defense.
(b) The complaint or written motion shall be verified by the oath of the complainant or his attorney, shall state in general terms the nature of the claim or defense and shall particularly set forth the reason why the plaintiff or defendant failed to appear.
(c) The court shall order reasonable notice of the pendency of the complaint or written motion to be given to the adverse party, and may enjoin him against enforcing the judgment or decree until the decision upon the complaint or written motion.
(1949 Rev., S. 7963, 7964; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 114; 1967, P.A. 849; P.A. 74-183, S. 87, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 131, 681; P.A. 82-160, S. 102.)
History: 1959 act substituted circuit court for municipal court which was abolished; 1967 act clarified rights of plaintiff; P.A. 74-183 removed circuit court from purview of section, reflecting transfer of its functions to court of common pleas, effective December 31, 1974; P.A. 76-436 removed court of common pleas from purview of section, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section and inserted Subsec. indicators.
Refusal to open a judgment of default, upon motion, may be reviewed where the question is purely one of law; 51 C. 391; but otherwise the motion is addressed to the sound discretion of the court. 69 C. 362. Action by court where substitute complaint improperly allowed after default. 86 C. 313. Formerly did not include nonsuit. Averments in complaint. 75 C. 317. Petition for new trial may be brought after the four-month period has elapsed. 93 C. 161. Effect of judgment of default; this only further procedure permitted. 97 C. 123. Default resulting from party's own neglect will not be opened. 138 C. 27. No abuse of discretion in denying motion when it appears the defendant has no defense or has not been prevented from appearing by mistake, accident or other reasonable cause. 139 C. 532. Judgment of nonsuit for failure to appear should be opened if plaintiff can show reasonable cause. 147 C. 260. A motion to open judgment which stated merely that an appearance was entered as soon as defendant's attorney received notice of the action, held not a reasonable cause for opening judgment. 148 C. 435. Cited. 123 C. 491; 144 C. 389; 150 C. 191, 195; 152 C. 699. Statement that defendant failed to secure substitute counsel because of confusion attendant upon bankruptcy proceedings did not particularly set forth the reason why defendant failed to appear. Statute construed. Relief under statute discretionary. 154 C. 294. Prior to 1967 amendments, last two sentences applied to written motions as well as complaints. Id., 297. Where no attempt was made to show any mistake, accident or other reasonable cause for default, there was no abuse of discretion in court's denial of motion to reopen judgment. 156 C. 6. Since, on appeal, defendant requested no finding and none was made, he failed to show cause why his motion to open default judgment against him should have been granted or to establish error in trial court's denial of motion. 159 C. 352, 358. Relief under statute ordinarily should not be granted if failure to comply with order of court resulted from moving party's own negligence. 159 C. 427, 432. Defendant precluded from attacking a finding as unsupported by the evidence as he failed to request a transcript of the record pursuant to section 51-70a. 168 C. 184. Whether proceeding under common law or statute, action of trial court in granting or refusing application to open judgment is generally within discretion of such court, and its action will not be disturbed on appeal unless trial court has clearly abused its discretion. 172 C. 520, 523, 524. Cited. 176 C. 579−581. Cited. 179 C. 290, 292; id., 671, 672. Cited. 187 C. 509, 510. Cited. 188 C. 145, 151. Continuing jurisdiction under this statute not affected by provisions of Sec. 49-35c(b). Id., 253, 255, 258. Cited. 190 C. 679, 685; Id., 707, 710. Cited. 193 C. 128, 130−134. Cited. Id., 160, 168. Cited. 196 C. 233−235, 241. Cited. Id., 355, 358. Cited. 200 C. 697, 699. Cited. 208 C. 230, 235−237, 239. Cited. 214 C. 464, 472. Cited. 216 C. 341, 352. Cited. 224 C. 263, 284, 285. Cited. 225 C. 705, 718, 719. Cited. 231 C. 462, 466. Cited. 236 C. 78, 82, 83.
Cited. 1 CA 282, 283; Id., 298, 301, 302. Cited. 5 CA 230, 232, 234, 235. Cited. 6 CA 504. Cited. 9 CA 320, 324, 325. Cited. Id., 355, 361, 363. Cited. 10 CA 160, 161. Cited. 14 CA 172, 174. Cited. Id., 236, 240. Cited. 15 CA 308, 309, 311. Cited. 18 CA 589, 595. Cited 19 CA 8, 12, 13. Cited. 22 CA 424, 427. Cited. 28 CA 7, 8. Section requires date of judgment not be included in time calculation. 29 CA 465−468. Cited. 30 CA 541, 545. Cited. 31 CA 634, 638. Cited. 35 CA 236, 237. Cited. 40 CA 404, 405. Cited. 42 CA 119. Cited. 45 CA 137. Cited. 46 CA 54. Trial court lacks jurisdiction to consider a motion to open judgment filed outside the four-month period and may refuse to consider procedurally defective motions. 51 CA 1.
Cited. 7 CS 250; 19 CS 288. Judgment of nonsuit not reopened to allow filing of substituted complaint where the action had been in court over a year previously and counsel did not see fit to plead over within the time provided by rules of court. 8 CS 372. Judgment in uncontested divorce action set aside where appearance of defendant's counsel by accident or inadvertence was not entered. 16 CS 111. Statute refers to a final judgment and not to judgment by default. 17 CS 118. A default is not a judgment but an interlocutory order of court, the effect of which is to preclude defendant from making any further defense in the case so far as liability is concerned. A judgment upon default, on the other hand, is the final judgment in the case which is entered after the default and after a hearing in damages. A motion to set aside a default may be filed at any time before entry of judgment, may be informal in nature and may be granted for such reason as the court sees fit. 24 CS 81. Trial court's refusal to open a default judgment because of defendant's negligence in failing to appear was not an abuse of discretion on the record. 31 CS 540. Failure of defendants to appear on date set by court order of final assignment for trial because they relied on assistant court clerk's advice the action had been reassigned to a later date, not "reasonable cause" for opening default judgment. 31 CS 549. Cited. 33 CS 554, 555, 557. Cited. Id., 775, 776. Cited. 34 CS 501, 504, 505. Cited. Id., 559. In order not to frustrate the remedial purpose of the statute the time limit provisions must be construed as a limitation on the prejudiced party rather than as a jurisdictional barrier to the exercise of judicial power. 35 CS 581, 587. Cited. Id., 598, 601. Cited. 36 CS 626, 628; 37 CS 676−678. Cited. 38 CS 731−733. Default judgment should not be opened where defendant received actual notice of the action but chose to ignore authority of the court. 45 CS 563.
Failure to move to open judgment resulted in waiver of claim of discharge in bankruptcy. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 386. Cited. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 7. Mere negligence or inattention of a party is no ground for vacating a judgment on default against him. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 397. Where plaintiff's motion to open judgment on default was denied, he was not precluded from petitioning for a new trial. Determination of motion was not res judicata. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 201. Granting motion to open judgment on default abuse of discretion where facts show failure to appear and defend due to defendant's negligence. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 396. Granting of motion to open judgment is interlocutory ruling, reviewable upon appeal from final judgment, and appeal was not allowed as this was not final action of circuit court. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 207. Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 289. Opening judgment after default, unless based on pure error of law, lies in sound discretion of court. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 291.
Subsec. (a):
Defendant's motion to open judgment was properly denied since a party must meet both parts of two prong test and defendant failed to allege any purported defense to the action. 193 C. 160, 167. Cited. 212 C. 741, 747. Cited. 234 C. 783, 790.
Cited. 13 CA 223, 224, 227, 228. Cited. 27 CA 755, 760; judgment reversed, see 225 C.757 et seq. Cited. 30 CA 541, 546. Cited. 38 CA 506, 514. Cited. 39 CA 253, 257. Cited. 40 CA 590, 592. Cited. 43 CA 645. Cited. 44 CA 381. cited. Id., 724. Cited. 45 CA 137. Cited. 46 CA 5. Cited. Id., 54.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 10 CA 1, 4.

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Sec. 52-212a. Civil judgment or decree reopened or set aside within four months only. Unless otherwise provided by law and except in such cases in which the court has continuing jurisdiction, a civil judgment or decree rendered in the Superior Court may not be opened or set aside unless a motion to open or set aside is filed within four months following the date on which it was rendered or passed. The continuing jurisdiction conferred on the court in preadoptive proceedings pursuant to subsection (o) of section 17a-112 does not confer continuing jurisdiction on the court for purposes of reopening a judgment terminating parental rights. The parties may waive the provisions of this section or otherwise submit to the jurisdiction of the court, provided the filing of an amended petition for termination of parental rights does not constitute a waiver of the provisions of this section or a submission to the jurisdiction of the court to reopen a judgment terminating parental rights.
(P.A. 77-576, S. 28, 65; P.A. 82-160, S. 103; P.A. 93-51; P.A. 98-241, S. 14, 18; P.A. 00-137, S. 16.)
History: P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section; P.A. 93-51 added provisions re reopening of judgments terminating parental rights; P.A. 98-241 changed reference from Subsec. (i) to Subsec. (h) of Sec. 17a-112, effective July 1, 1998; P.A. 00-137 changed reference from Subsec. (h) to Subsec. (o) of Sec. 17a-112.
Judgments obtained by fraud may be attacked at any time. 180 C. 129, 130. Cited. 181 C. 463, 466−469. A motion to open and vacate a judgment is addressed to the court's discretion. 184 C. 461, 465. Cited. 185 C. 495, 497, 500. Cited. 187 C. 509, 510. Cited. 191 C. 555, 558. Cited. 196 C. 517, 518. Cited. Id., 579, 581. Cited. 211 C. 648, 652. Cited. 214 C. 23, 35. Cited. 215 C. 143, 146. Cited. 217 C. 394, 398. Cited. 223 C. 68, 77. Cited. Id., 155, 169. Court held legislature intended provisions of Sec. 17a-112 and this section to coexist so superior court has limited jurisdiction to open judgment for termination of parental rights for four months after its rendering but not thereafter in absence of waiver or consent. 224 C. 263, 271, 281−288, 291, 302. Cited. 225 C. 757, 767. Cited. Id., 804, 806. Prohibits trial court from entertaining motion to open and modify divorce decree with respect to nondisability military retired or retainer pay; time limitations on opening not preempted by federal law division of military retirement benefits. 226 C. 219, 221, 222. Cited. Id., 831, 833. Cited. 228 C. 85, 89. Cited. 232 C. 405, 413. Judgment of appellate court in Jenks v. Jenks, 34 CA 462 et seq. reversed. Id., 750, 753. Cited. 236 C. 78, 82, 83. Cited. 239 C. 375. Section limits trial court's general authority to grant relief from a judgment, but does not limit its personal jurisdiction over the parties. 249 C. 94.
Cited. 2 CA 543, 547, 548. Cited. 5 CA 417, 419, 420. Cited. 8 CA 254, 261. Cited. 9 CA 446, 447. Cited. 10 CA 160, 161. Cited. Id., 669, 674. Cited. 11 CA 171, 175. Cited. 15 CA 308, 310. Cited. 18 CA 166, 171. Cited. Id., 589, 594, 596. Cited. 19 CA 213, 215. Cited. 22 CA 4, 7, 9. Cited. Id., 396, 399. Cited. Id., 424, 426. Cited. 27 CA 755, 759, 760; judgment reversed, see 225 C. 157 et seq. Cited. 29 CA 465−467. Cited. Id., 482, 483. Cited. 32 CA 203 204. Cited. 33 CA 197, 204. Cited. 34 CA 419, 422−424. Cited. Id., 641, 645. Cited. 36 CA 73, 75, 76. Defendant's filing of pleadings after judgment of dismissal could not have constituted a waiver of the four-month period for opening judgment of dismissal. 37 CA 56−58, 60, 61. Cited. Id., 397, 401. Cited. 38 CA 340, 344, 347. Cited. Id., 745, 748−750. Cited. 39 CA 258, 262. Cited. 40 CA 115, 126. Cited. Id., 590, 592. Cited. Id., 733, 740. Cited. 42 CA 119. Cited. Id., 409. Cited. 44 CA 588. Cited. Id., 771. Cited. 45 CA 137. Cited. Id., 352. Cited. 46 CA 54. Cited. Id., 614. In absence of fraud, mistake, duress or accident, trial court was without jurisdiction to order rescission of stipulated judgment where request for rescission was made more than four months after entry of judgment. 49 CA 203.

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Secs. 52-213 and 52-214. Justice of the peace to keep docket, entry fee. Jury in suit before justice of the peace. Sections 52-213 and 52-214 are repealed.
(1949 Rev., S. 7552, 7940; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 204.)

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Sec. 52-215. Dockets. Jury cases. Court cases. In the Superior Court a docket shall be kept of all cases. In such docket immediately following the names of the parties and their attorneys in all jury cases shall be entered the word "jury". The following- named classes of cases shall be entered in the docket as jury cases upon the written request of either party made to the clerk within thirty days after the return day: Appeals from probate involving the validity of a will or paper purporting to be such, appeals from the actions of commissioners on insolvent estates, and, except as hereinafter provided, civil actions involving such an issue of fact as, prior to January 1, 1880, would not present a question properly cognizable in equity, except that there shall be no right to trial by jury in civil actions in which the amount, legal interest or property in demand does not exceed two hundred fifty dollars or in a summary process case. When, in any of the above-named cases an issue of fact is joined, the case may, within ten days after such issue of fact is joined, be entered in the docket as a jury case upon the request of either party made to the clerk; and any such case may at any time be entered in the docket as a jury case by the clerk, upon written consent of all parties or by order of court. All issues of fact in any such case shall be tried by the jury, provided the issues agreed by the parties to be tried by the court may be so tried. All cases not entered in the docket as jury cases under the foregoing provisions, including actions in which an account is demanded and judgment rendered that the defendant shall account, writs of habeas corpus and ne exeat, complaints for dissolution of marriage and all other special statutory proceedings which, prior to January 1, 1880, were not triable by jury, shall be entered on the docket as court cases, and shall, with all issues of law and issues of fact, other than those hereinbefore specified, which may be joined in actions entered on the docket as jury cases, be disposed of as court cases.
(1949 Rev., S. 7936; 1953, S. 3178d; 1959, P.A. 28, S. 115; 1967, P.A. 33, S. 1; 1971, P.A. 40, S. 5; P.A. 74-183, S. 88, 291; P.A. 76-436, S. 132, 681; P.A. 82-160, S. 104.)
History: 1959 act substituted circuit court for city court, latter having been abolished; 1967 act added language "in any civil case triable by jury under the provisions of section 51-266", allowing entrance of such cases in docket as jury cases when an issue of fact is joined; 1971 act deleted references to presumption that requests for jury trial are requests for six- person jury unless jury of twelve is specifically requested; P.A. 74-183 removed circuit court from purview of section, reflecting transfer of its functions to court of common pleas and clarified applicability re civil actions by adding exception specifying that there is no right to jury trial where amount, legal interest or property in demand is two hundred fifty dollars or less or in summary process cases and by deleting reference to civil cases triable by jury under Sec. 51-266, effective December 31, 1974; P.A. 76-436 removed court of common pleas from purview of section, reflecting transfer of all trial jurisdiction to superior court, and substituted "dissolution of marriage" for "divorce" where appearing, effective July 1, 1978; P.A. 82-160 deleted from the list of court cases "actions wherein the plaintiff sues for a debt due by book to balance books accounts" and "prohibition", and made minor technical changes.
See notes to Conn. Const. Art. I, Sec. 19 and to Sec. 52-224.
Appeal from doings of commissioners; time within which case must be placed on the jury docket. 54 C. 523. The ten days run from the joinder of an issue of fact. 72 C. 96. Time de placing case on jury docket applies to bastardy proceedings. 73 C. 248. Historical review of right. 75 C. 218. In statutory action to remove cloud from title; 78 C. 100; 90 C. 133; in eminent domain. 76 C. 435. No jury trial proper in proceedings to remove municipal officer; 81 C. 585; or appeal from probate; 90 C. 49; or book debt. 78 C. 649. Of claiming cases in general. 72 C. 96; 75 C. 608; 80 C. 493. Applies to bastardy action. 73 C. 247. Claiming after decision on demurrer causing delay; 74 C. 475; after thirty-day period but before issue joined; 80 C. 493; cannot be claimed after supreme court orders new trial. 91 C. 703. Where no claim properly made, opponent has absolute right to court trial. 81 C. 451. If issue joined within thirty days, time not extended by ten-day provision. 75 C. 609. If equitable issues tried to court are conclusive, jury trial of legal issues may be refused. 73 C. 486. As to former provision requiring notice as to issues to be tried to jury, see 83 C. 109; 85 C. 162; 89 C. 212; 90 C. 133; id., 633; 91 C. 217. Discretion of court to order issues to the jury. 90 C. 624. Allowance of amendment after trial begun, merely changing date, does not give further right to claim case for jury; waiver of right. 95 C. 576. Case entered upon jury docket can be tried by court only by agreement of counsel or, in part, by discretion of court. 97 C. 718. When legal issues should be tried first; use of special interrogatories to enable jury to determine issues of fact. 98 C. 222. Cited. 113 C. 609; 114 C. 231. Contractor who had filed claim in receivership action not entitled to jury trial on cross complaint by receiver for balance of stock subscription. 117 C. 445, 454. Court has no greater latitude in testing justification for verdict in appeal from probate than in ordinary case where right to jury is constitutional. 126 C. 296. Jury may be claimed within ten days after issue joined on complaint amended after original pleadings had been closed. 127 C. 332. Where essential basis of action is such that the issues are properly cognizable at law, either party has right to have legal issues tried to jury, even though equitable relief is asked; as where controlling issue is based on claimed legal title to real estate. 128 C. 307. Action for declaratory judgment is special statutory proceeding within this section; where in reality complaint seeks advice of court of equity as to duties of trustees, no right to jury. 131 C. 312. Actions for declaratory judgments were created by statute in 1921 and should be entered upon the court docket. 135 C. 294. Test is not whether issue is statutory but if it is of same nature or such as prior to 1818 would have been triable by a jury. 143 C. 159. Whether a party has waived his right to a jury trial presents a question of fact for the trial court. 147 C. 153. Cited. 147 C. 423. Since claim for trial by jury made after time permitted but prior to joining issues in the third party action, there was continuing authority to the clerk to place the cause on the jury docket when the issues therein were joined. 165 C. 729. Cited. 169 C. 66, 68. Court order denying motion to strike case from jury docket has same effect as having cause entered on jury docket by court order pursuant to this section. 171 C. 5, 7, 10 (Diss. Op.), 11 (Diss. Op.). Running of ten day period after issue of fact is joined discussed. 195 C. 333, 334, 337, 339, 343. Cited. 197 C. 34, 44. Cited. 200 C. 482, 488. Cited. 211 C. 370, 374−376. Cited. 214 C. 464, 469. Cited. 216 C. 40, 50, 51. Cited. 218 C. 386, 393. Cited. 230 C. 148, 154. Cited. 233 C. 905, 906. Cited. 238 C. 282.
Cited. 1 CA 511, 514, 515. Cited. 6 CA 576, 587. Cited. 15 CA 297, 303, 304. Cited. 23 CA 287, 300, 301. Cited. 28 CA 693, 696, 702, 703. Cited. 37 CA 162, 164. Cited. 40 CA 261, 262, 265.
Action for accounting should be tried to court and not to jury notwithstanding issues of law are presented. 6 CS 193. Allowance of amendment does not enlarge period in which a case may be claimed for the jury docket. 8 CS 32; but see 12 CS 218. Jury trial is authorized in an appeal from the doings of commissioners on a solvent estate of a deceased person. 10 CS 1; but see 15 CS 415. Action by state for care and treatment of a patient is a special statutory proceeding which came into existence after January 1, 1880, and should be entered on the jury docket. 15 CS 369. If plaintiff claims an indebtedness which could be determined in an action at law, case cannot be stricken from jury docket. 18 CS 173. Claims of undue influence and incapacity in execution of a deed are triable by jury as of right in ejectment. 20 CS 13. Cited. 12 CS 218; 14 CS 410; 21 CS 160; 23 CS 145. Since any liability of a town for hospital services is statutory and did not exist prior to January 1, 1880, an action should be entered on the docket as a court case. 32 CS 272. A plea in abatement is not a "civil action" but a procedural part thereof and therefore may not be heard by a jury. 32 CS 245. Cited. 35 CS 549, 554, 555. If a new issue of fact is joined, either by amended complaint or amended answer or special defense, it should revive a right of election for jury trial. 36 CS 343, 344. Cited. 37 CS 883−885. Cited. 44 CS 411.

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Sec. 52-215a. Jury of six in civil actions. On the trial of any civil action to a jury, the trial shall be to a jury of six.
(1971, P.A. 40, S. 1.)

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Sec. 52-216. Deciding questions of law and of fact. The court shall decide all issues of law and all questions of law arising in the trial of any issue of fact; and, in committing the action to the jury, shall direct them to find accordingly. The court shall submit all questions of fact to the jury, with such observations on the evidence, for their information, as it thinks proper, without any direction as to how they shall find the facts. After the action has been committed to the jury, no pleas, arguments or evidence may be received before the verdict is returned into court and recorded.
(1949 Rev., S. 7969; P.A. 82-160, S. 105.)
History: P.A. 82-160 replaced "cause" with "action" and rephrased the section.
See Sec. 52-224 re special verdicts to determine questions of law by court.
See note to Sec. 54-89.
Jury cannot pass on sufficiency of declaration. 32 C. 167. Construction of writings is for the court, unless it depends on proof of extrinsic circumstances, usages, etc. 12 C. 554; 38 C. 167. Court must decide on matters of fact bearing only on admissibility of evidence. 11 C. 463; And on challenge to jurors. 18 C. 171; 38 C. 137. Court may express opinion on weight of evidence. 21 C. 167; 37 C. 400. But court should not withdraw from jury any questions of fact, because it thinks the proof insufficient. 34 C. 538. It should instruct the jury, specifically, what law is applicable to the particular facts of the case; 32 C. 82; and may direct what verdict should be given, if the facts claimed and admitted would justify such verdict only. 5 C. 416; 8 C. 347; 65 C. 291. Verdict set aside, because document not in evidence was given to the jury by mistake; 18 C. 549; 109 C. 726; and because a juror gave evidence to his fellows out of court. 1 R. 523. Parties need not be formally called before taking the verdict. 41 C. 26. A claim devoid of evidence ought not to be submitted to the jury. 44 C. 88. Verdict not complete until read to jury and assented to by them. 46 C. 233. Court to determine all matters of law, even such as involve the decision of facts. 46 C. 383. Parties are entitled to a verdict on each of several separate counts. 53 C. 240. What comments of the court are to be commended. 59 C. 400, 401. Statute is identical in some of its features with section 54-89; 64 C. 338; 103 C. 478. Court should direct a verdict where that depends upon a question of law. 65 C. 291. Court may express its opinion on the weight of evidence, leaving the decision of questions of fact to the jury. 69 C. 92. Is in accord with the constitutional right of trial by jury. 69 C. 145. Weight of testimony and the good or bad faith of parties are matters for the jury. 70 C. 509. Judge is not required to review all the evidence; how far he shall comment upon it is within his judicial discretion. 70 C. 719. Of jury trial in general. 75 C. 234. Functions of jury; 74 C. 71; in libel action. 67 C. 512; 69 C. 132; 75 C. 232. Must take law from judge; 69 C. 128; 73 C. 18; 75 C. 218; 78 C. 28; 80 C. 531; 85 C. 438; to leave it to them to decide is error. 86 C. 641. Weight and credibility of evidence is for jury; 73 C. 623; 81 C. 22; id., 623; 82 C. 600; 86 C. 98; id., 289; 87 C. 363; id., 585; 90 C. 701; 94 C. 350; 97 C. 187; where evidence conflicts and fairminded men might differ; 94 C. 257; id., 613; though witness is undisputed; 84 C. 267; 88 C. 619; or defendant offers no evidence; 92 C. 427; or one witness stands against many; 87 C. 363; so, inferences to be drawn from evidence; 86 C. 82; id., 289; id., 677; so meaning of words; 66 C. 525; so contract partly oral, partly written; 83 C. 16; weight of each part of evidence and its bearing upon the rest. 97 C. 187. Procuring cause of sale; 94 C. 475; agency and authority; 96 C. 21; 97 C. 149; whether written instrument meant to include whole agreement of parties. 97 C. 381. Jury must consider evidence as a whole. 75 C. 326. Judge as part of jury system. 74 C. 68; 75 C. 678; 76 C. 495; 81 C. 347; id., 624. He may direct verdict in proper case; 77 C. 137; 79 C. 406; id., 569; 80 C. 300; 81 C. 347; id., 578; 86 C. 439; 89 C. 117; 91 C. 432; where only one conclusion is reasonably possible; 81 C. 343; 82 C. 394; 86 C. 131; 88 C. 16; 90 C. 30; id., 139; 91 C. 433; 92 C. 560; 95 C. 441; 109 C. 159; where facts are undisputed and effect is question of law; 96 C. 319; where injury is clearly due to plaintiff's own negligence; 95 C. 48; constitutional limitation on powers; 91 C. 460; in libel action; 91 C. 442; and where a verdict is directed, the judgment will not readily be reversed. 78 C. 99; 82 C. 396. Refusal to direct verdict not ground of error. 93 C. 454. Court may comment on evidence; 73 C. 33; id., 118; id., 377; 79 C. 116; id., 380; 87 C. 691; 88 C. 93; 90 C. 275; 92 C. 236; id., 579; 93 C. 691; or its absence; 91 C. 316; in a criminal case; 64 C. 330; 67 C. 581; 72 C. 40; 78 C. 28; 81 C. 98; 83 C. 160; id., 601; 87 C. 5; id., 285; 98 C. 467; 109 C. 91. This is ordinarily a matter of discretion; 79 C. 663; 80 C. 88; id., 538; 82 C. 518; 83 C. 597; 85 C. 459; 88 C. 93; 91 C. 388; but it may be its duty to do so; 71 C. 1; id., 392; 72 C. 43; 75 C. 55; 79 C. 117; 82 C. 518; it may, but need not, call attention to particular evidence; 73 C. 462; 76 C. 135; 77 C. 295; 81 C. 556; 83 C. 261; 85 C. 180; 86 C. 15; id., 252; 87 C. 363; as testimony of an accomplice; 72 C. 321; 76 C. 342; 84 C. 152; evidence as to character; 83 C. 598; circumstantial evidence; 77 C. 267; refusal of witness to answer question; 91 C. 316; credibility of witness; 95 C. 529; it may point out an undisputed fact; 86 C. 335; or one admitted; 89 C. 237; or one jury could not help but find; 81 C. 347; or one that is irrelevant; 78 C. 18; but it must leave decision to jury. 69 C. 91; 86 C. 335. It may express its own opinion. 92 C. 237. That comment affects credibility of party's claim nil sig. 93 C. 598. This section applies to comments made by the judge in ruling on evidence. 90 C. 95. Effect of series of writings as determining contract rights is for court to decide. 94 C. 445. Judge may ask questions of witness. 98 C. 468. This section does not apply to criminal cases. 103 C. 477, 479 but see section 54-89. A motion to reopen to offer evidence after case was committed to jury could not be granted. The statute is definite and contains no exceptions. 135 C. 599. Cited. 137 C. 123. Whether there is any evidence is a question for the judge. Whether sufficient evidence is for the jury. 143 C. 547. Comment to jury by court must be fair and reasonable. 144 C. 706. Verdict of jury must contain an intelligible finding so that its meaning can be clearly ascertained. 147 C. 72. Finding in a jury case is a statement of facts which, on the evidence, jury might have found proven and which parties claim were proven. 147 C. 90. Handling of expert testimony by jury discussed. 147 C. 171, 215. Purpose of rule that exceptions to a charge should be taken immediately after the charge is delivered. 147 C. 191. Construction of language of a will, even in a jury case, is for the court. 147 C. 248. In the absence of any request from defendant to withhold from jury exhibits concerned only with counts as to which a verdict in his favor had been directed, court itself not required to withhold such exhibits. 147 C. 589. It is error to submit to jury wholly inapplicable statutes. 147 C. 638. An inadvertent omission or inaccurate statement in a charge will not constitute reversible error unless it is reasonably probable that jury was misled by it. 147 C. 644. For case to go to jury, evidence fairly considered must be able to support a reasonable belief that it is more probable than otherwise that the fact in issue is true. 147 C. 699. Directed verdicts are not favored. Id., 704. When a court may direct a verdict. 148 C. 167; id., 449. Finding in a jury trial is merely a narrative of facts claimed to have been proved by each side, made for the purpose of fairly presenting any claimed errors in charge or rulings of the court. 148 C. 208. What constitutes a request to charge which properly sets forth the "legal principle involved." 148 C. 266. A fact not contradicted does not necessarily become an undisputed fact which is required to be added to the finding. 148 C. 349. Purpose of a charge is to call attention of jury, unfamiliar with legal distinctions, to whatever is necessary and proper to guide them to a right decision in a particular case. 148 C. 391. Doctrine of estoppel was in issue but in charge jury was not given a definition of this term, held reversible error. Id. Although trial court is given much latitude in discussing the evidence in a charge, an incorrect statement of a material and important fact which is apt to mislead the jury constitutes error. 148 C. 459. Plaintiff filed no requests to charge. It does not appear that any exception was made to the charge as given. Had he any doubt about the jury's understanding, a proper request to charge would have alerted the court to the need for instruction and would have assured an adequate record for review. 149 C. 743. Charge to jury on Uniform Narcotic Drug Act. Jury should have been instructed to indicate in their verdict whether the possession was for self-administration or possession for sale. Jury could have found defendant not guilty of possession for sale because of entrapment, but guilty of possession for self-administration. Dissent. 150 C. 1. Since there was no evidence that any of the vehicles involved in the collision had inadequate or defective brakes, the charge should not have submitted the issue to the jury. Since other omitted matter was essential to a proper and complete consideration and decision of the case, the failure to charge on it, after a request to do so, constituted error. 150 C. 158. Where more than one conclusion is reasonably possible, judge cannot direct a verdict. 150 C. 623. Judge's failure to repeat all of his charge on claims of negligence may have misled jury into overlooking plaintiff's claim of supervening negligence of defendant as proximate cause of his injuries; this omission in supplemental charge was error and judgment for defendant was reversed. 157 C. 194. Failure of court to charge jury by relating law to pleadings and evidence in case was reversible error. 158 C. 75. Cited. 196 C. 53.
Cited. 7 CA 245, 250.
When verdict will be set aside for error in the charge. 21 CS 1. The ad damnum clause of a complaint has no probative value and should not be submitted to the jury. 21 CS 150.

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Sec. 52-216a. Reading of agreements or releases to jury prohibited. Adjustments for excessive and inadequate verdicts permitted. An agreement with any tortfeasor not to bring legal action or a release of a tortfeasor in any cause of action shall not be read to a jury or in any other way introduced in evidence by either party at any time during the trial of the cause of action against any other joint tortfeasors, nor shall any other agreement not to sue or release of claim among any plaintiffs or defendants in the action be read or in any other way introduced to a jury. If the court at the conclusion of the trial concludes that the verdict is excessive as a matter of law, it shall order a remittitur and, upon failure of the party so ordered to remit the amount ordered by the court, it shall set aside the verdict and order a new trial. If the court concludes that the verdict is inadequate as a matter of law, it shall order an additur, and upon failure of the party so ordered to add the amount ordered by the court, it shall set aside the verdict and order a new trial. This section shall not prohibit the introduction of such agreement or release in a trial to the court.
(P.A. 76-197; P.A. 77-604, S. 33, 84; P.A. 82-160, S. 106; 82-406, S. 3.)
History: P.A. 77-604 referred to agreements "with any tortfeasor" not to bring legal action rather than to agreements not to bring legal action "by any tortfeasor"; P.A. 82-160 rephrased the section; P.A. 82-406 deleted provision re authority of court to deduct any amount of money received as settlement from verdict and added provision re authority of court to order remittitur or additur.
See Sec. 52-572e re release of joint tortfeasor.
Cited. 176 C. 245, 248; id., 383, 387. Cited. 179 C. 269−273, 276. Found unconstitutional as violating the right to trial by jury by permitting trial court to interfere with fact-finding function of jury. 186 C. 337, 339−350, 353−359. Cited. 187 C. 1, 3. Statute as amended by public act 82-406, S. 3 held constitutional. 196 C. 53−63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73. Statute codifies proper procedure with regard to out-of-court settlements of joint tort feasors. 196 C. 341, 355. Cited. 203 C. 607, 609, 610, 614, 615. Cited. 206 C. 16, 18, 21, 22. Cited. 208 C. 82, 88, 89, 93. Cited. 211 C. 67, 73, 74. Cited. 212 C. 509, 536. Cited. 219 C. 314, 333. Cited. 223 C. 786, 808. Cited. 229 C. 716, 753, 754. Cited. 230 C. 795, 804. Cited. 231 C. 500, 510. Cited. 234 C. 660, 674−676. Cited. 239 C. 144. Section provides a directive to trial court that if defendant rejects the additur, trial court must set aside verdict and order a new trial, because initial verdict was necessarily inadequate as a matter of law. 246 C. 170. There is no irreconcilable conflict between Secs. 52-228b and 52-216a mandating that one be accepted and the other abandoned. Id.
Cited. 8 CA 407−409, 436. Cited. Id., 642, 644, 648, 649. Cited. 26 CA 509, 514, 515, 517. Cited. 31 CA 584, 586, 587, 589, 590. Cited. 38 CA 685, 686, 704, 705. Cited. 43 CA 475.
Statute does not preclude an allegation of payments from a joint tort feasor as a special defense. 40 CS 263, 164.

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Sec. 52-216b. Articulation to trier of fact of amount of damages claimed to be recoverable permitted. (a) In any civil action to recover damages resulting from personal injury or wrongful death, counsel for any party to the action shall be entitled to specifically articulate to the trier of fact during closing arguments, in lump sums or by mathematical formulae, the amount of past and future economic and noneconomic damages claimed to be recoverable.
(b) Whenever, in a jury trial, specific monetary sums or mathematical formulae are articulated during closing arguments as provided for in subsection (a) of this section, the trial court shall instruct the jury that the sums or mathematical formulae articulated are not evidence but only arguments and that the determination of the amount of damages to be awarded, if any, is solely the jury's function.
(P.A. 89-319.)
Cited. 216 C. 604, 608. P.A. 89-319 cited. Id. Cited. 217 C. 671−673, 675−677, 679−683, 685. Cited. 221 C. 331−338.
Cited. 37 CA 518, 526. Cited. 38 CA 447, 448.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 31 CA 518, 526.
Subsec. (b):
Cited. 217 C. 671, 674, 683, 684.

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Sec. 52-216c. Failure to call a witness. Jury instruction prohibited; argument by counsel permitted. No court in the trial of a civil action may instruct the jury that an inference unfavorable to a