Sec. 12-700. Imposition of tax on income. Rate. (a) There is hereby imposed on the Connecticut taxable income of each resident of this state a tax:
(1) At the rate of four and one-half per cent of such Connecticut taxable income for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1992, and prior to January 1, 1996.
(2) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1996, but prior to January 1, 1997, in accordance with the following schedule:
(A) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual or as a married individual filing separately:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $2,250	3.0%
Over $2,250	$67.50, plus 4.5% of the excess over $2,250

(B) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, as defined in Section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $3,500	3.0%
Over $3,500	$105.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $3,500

(C) For any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly or a person who files a return under the federal income tax as a surviving spouse, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $4,500	3.0%
Over $4,500	$135.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $4,500

(D) For trusts or estates, the rate of tax shall be 4.5% of their Connecticut taxable income.
(3) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997, but prior to January 1, 1998, in accordance with the following schedule:
(A) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual or as a married individual filing separately:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $6,250	3.0%
Over $6,250	$187.50, plus 4.5% of the excess over $6,250

(B) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, as defined in Section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $10,000	3.0%
Over $10,000	$300.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $10,000

(C) For any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly or any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a surviving spouse, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $12,500	3.0%
Over $12,500	$375.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $12,500

(D) For trusts or estates, the rate of tax shall be 4.5% of their Connecticut taxable income.
(4) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998, but prior to January 1, 1999, in accordance with the following schedule:
(A) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual or as a married individual filing separately:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $7,500	3.0%
Over $7,500	$225.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $7,500

(B) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, as defined in Section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $12,000	3.0%
Over $12,000	$360.00 plus 4.5% of the excess over $12,000

(C) For any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly or any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a surviving spouse, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $15,000	3.0%
Over $15,000	$450.00 plus 4.5% of the excess over $15,000

(D) For trusts or estates, the rate of tax shall be 4.5% of their Connecticut taxable income.
(5) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999, in accordance with the following schedule:
(A) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual or as a married individual filing separately:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $10,000	3.0%
Over $10,000	$300.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $10,000

(B) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, as defined in Section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $16,000	3.0%
Over $16,000	$480.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $16,000

(C) For any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly or any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a surviving spouse, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Internal Revenue Code:

Connecticut Taxable Income	Rate of Tax
Not over $20,000	3.0%
Over $20,000	$600.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $20,000

(D) For trusts or estates, the rate of tax shall be 4.5% of their Connecticut taxable income.
(6) The provisions of this subsection shall apply to resident trusts and estates and, wherever reference is made in this subsection to residents of this state, such reference shall be construed to include resident trusts and estates, provided any reference to a resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from sources without this state or to a resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income shall be construed, in the case of a resident trust or estate, to mean the resident trust or estate's Connecticut taxable income derived from sources without this state and the resident trust or estate's Connecticut taxable income, respectively.
(b) There is hereby imposed on the Connecticut taxable income derived from or connected with sources within this state of each nonresident a tax which shall be the product of an amount equal to the tax computed as if such nonresident were a resident, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state and the denominator of which is the nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income, provided, if the nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income is less than such nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state, (1) such nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state, reduced by the amount of the exemption provided in section 12-702, shall be such nonresident's Connecticut taxable income derived from or connected with sources within this state and shall be multiplied by the tax rate specified in subsection (a) of this section for the purposes of determining the tax pursuant to this section and (2) such nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be such nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the purposes of determining the credit pursuant to section 12- 703. The provisions of this subsection shall also apply to nonresident trusts and estates and, wherever reference is made in this subsection to nonresidents of this state, such reference shall be construed to include nonresident trusts and estates, provided any reference to a nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from sources within this state or to a nonresident's Connecticut adjusted gross income shall be construed, in the case of a nonresident trust or estate, to mean the nonresident trust or estate's Connecticut taxable income derived from sources within this state and the nonresident trust or estate's Connecticut taxable income, respectively.
(c) (1) There is hereby imposed on the Connecticut taxable income derived from or connected with sources within this state of each part-year resident a tax which shall be a product equal to the tax computed as if such part-year resident were a resident, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state, as described in subsection (a) of section 12-717, and the denominator of which is the part- year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income, as described in subdivision (2) of this subsection, provided, if the part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income is less than such part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state, (A) such part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state, reduced by the amount of the exemption provided in section 12-702, shall be such part-year resident's Connecticut taxable income derived from or connected with sources within this state and shall be multiplied by the tax rate specified in subsection (a) of this section for the purposes of determining the tax pursuant to this section and (B) such part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be such part-year resident's adjusted gross income for the purposes of determining the credit pursuant to section 12-703. The provisions of this subsection shall apply to part-year resident trusts and, wherever reference is made in this subsection to part-year residents, such reference shall be construed to include part-year resident trusts, provided any reference to a part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from sources within this state or a part-year resident's Connecticut adjusted gross income shall be construed, in the case of a part-year resident trust, to mean the part-year resident trust's Connecticut taxable income derived from sources within this state and the part-year resident trust's Connecticut taxable income, respectively.
(2) For purposes of subdivision (1) of this subsection and subsection (a), the Connecticut adjusted gross income of a part-year resident (A) changing his status from resident to nonresident shall be increased or decreased, as the case may be, by the items accrued under subdivision (1) of subsection (c) of section 12-717, to the extent not otherwise includable in Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year and (B) changing his status from nonresident to resident shall be increased or decreased, as the case may be, by the items accrued under subdivision (2) of subsection (c) of section 12- 717, to the extent included in Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year.
(d) The provisions of this chapter shall be applicable with respect to any person, trust or estate. Whenever, in this chapter, "any person" appears without "trust or estate", the reference to any person shall be deemed to include any trust and any estate unless, in the context of the particular provision, the reference to any person could not be applicable in the case of a trust or in the case of an estate.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 51, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 1, 37; P.A. 93-74, S. 63, 67; 93-332, S. 6, 42; P.A. 95-160, S. 30, 69; P.A. 96-139, S. 8, 12, 13; P.A. 97-309, S. 8, 23; 97-322, S. 5, 7, 9.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 51, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 93-74 amended Subsec. (c) to add provisions re applicability of tax for part-year residents as Subdiv. (2), designating previously existing provisions as Subdiv. (1) and prior Subdivs. as Subparas. (A) and (B), effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on and after January 1, 1993; P.A. 93-332 amended Subdiv. (2) of Subsec. (c) making technical changes, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to taxable years on or after January 1, 1993; P.A. 95-160 amended Subsecs. (a) to (c) to decrease tax rate to three per cent from four and one-half per cent in accordance with the schedules in Subdivs. (2) and (3) of Subsec. (a), effective June 1, 1995, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1996; P.A. 96-139 amended Subsec. (a) to add references to filing return status under the federal income tax as defined in the Internal Revenue Code, and amended Subsec. (a)(3)(C) to change the rate of tax for persons filing joint returns on taxable income over $9,000 from $180.00 to $270.00, plus 4.5% of the excess over $9,000, effective May 29, 1996, and changed effective date of P.A. 95-160 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-309 amended Subsec. (a) to add new Subdiv. (4) to increase amount of taxable income taxed at three per cent for the taxable year commencing January 1, 1998, and Subdiv. (5) to increase amount of taxable income taxed at three per cent for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999, effective the later of July 1, 1997, or the first day of the calendar month immediately following the last action necessary to make effective a final budget for the biennium ending June 30, 1999, provided for purposes of this section any legislative action to continue the appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1997, with adjustments shall not constitute a final budget for the biennium ending June 30, 1999, and shall be applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 97-322 amended Subdivs. (3) and (5) of Subsec. (a) to increase amount of taxable income subject to three per cent rate, effective July 1, 1997 and revised effective date of P.A. 97-309 but without affecting this section.

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Sec. 12-700a. Alternative minimum tax. (a) Every resident individual, as defined in section 12-701, subject to and required to pay the federal alternative minimum tax under Section 55 of the Internal Revenue Code shall pay, in addition to the tax imposed under section 12-700, the net Connecticut minimum tax. The tax shall be the difference computed by subtracting the tax imposed under subsection (a) of section 12-700 from the Connecticut minimum tax, as provided in subdivision (26) of subsection (a) of section 12-701. The provisions of this subsection shall apply to resident trusts and estates, as defined in said section 12-701, and, wherever reference is made in this section to resident individuals, such reference shall be construed to include resident trusts and estates, provided any reference to a resident individual's Connecticut adjusted gross income shall be construed, in the case of a resident trust or estate, to mean the resident trust or estate's Connecticut taxable income.
(b) Every nonresident individual, as defined in section 12-701, subject to and required to pay the federal alternative minimum tax under Section 55 of the Internal Revenue Code shall pay, in addition to the tax imposed under section 12-700, the net Connecticut minimum tax, as calculated herein. The tax shall be the difference computed by subtracting the tax imposed under subsection (b) of section 12-700 from the product of the nonresident individual's Connecticut minimum tax, as provided in subdivision (26) of subsection (a) of section 12-701, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount of income associated with the nonresident individual's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax that is derived from or connected with sources within this state, as such phrase is defined in sections 12-711 and 12-713, and the denominator of which is the amount of income associated with the nonresident individual's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax that is derived from or connected with sources within and without this state. The provisions of this subsection shall apply to nonresident trusts and estates, as defined in said section 12-701, and, wherever reference is made in this section to nonresident individuals, such reference shall be construed to include nonresident trusts and estates, provided any reference to a nonresident individual's Connecticut adjusted gross income shall be construed, in the case of a nonresident trust or estate, to mean the nonresident trust or estate's Connecticut taxable income.
(c) Every part-year resident individual, as defined in said section 12-701, subject to and required to pay the federal alternative minimum tax under Section 55 of the Internal Revenue Code shall pay, in addition to the tax imposed under section 12-700, the net Connecticut minimum tax, as calculated herein. The tax shall be the difference computed by subtracting the tax imposed under subsection (c) of section 12-700 from the product of the part-year resident individual's Connecticut minimum tax, as provided in subdivision (26) of subsection (a) of section 12-701, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the amount of income associated with the part-year resident individual's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax derived from or connected with sources within this state, as such phrase is defined in section 12-717, and the denominator of which is the amount of income associated with the part-year resident individual's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax that is derived from or connected with sources within and without this state. For the purposes of such calculation, the provisions of subsection (c) of said section 12-717 providing for the accrual of items of income, gain, loss or deduction shall apply to the calculation of the part-year resident individual's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax. The provisions of this subsection shall apply to part-year resident trusts, as defined in said section 12-701, and, wherever reference is made in this section to part-year resident individuals, such reference shall be construed to include part-year resident trusts, provided any reference to a part-year resident individual's Connecticut adjusted gross income shall be construed, in the case of a part- year resident trust, to mean the part-year resident trust's Connecticut taxable income.
(d) (1) For taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1994, a credit shall be allowed as provided herein in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the adjusted net Connecticut minimum tax imposed for all prior taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1993, over the amount allowable as a credit under this subsection for such prior taxable years.
(2) The credit allowable for a taxable year under this subsection is limited to the amount, if any, by which (A)(i) the tax imposed under section 12-700, (ii) less the credit, if any, allowed under section 12-704 exceeds (B)(i) the Connecticut minimum tax, determined without regard to whether the individual or the trust or estate is subject to and required to pay for that taxable year the federal alternative minimum tax under Section 55 of the Internal Revenue Code, (ii) less the credit, if any, allowed under subsection (e) of this section.
(e) A resident or part-year resident shall be allowed a credit against the tax otherwise due under this section in the amount of any similar tax imposed on such resident or part- year resident for the taxable year by another state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia on income which is derived from sources therein and which is also subject to tax under this section. In the case of a resident, the credit provided under this subsection shall not exceed the proportion of the tax otherwise due under this section that the amount of the taxpayer's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax derived from or connected with sources in the other taxing jurisdiction, as the phrase is used in section 12-704, bears to the taxpayer's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax. In the case of a part-year resident, the credit provided under this subsection shall not exceed the proportion of the tax otherwise due during the period of residency that the amount of the taxpayer's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax derived from or connected with sources in the other taxing jurisdiction, as the phrase is used in said section 12-704, during the period of residency bears to such taxpayer's adjusted federal tentative minimum tax during the period of residency, nor shall the allowance of the credit provided under this subsection reduce the tax otherwise due under this section to an amount less than what would have been due if the amount subject to similar taxation by such other jurisdiction were excluded in the calculation of the adjusted federal tentative minimum tax.
(P.A. 93-74, S. 54, 67; 93-332, S. 15, 42; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 70, 85; P.A. 95-5, S. 4, 6; 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 97-286, S. 1, 8; P.A. 00-174, S. 37, 83.)
History: P.A. 93-74 effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on and after January 1, 1993; P.A. 93-332 amended Subsecs. (a) and (c) to make technical changes deleting reference to rate of "twenty-three per cent of the adjusted federal tentative minimum tax", effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, in Subsecs. (a) to (d), inclusive, made changes in tax in order to based said tax on the adjusted federal tentative minimum tax, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993; P.A. 95-5 amended Subdiv. (2) of Subsec. (d) to add new Subparas. (A)(ii) and (B)(ii) re less credit under Subsec. (e), effective April 13, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1995; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-286 amended Subsec. (d) to make technical changes, effective June 26, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (e) to eliminate a credit for tax payments to provinces of Canada, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000.

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Sec. 12-700b. Computation of tax for withholding from wages and other payments and for payment of estimated tax. (a) For the purposes of computing the tax pursuant to section 12-705 or section 12-722 for the period prior to July 1, 1996, such tax shall be computed without regard to the rate established in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-700. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall issue new withholding tables effective July 1, 1996.
(b) For the purposes of computing the tax pursuant to section 12-705 or section 12- 722 for the period prior to July 1, 1998, such tax shall be computed without regard to the rate established in subdivision (3) or (4) of subsection (a) of section 12-700. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall issue new withholding tables effective July 1, 1998.
(c) For the purposes of computing the tax pursuant to section 12-705 or section 12- 722 for the period prior to July 1, 2000, with respect to a person filing under the federal income tax as an unmarried individual, such tax shall be computed without regard to the provisions of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-702 and of subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-703. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall issue new withholding tables effective July 1, 2000.
(P.A. 95-160, S. 68, 69; P.A. 96-139, S. 12, 13; P.A. 97-322, S. 6, 9; P.A. 99-173, S. 8, 65.)
History: P.A. 95-160, S. 68 effective June 1, 1995; P.A. 96-139 changed effective date of P.A. 95-160 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-322 designated existing Sec. as Subsec. (a) and added new Subsec. (b) re computation of tax for the period prior to July 1, 1998, effective July 1, 1997; P.A. 99-173 added new Subsec. (c) re withholding tables to be issued July 1, 2000, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2000.

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Sec. 12-701. Definitions. (a) For purposes of this chapter:
(1) "Resident of this state" means any natural person (A) who is domiciled in this state, unless (i) the person maintains no permanent place of abode in this state, maintains a permanent place of abode elsewhere and spends in the aggregate not more than thirty days of the taxable year in this state, or (ii) within any period of five hundred forty-eight consecutive days the person is present in a foreign country or countries for at least four hundred fifty days, and during such period of five hundred forty-eight consecutive days the person is not present in this state for more than ninety days and does not maintain a permanent place of abode in this state at which such person's spouse, unless such spouse is legally separated, or minor children are present for more than ninety days, and during the nonresident portion of the taxable year with or within which such period of five hundred forty-eight consecutive days begins and the nonresident portion of the taxable year with or within which such period ends, such person is present in this state for a number of days which does not exceed an amount which bears the same ratio to ninety as the number of days contained in such portion of the taxable year bears to five hundred forty-eight, or (B) who is not domiciled in this state but maintains a permanent place of abode in this state and is in this state for an aggregate of more than one hundred eighty-three days of the taxable year, unless such person, not being domiciled in this state, is in active service in the armed forces of the United States.
(2) "Nonresident of this state" means any natural person who is not a resident of this state for any portion of the taxable year.
(3) "Part-year resident of this state" means any natural person who is not either a resident of this state for the entire taxable year or a nonresident of this state for the entire taxable year.
(4) "Resident trust or estate" means (A) the estate of a decedent who at the time of his death was a resident of this state, (B) the estate of a person who, at the time of commencement of a case under Title 11 of the United States Code, was a resident of this state, (C) a trust, or a portion of a trust, consisting of property transferred by will of a decedent who at the time of his death was a resident of this state, and (D) a trust, or a portion of a trust, consisting of the property of (i) a person who was a resident of this state at the time the property was transferred to the trust if the trust was then irrevocable, (ii) a person who, if the trust was revocable at the time the property was transferred to the trust, and has not subsequently become irrevocable, was a resident of this state at the time the property was transferred to the trust or (iii) a person who, if the trust was revocable when the property was transferred to the trust but the trust has subsequently become irrevocable, was a resident of this state at the time the trust became irrevocable. For purposes of this chapter, if any trust or portion of a trust, other than a trust created by the will of a decedent, has one or more nonresident noncontingent beneficiaries, the Connecticut taxable income of the trust, as defined in subdivision (9) of this subsection, shall be modified as follows: The Connecticut taxable income of the trust shall be the sum of all such income derived from or connected with sources within this state and that portion of such income derived from or connected with all other sources which is derived by applying to all such income derived from or connected with all other sources a fraction the numerator of which is the number of resident noncontingent beneficiaries and the denominator of which is the total number of noncontingent beneficiaries. For purposes of section 12-700a, if any trust or portion of a trust, other than a trust created by the will of a decedent, has one or more nonresident noncontingent beneficiaries, its adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, as defined in section 12-700a shall be modified as follows: The adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income of the trust shall be the sum of all such income derived from or connected with sources within this state and that portion of such income derived from or connected with all other sources which is derived by applying to all such income derived from or connected with all other sources a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of resident noncontingent beneficiaries and the denominator of which is the total number of noncontingent beneficiaries. As used in this subdivision, "noncontingent beneficiary" means a beneficiary whose interest is not subject to a condition precedent.
(5) "Nonresident trust or estate" means any trust or estate other than a resident trust or estate or a part-year resident trust.
(6) "Part-year resident trust" means any trust which is not either a resident trust or a nonresident trust for the entire taxable year.
(7) "Taxable year" means taxable year as determined in accordance with section 12-708.
(8) "Connecticut taxable income of a resident" means the Connecticut adjusted gross income of a natural person with respect to any taxable year reduced by the amount of the exemption provided in section 12-702.
(9) "Connecticut taxable income of a resident trust or estate" shall mean the taxable income of the fiduciary of such trust or estate as determined for purposes of the federal income tax, to which (A) there shall be added or subtracted, as the case may be, the share of the trust or estate, as determined under section 12-716, in the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment and (B) with respect to any trust, there shall be added the amount of any includable gain, reduced by any deductions properly allocable thereto, upon which a tax is imposed for the taxable year pursuant to Section 644 of the Internal Revenue Code.
(10) "Connecticut fiduciary adjustment" means the net positive or negative total of the following items relating to income, gain, loss or deduction of a trust or estate: (A) There shall be added together (i) any interest income from obligations issued by or on behalf of any state, political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity, exclusive of such income from obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut and exclusive of any such income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law, (ii) any exempt-interest dividends, as defined in Section 852 (b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code, exclusive of such exempt-interest dividends derived from obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut and exclusive of such exempt-interest dividends derived from obligations, the income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law, (iii) any interest or dividend income on obligations or securities of any authority, commission or instrumentality of the United States which federal law exempts from federal income tax but does not exempt from state income taxes, (iv) to the extent properly includable in determining the net gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of capital assets for federal income tax purposes, any loss from the sale or exchange of obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, in the income year such loss was recognized, (v) to the extent deductible in determining federal taxable income prior to deductions relating to distributions to beneficiaries, any income taxes imposed by this state, (vi) to the extent deductible in determining federal taxable income prior to deductions relating to distributions to beneficiaries, any interest on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or carry obligations or securities the interest on which is exempt from tax under this chapter, and (vii) expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for the production or collection of income which is exempt from tax under this chapter, or the management, conservation or maintenance of property held for the production of such income, and the amortizable bond premium for the taxable year on any bond the interest on which is exempt from taxation under this chapter, to the extent that such expenses and premiums are deductible in determining federal taxable income prior to deductions relating to distributions to beneficiaries. (B) There shall be subtracted from the sum of such items (i) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law, (ii) to the extent allowable under section 12-718, exempt dividends paid by a regulated investment company, (iii) with respect to any trust or estate which is a shareholder of an S corporation which is carrying on, or which has the right to carry on, business in this state, as said term is used in section 12-214, the amount of such shareholder's pro rata share of such corporation's nonseparately computed items, as defined in Section 1366 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is subject to tax under chapter 208, in accordance with subsection (c) of section 12-217 multiplied by such corporation's apportionment fraction, if any, as determined in accordance with section 12-218, (iv) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any interest income from obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, (v) to the extent properly includable in determining the net gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of capital assets for federal income tax purposes, any gain from the sale or exchange of obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, in the income year such gain was recognized, (vi) any interest on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or carry obligations or securities the interest on which is subject to tax under this chapter, but exempt from federal income tax, to the extent that such interest on indebtedness is not deductible in determining federal taxable income prior to deductions relating to distributions to beneficiaries, (vii) ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for the production or collection of income which is subject to taxation under this chapter, but exempt from federal income tax, or the management, conservation or maintenance of property held for the production of such income, and the amortizable bond premium for the taxable year on any bond the interest on which is subject to tax under this chapter, but exempt from federal income tax, to the extent that such expenses and premiums are not deductible in determining federal taxable income prior to deductions relating to distributions to beneficiaries, and (viii) the amount of any refund or credit for overpayment of income taxes imposed by this state, to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes for the taxable year and to the extent deductible in determining federal taxable income prior to deductions relating to distributions to beneficiaries for the preceding taxable year.
(11) "Estimated tax" means the amount which the individual estimates to be his income tax under this chapter for the taxable year less the amount which such individual estimates to be the sum of any credits allowable for tax withheld.
(12) "Required annual payment" means the lesser of (A) ninety per cent of the tax shown on the return for the taxable year, or, if no return is filed, ninety per cent of the tax for such year, or (B) if the preceding taxable year was a taxable year of twelve months and the individual filed a return for the preceding taxable year, one hundred per cent of the tax shown on the return of the individual for such preceding taxable year.
(13) "Regulated investment company" means a regulated investment company as defined in Section 851 of the Internal Revenue Code.
(14) "Exempt dividends" means any dividend or part thereof, other than a capital gain dividend, paid by a regulated investment company and designated by it as an exempt dividend, in accordance with section 12-718, in a written notice mailed to its shareholders not later than sixty days after the close of its taxable year.
(15) "Taxpayer" means any person, trust or estate subject to the tax imposed under this chapter.
(16) "Internal Revenue Code" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended.
(17) "S corporation" means any corporation which is an S corporation for federal income tax purposes.
(18) "Person" means a person as defined in section 12-1, but shall not include any corporation or association which is taxable as a corporation for the purposes of chapter 208, provided, for purposes of sections 12-735, 12-736 and 12-737, the term "person" shall include an individual, corporation or partnership and any officer or employee of any corporation, including a dissolved corporation, and a member or employee of any partnership who, as such officer, employee or member, is under a duty to perform the act in respect of which the violation occurs.
(19) "Adjusted gross income" means the adjusted gross income of a natural person with respect to any taxable year, as determined for federal income tax purposes.
(20) "Connecticut adjusted gross income" means adjusted gross income, with the following modifications:
(A) There shall be added thereto (i) to the extent not properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any interest income from obligations issued by or on behalf of any state, political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity, exclusive of such income from obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut and exclusive of any such income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law, (ii) any exempt- interest dividends, as defined in Section 852(b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code, exclusive of such exempt-interest dividends derived from obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut and exclusive of such exempt-interest dividends derived from obligations, the income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law, (iii) any interest or dividend income on obligations or securities of any authority, commission or instrumentality of the United States which federal law exempts from federal income tax but does not exempt from state income taxes, (iv) to the extent included in gross income for federal income tax purposes for the taxable year, the total taxable amount of a lump sum distribution for the taxable year deductible from such gross income in calculating federal adjusted gross income, (v) to the extent properly includable in determining the net gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of capital assets for federal income tax purposes, any loss from the sale or exchange of obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, in the income year such loss was recognized, (vi) to the extent deductible in determining federal adjusted gross income, any income taxes imposed by this state, (vii) to the extent deductible in determining federal adjusted gross income, any interest on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or carry obligations or securities the interest on which is exempt from tax under this chapter and (viii) expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for the production or collection of income which is exempt from taxation under this chapter or the management, conservation or maintenance of property held for the production of such income, and the amortizable bond premium for the taxable year on any bond the interest on which is exempt from tax under this chapter to the extent that such expenses and premiums are deductible in determining federal adjusted gross income.
(B) There shall be subtracted therefrom (i) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law, (ii) to the extent allowable under section 12-718, exempt dividends paid by a regulated investment company, (iii) the amount of any refund or credit for overpayment of income taxes imposed by this state, or any other state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, (iv) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any tier 1 railroad retirement benefits, (v) with respect to any natural person who is a shareholder of an S corporation which is carrying on, or which has the right to carry on, business in this state, as said term is used in section 12-214, the amount of such shareholder's pro rata share of such corporation's nonseparately computed items, as defined in Section 1366 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is subject to tax under chapter 208, in accordance with subsection (c) of section 12-217, multiplied by such corporation's apportionment fraction, if any, as determined in accordance with section 12-218, (vi) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any interest income from obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, (vii) to the extent properly includable in determining the net gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of capital assets for federal income tax purposes, any gain from the sale or exchange of obligations issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district or similar public entity created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, in the income year such gain was recognized, (viii) any interest on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or carry obligations or securities the interest on which is subject to tax under this chapter but exempt from federal income tax, to the extent that such interest on indebtedness is not deductible in determining federal adjusted gross income and is attributable to a trade or business carried on by such individual, (ix) ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for the production or collection of income which is subject to taxation under this chapter but exempt from federal income tax, or the management, conservation or maintenance of property held for the production of such income, and the amortizable bond premium for the taxable year on any bond the interest on which is subject to tax under this chapter but exempt from federal income tax, to the extent that such expenses and premiums are not deductible in determining federal adjusted gross income and are attributable to a trade or business carried on by such individual, (x) (I) for a person who files a return under the federal income tax as an unmarried individual whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is less than fifty thousand dollars, or as a married individual filing separately whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is less than fifty thousand dollars, or for a husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax as married individuals filing jointly whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is less than sixty thousand dollars or a person who files a return under the federal income tax as a head of household whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is less than sixty thousand dollars, an amount equal to the Social Security benefits includable for federal income tax purposes; and (II) for a person who files a return under the federal income tax as an unmarried individual whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is fifty thousand dollars or more, or as a married individual filing separately whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is fifty thousand dollars or more, or for a husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax as married individuals filing jointly whose federal adjusted gross income from such taxable year is sixty thousand dollars or more or for a person who files a return under the federal income tax as a head of household whose federal adjusted gross income for such taxable year is sixty thousand dollars or more, an amount equal to the difference between the amount of Social Security benefits includable for federal income tax purposes and the lesser of twenty-five per cent of the Social Security benefits received during the taxable year, or twenty-five per cent of the excess described in Section 86(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code, (xi) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, any amount rebated to a taxpayer pursuant to section 12-746, (xii) to the extent properly includable in the gross income for federal income tax purposes of a designated beneficiary, any distribution to such beneficiary from any qualified state tuition program, as defined in Section 529(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, established and maintained by this state or any official, agency or instrumentality of the state, (xiii) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, the amount of any Holocaust victims' settlement payment received in the taxable year by a Holocaust victim, and (xiv) to the extent properly includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes of an account holder, as defined in section 31-51ww, interest earned on funds deposited in the individual development account, as defined in section 31-51ww, of such account holder.
(C) With respect to a person who is the beneficiary of a trust or estate, there shall be added or subtracted, as the case may be, from adjusted gross income such person's share, as determined under section 12-714, in the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment.
(21) "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Revenue Services or his authorized agent.
(22) "Department" means the Department of Revenue Services.
(23) "Federal tentative minimum tax" means tentative minimum tax, as determined pursuant to Section 55 of the Internal Revenue Code, reduced by the alternative minimum tax foreign tax credit.
(24) "Adjusted federal tentative minimum tax" of an individual means such individual's federal tentative minimum tax or, in the case of an individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income includes modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(v), (A)(vi), (A)(vii) or (A)(viii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section or subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(v), (B)(vi), (B)(vii), (B)(viii), (B)(ix), (B)(x) or (B)(xiii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, the amount that would have been the federal tentative minimum tax if such tax were calculated by including, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(v), (A)(vi), (A)(vii) or (A)(viii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(v), (B)(vi), (B)(vii), (B)(viii), (B)(ix), (B)(x) or (B)(xiii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, and by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the amount of any interest income or exempt-interest dividends, as defined in Section 852(b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code, from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district, or similar public entity that is created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, or from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of any territory or possession of the United States, any political subdivision of such territory or possession, or public instrumentality, authority, district or similar public entity of such territory or possession, the income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law. If such individual is a beneficiary of a trust or estate, then, in calculating his or her federal tentative minimum tax, his or her federal alternative taxable income shall be increased or decreased, as the case may be, by the net amount of such individual's proportionate share of the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment relating to modifications that are described in, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(v), (A)(vi), (A)(vii) or (A)(viii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, or, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(v), (B)(vi), (B)(vii), (B)(viii), (B)(ix), (B)(x) or (B)(xiii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section.
(25) "Net Connecticut minimum tax" means the amount by which the Connecticut minimum tax exceeds the income tax imposed under section 12-700.
(26) (A) "Connecticut minimum tax" of an individual means the lesser of (i) nineteen per cent of the adjusted federal tentative minimum tax, as defined in subdivision (24) of subsection (a) of this section, or (ii) five per cent of the adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, as defined in subdivision (30) of this subsection. (B) "Connecticut minimum tax" of a trust or estate means the lesser of (i) nineteen per cent of the adjusted federal tentative minimum tax, as defined in subdivision (28) of this subsection or (ii) five per cent of the adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, as defined in subdivision (31) of this subsection.
(27) "Adjusted net Connecticut minimum tax" means (A) if the Connecticut minimum tax is calculated under subparagraph (A)(i) or (B)(i), as the case may be, of subdivision (26) of this subsection, the excess, if any, of (i) the net Connecticut minimum tax, less the credit allowed under subsection (e) of section 12-700a, over (ii) the amount that would have been the net Connecticut minimum tax provided the adjustments and items of preference specified in Section 53(d) of the Internal Revenue Code had been used in determining the net Connecticut minimum tax, less the credit that would have been allowed under subsection (e) of section 12-700a for a similar tax determined by using only the adjustments and items of preference specified in Section 53(d) of the Internal Revenue Code, or (B) if the Connecticut minimum tax is calculated under subparagraph (A)(ii) or (B)(ii), as the case may be, of subdivision (26) of this subsection, then the product of the excess that is described in subparagraph (A) of this subdivision and that is determined without regard to said subparagraph (A)(ii) or (B)(ii), as the case may be, of subdivision (26) of this subsection, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the net Connecticut minimum tax, as if the Connecticut munimum tax were calculated under said subparagraph (A)(ii) or (B)(ii), as the case may be, of subdivision (26) of this subsection and the denominator of which is the net Connecticut minimum tax, as if the Connecticut minimum tax were calculated under said subparagraph (A)(i) or (B)(i), as the case may be, of subdivision (26) of this subsection.
(28) "Adjusted federal tentative minimum tax" of a trust or estate means its federal tentative minimum tax or, in the case of a trust or estate whose Connecticut taxable income includes modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(iv), (A)(v), (A)(vi) or (A)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section or subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(iii), (B)(iv), (B)(v), (B)(vi) or (B)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, the amount that would have been the federal tentative minimum tax if such tax were calculated by including, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(iv), (A)(v), (A)(vi) or (A)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(iii), (B)(iv), (B)(v), (B)(vi) or (B)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, and by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the amount of any interest income or exempt-interest dividends, as defined in Section 852(b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code, from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district, or similar public entity that is created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, or from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of any territory or possession of the United States, any political subdivision of such territory or possession, or public instrumentality, authority, district or similar public entity of such territory or possession, the income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law. If such trust or estate is itself a beneficiary of a trust or estate, then, for purposes of calculating its adjusted federal alternative minimum tax, its federal alternative minimum taxable income shall also be increased or decreased, as the case may be, by the net amount of such trust or estate's proportionate share of the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment relating to modifications that are described, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(iv), (A)(v), (A)(vi) or (A)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section or to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(iii), (B)(iv), (B)(v), (B)(vi) or (B)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section.
(29) "Federal alternative minimum taxable income" means alternative minimum taxable income, as defined in Section 55(b)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code.
(30) "Adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income" of an individual means his or her federal alternative minimum taxable income or, in the case of an individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income includes modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(v), (A)(vi), (A)(vii) or (A)(viii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section or subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(v), (B)(vi), (B)(vii), (B)(viii), (B)(ix), (B)(x) or (B)(xiii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, the amount that would have been the federal alternative minimum taxable income if such amount were calculated by including, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(v), (A)(vi), (A)(vii) or (A)(viii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(v), (B)(vi), (B)(vii), (B)(viii), (B)(ix), (B)(x) or (B)(xiii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section, and by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the amount of any interest income or exempt-interest dividends, as defined in Section 852(b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code, from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district, or similar public entity that is created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, or from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of any territory or possession of the United States, any political subdivision of such territory or possession, or public instrumentality, authority, district or similar public entity of such territory or possession, the income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law. If such individual is a beneficiary of a trust or estate, then, for purposes of calculating his or her adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, his or her federal alternative minimum taxable income shall also be increased or decreased, as the case may be, by the net amount of such individual's proportionate share of the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment relating to modifications to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, that are described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(v), (A)(vi), (A)(vii) or (A)(viii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section or to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(v), (B)(vi), (B)(vii), (B)(viii), (B)(ix), (B)(x) or (B)(xiii) of subdivision (20) of subsection (a) of this section.
(31) "Adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income" of a trust or estate means its federal alternative minimum taxable income or, in the case of a trust or estate whose Connecticut taxable income includes modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(iv), (A)(v), (A)(vi) or (A)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section or subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(iii), (B)(iv), (B)(v), (B)(vi) or (B)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, the amount that would have been the federal alternative minimum taxable income if such amount were calculated by including, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(iv), (A)(v), (A)(vi) or (A)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the modifications described in subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(iii), (B)(iv), (B)(v), (B)(vi) or (B)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, and by excluding, to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, the amount of any interest income or exempt- interest dividends, as defined in Section 852(b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code, from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of the state of Connecticut, any political subdivision thereof, or public instrumentality, state or local authority, district, or similar public entity that is created under the laws of the state of Connecticut, or from obligations that are issued by or on behalf of any territory or possession of the United States, any political subdivision of such territory or possession, or public instrumentality, authority, district or similar public entity of such territory or possession, the income with respect to which taxation by any state is prohibited by federal law. If such trust or estate is itself a beneficiary of a trust or estate, then, for purposes of calculating its adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, its federal alternative minimum taxable income shall also be increased or decreased, as the case may be, by the net amount of such trust or estate's proportionate share of the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment relating to modifications that are described, to the extent not includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, in subparagraph (A)(i), (A)(ii), (A)(iv), (A)(v), (A)(vi) or (A)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section, or to the extent includable in federal alternative minimum taxable income, subparagraph (B)(i), (B)(ii), (B)(iii), (B)(iv), (B)(v), (B)(vi) or (B)(vii) of subdivision (10) of subsection (a) of this section.
(32) "Pay" means the payment by an individual of the tax imposed on his Connecticut adjusted gross income or the payment by a fiduciary of a trust or estate of the tax imposed on its Connecticut taxable income, and includes the payment over by an employer or other person of the tax that such employer or other person is required to collect, deduct or withhold and to truthfully account for.
(33) "Partnership" means a partnership as defined in Section 7701(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations adopted thereunder, as from time to time amended, and any reference in this chapter or in regulations adopted under this chapter to a partnership shall include a limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.
(34) "Partner" means a partner as defined in Section 7701(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations adopted thereunder, as from time to time amended, and any reference in this chapter or in regulations adopted under this chapter to a partner shall include a member of a limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.
(35) "Holocaust victim settlement payment" means a payment received: (A) As a result of a settlement of the action entitled In re Holocaust Victims' Asset Litigation, C.A. No. 96-4849, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York; (B) under the German act regulating unresolved property claims, also known as Gesetz zur Regelung offener Vermogensfragen, or any other foreign law providing payments for Holocaust claims; or (C) as a result of the settlement of any other Holocaust claim, including insurance claims, claims relating to looted art, claims relating to looted financial assets, or claims relating to slave labor wages. "Holocaust victim settlement payment" includes any interest on any such payment accumulated or accrued through the date of payment. "Holocaust victim settlement payment" does not include any amount received from any asset acquired with any asset recovered, returned, or otherwise given as compensation to a Holocaust victim as a Holocaust victim settlement payment or with the proceeds from the sale of any asset recovered, returned, or otherwise given as compensation to a Holocaust victim as a Holocaust victim settlement payment.
(36) "Holocaust victim" means an individual who died or lost property as a result of discriminatory laws, policies or actions targeted against discrete groups of individuals based on race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation or national origin, whether or not the individual was actually a member of any of those groups, or because the individual assisted or allegedly assisted any of those groups, between January 1, 1929, and December 31, 1945, in the country of Nazi Germany, areas occupied by Nazi Germany, those European countries allied with Nazi Germany, areas occupied by those European countries allied with Nazi Germany or any other neutral European country or area in Europe under the influence or threat of invasion by Nazi Germany or by any European country allied with or occupied by Nazi Germany. "Holocaust victim" includes the spouse or descendant of a Holocaust victim.
(b) Any term used in this chapter shall have the same meaning as when used in a comparable context in the laws of the United States relating to income taxes unless a different meaning is clearly required. Any reference in this chapter to the laws of the United States shall mean the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and any other provisions of the laws of the United States relating to income tax as the same may be or become effective, at any time or from time to time, for the taxable year. Terms preceded by the word "federal" refer to the corresponding terms defined in the laws of the United States.
(c) The commissioner shall, by regulation, define the term "derived from or connected with sources within this state" as used in this chapter.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 52, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 2, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 11, 43, 59; P.A. 93-74, S. 38, 39, 57, 58, 67; 93-332, S. 27, 42; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 26, 71−74, 85; P.A. 95-5, S. 1−3, 6; 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 96-139, S. 9−11, 13; 96-175, S. 2, 3, 5; 96-180, S. 29−31, 166; 96-221, S. 22, 25; P.A. 97-286, S. 2, 3, 8; 97- 309, S. 9, 23; 97-322, S. 7, 9; P.A. 98-110, S. 4, 27; 98-252, S. 58, 80; 98-255, S. 3, 24; P.A. 99-173, S. 1, 65; P.A. 00-82, S. 1−4, 6; 00-174, S. 38, 39, 83; 00-192, S. 6, 102.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 52, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers occurring on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subdiv. (4) of Subsec. (a) to delete standards for nontaxation of a resident trust and to create a formula for modification of the Connecticut taxable income of a trust based on the residence of the beneficiaries, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1993, and added Subsec. (c), concerning a definition of the term "derived from or connected with sources within this state", effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 93-74 amended Subdiv. (12) of Subsec. (a), deleting existing definition of "assumed tax" and replacing it with definition of "required annual payment", amended Subdiv. (18) of Subsec. (a), defining "person" by changing statutory citation from Sec. 1-1 to Sec. 12-1, made technical change in Subdiv. (20) of Subsec. (a) and added Subdivs. (23) to (27), inclusive, to Subsec. (a) defining "federal tentative minimum tax", "adjusted federal tentative minimum tax", "net Connecticut minimum tax", "Connecticut minimum tax" and "adjusted net Connecticut minimum tax", effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years on and after January 1, 1993; P.A. 93-332 amended Subdiv. (4) of Subsec. (a) to modify definition of "resident trust or estate" to include trust or estate which has one or more nonresident beneficiaries, effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 (1) in Subdiv. (4) of Subsec. (a) made changes in definition of "resident trust or estate" relative to the calculation of the alternative minimum tax, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993, (2) in Subdiv. (20) of Subsec. (a) eliminated the modification for moving expenses and added a new Subpara. (x) re eliminating the federal increase in social security taxes, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1994, (3) in Subdiv. (24) of Subsec. (a) modified definition to exclude the amount of certain interest income or exempt-interest dividends, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993, (4) in Subdivs. (26) and (27) of Subsec. (a) modified definitions of "Connecticut minimum tax" and "adjusted net Connecticut minimum tax" to provide that the Connecticut minimum tax is the lesser of nineteen per cent of the adjusted federal tentative minimum tax or five per cent of the adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993, and added Subdivs. (28) to (31), inclusive, defining "adjusted federal tentative minimum tax", "federal alternative minimum taxable income", "adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income of an individual" and "adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income of a trust or an estate", respectively, effective June 9, 1994, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993; P.A. 95-5 amended Subdiv. (18) of Subsec. (a) to include reference to Secs. 12-735 and 12-737, amended Subdivs. (26) and (27) of Subsec. (a) to add a definition of "Connecticut minimum tax" of a trust or estate and to provide that adjusted net Connecticut minimum tax is less the credit under Subsec. (e) of Sec. 12-700a and made technical changes, and added new Subdiv. (32) defining "pay" effective April 13, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1995; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 96-139 amended Subdivs. (10), (28) and (31) of Subsec. (a) to make technical relettering and renumbering corrections, effective May 29, 1996; P.A. 96- 175 amended Subdivs. (10) and (20) of Subsec. (a) to add reference to Subsec. (c) of Sec. 12-217, effective May 31, 1996, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 96-180 amended Subdivs. (10), (28) and (31) of Subsec. (a) to make technical relettering and renumbering changes in Subpara. and clause designations, effective June 3, 1996; P.A. 96-221 amended Subsec. (a)(10) to add Subpara. (B)(viii) re amount of any refund or credit for overpayment of tax, effective June 4, 1996, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1992 (Revisor's note: The Revisors editorially corrected clerical errors in Subdivs. (28), (30) and (31) by changing references to "... such territory of possession, ..." to "... such territory or possession, ..." for consistency with the other references in the section); P.A. 97-286 amended Subdiv. (27) of Subsec. (a) to make technical changes to definition and to add new Subdivs. (33) and (34) defining "partnership" and "partner", effective June 26, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 97-309 amended Subpara. (B)(x) of Subdiv. (20) of Subsec. (a) to increase the amount of Social Security income that is exempt, effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 97-322 changed effective date of P.A. 97-309 but without affecting this section; P.A. 98-110 amended Subsec. (a)(20)(B) to add (xi) excluding amount of rebate, effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 98-252 and P.A. 98-255 both amended Subdiv. (20) of Subsec. (a) to add Subpara. (B) (xii) re distributions from qualified state tuition programs, effective July 1, 1998; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (a)(20) to exempt the remaining twenty-five per cent of taxable Social Security income for joint filers and heads of household with an adjusted gross income under sixty thousand dollars and single filers with an adjusted gross income under fifty thousand dollars, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999; P.A. 00- 82 amended Subsec. (a)(20) to exclude Holocaust victim's settlement payments from Connecticut adjusted gross income, amended Subdivs. (24) and (30) of Subsec. (a) to make said Subdivs. consistent with substantive changes in said act and to make technical changes for purposes of gender neutrality and further amended Subsec. (a) to add Subdivs. (35) and (36) defining "Holocaust victim settlement payment" and "Holocaust victim", respectively, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (a)(1) to modify the domicile provisions in the definition of "resident of this state" and amended Subsec. (a)(20) to eliminate a subtraction modification for tax refunds or credits from any province of Canada, to modify provisions in the Social Security benefit adjustment and to make technical changes, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000; P.A. 00-192 amended Subsec. (a)(20)(B) to delete reference to any province of Canada and to add provisions re interest earned on funds deposited in individual development accounts, effective January 1, 2001, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after that date.
Subsec. (a):
Subdiv. (1) cited. 44 CS 461. Subdiv. (4): Commerce and due process clauses do not invalidate Connecticut's tax on testamentary trust income. 45 CS 368.

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Sec. 12-702. Exemptions. (a)(1)(A) Any person, other than a trust or estate, subject to the tax under this chapter for any taxable year who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a married individual filing separately or, for taxable years commencing prior to January 1, 2000, who files income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual shall be entitled to a personal exemption of twelve thousand dollars in determining Connecticut taxable income for purposes of this chapter.
(B) In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-four thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption.
(2) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, any person, other than a trust or estate, subject to the tax under this chapter for any taxable year who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual shall be entitled to a personal exemption in determining Connecticut taxable income for purposes of this chapter as follows:
(A) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, but prior to January 1, 2001, twelve thousand two hundred fifty dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(B) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2001, but prior to January 1, 2002, twelve thousand five hundred dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-five thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(C) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2002, but prior to January 1, 2003, twelve thousand seven hundred fifty dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-five thousand five hundred dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(D) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2003, but prior to January 1, 2004, thirteen thousand dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-six thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(E) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2004, but prior to January 1, 2005, thirteen thousand five hundred dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-seven thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(F) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2005, but prior to January 1, 2006, fourteen thousand dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-eight thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(G) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2006, but prior to January 1, 2007, fourteen thousand five hundred dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds twenty-nine thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption;
(H) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2007, fifteen thousand dollars. In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds thirty thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption.
(b) (1) Any person subject to tax under this chapter who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, as defined in Section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, shall be entitled to a personal exemption of nineteen thousand dollars in determining Connecticut taxable income for purposes of this chapter.
(2) In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds thirty-eight thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds the said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption.
(c) (1) Any husband and wife subject to tax under this chapter for any taxable year who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing a joint return or any person who files a return for such taxable year as a surviving spouse, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, shall be entitled to a single personal exemption of twenty-four thousand dollars in determining Connecticut taxable income for purposes of this chapter. Any husband and wife who elect to file a joint return under the federal income tax for any taxable year shall be required to file jointly with respect to such taxable year for purposes of this chapter, in which event their tax liability under this chapter shall be joint and several, except as otherwise provided in section 12-702a, and any husband and wife who elect to file separately under the federal income tax for any taxable year shall be required to file separately with respect to such taxable year for purposes of this chapter, provided (A) if either the husband or wife is a resident and the other is a nonresident, separate taxes shall be determined on their separate Connecticut taxable incomes on separate forms as married individuals filing separately unless such husband and wife determine their federal taxable income jointly and both elect to determine their joint Connecticut taxable income as if both were residents, or (B) if any husband and wife, both of whom are nonresidents, elect to file a joint return under the federal income tax for any taxable year and only one of them has income derived from or connected with sources within this state during such taxable year, only the spouse with income derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be required to file a return in this state and, if only the spouse with income derived from or connected with this state files such a return in this state, a separate tax shall be determined on such spouse's separate Connecticut taxable income as a married individual filing separately unless such husband and wife both elect to determine their joint Connecticut taxable income as if both had income derived from or connected with sources within this state.
(2) In the case of any such taxpayer whose Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds forty-eight thousand dollars, the exemption amount shall be reduced by one thousand dollars for each one thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds the said amount. In no event shall the reduction exceed one hundred per cent of the exemption.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 53, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 3, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 12, 59; P.A. 99- 48, S. 3, 10; 99-173, S. 5, 65; P.A. 00-174, S. 40, 83; 00-230, S. 10, 11.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 53, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subdiv. (1) of Subsec. (c) to create a method by which a nonresident taxpayer with a nonresident spouse who has no Connecticut sourced income could file a separate return even if the couple filed jointly for federal purposes, commencing June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 99-48 amended Subsec. (c) to add provision re joint and several liability in Subdiv. (1), effective May 27, 1999; P.A. 99- 173 amended Subsec. (a) to increase, annually, the unmarried single filer standard exemption from fifty per cent to sixty- two and five-tenths per cent of the joint filer standard exemption over an eight-year period, from twelve thousand two hundred fifty dollars in tax year commencing January 1, 2000, to fifteen thousand dollars in tax year commencing January 1, 2007, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2000; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (a)(2) to adjust the exemption amounts for single filers, effective May 26, 2000; P.A. 00-230 made technical changes in Subsecs. (a) and (c).

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Sec. 12-702a. Relief from joint tax liability. (a) Any individual who has made a joint return under this chapter may elect to seek relief under the provisions of subsection (b) of this section and if such individual is eligible to elect the application of subsection (c) of this section, such individual may, in addition to any election under subsection (b) of this section, elect to limit such individual's liability for any deficiency with respect to such joint return in the manner prescribed under subsection (c) of this section.
(b) (1) Under procedures prescribed by the commissioner, if (A) a joint return has been made for a taxable year and on such return there is an understatement of tax attributable to erroneous items of one individual filing the joint return; (B) the other individual filing the joint return establishes that in signing the return such other individual did not know, and had no reason to know, that there was such an understatement; (C) taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold such other individual liable for the deficiency in tax for such taxable year attributable to such understatement or portion of such understatement, as the case may be; and (D) such other individual elects the application of this subsection, in such form as the Commissioner of Revenue Services may prescribe, not later than the date which is two years after the date the commissioner has begun collection activities with respect to the individual making the election, such other individual shall be relieved of liability for tax, including interest, penalties and other amounts due for such taxable year to the extent such liability is attributable to such understatement.
(2) If the electing individual satisfies the conditions of subdivision (1) of this subsection except subparagraph (B) of said subdivision (1), and establishes that in signing the return such individual did not know, and had no reason to know, the extent of such understatement, such individual shall be relieved of liability for tax, including interest, penalties and other amounts due for such taxable year to the extent such liability is attributable to the portion of such understatement of which such individual did not know and had no reason to know.
(c) (1) If an individual who has made a joint return for any taxable year elects the application of this subsection, the individual's liability for any deficiency which is assessed with respect to the return shall not exceed the portion of such deficiency properly allocable to such individual under subsection (d) of this section.
(2) The electing individual shall have the burden of proof with respect to establishing the portion of any deficiency allocable to such individual.
(3) An individual shall be eligible to elect the application of this subsection if (A) at the time such election is filed, such individual is no longer married to, or is legally separated from, the individual with whom such individual filed the joint return to which the election relates, or (B) such individual was not a member of the same household as the individual with whom such joint return was filed at any time during the twelve- month period ending on the date such election is filed.
(4) If the commissioner demonstrates that assets were transferred between individuals filing a joint return as part of a fraudulent scheme by such individuals, an election under this subsection by either individual shall be invalid.
(5) If the commissioner demonstrates that the individual electing under this subsection had actual knowledge, at the time such individual signed the return, of any item giving rise to a deficiency or portion thereof which is not allocable to such individual under subsection (d) of this section, the election shall not apply to such deficiency or portion thereof, unless the individual with actual knowledge establishes that the electing individual signed the return under duress.
(6) The portion of the deficiency for which the individual electing under this subsection is liable shall be increased by the value of any disqualified asset transferred to the individual. For purposes of this section, "disqualified asset" means any property or right to property transferred to an electing individual with respect to a joint return by the other individual filing such joint return if the principal purpose of the transfer was the avoidance of tax or payment of tax. Any transfer which is made after the date which is one year before the date on which a notice of proposed deficiency assessment is sent, other than any transfer pursuant to a decree of divorce or separate maintenance or a written instrument incident to such a decree or to any transfer which an individual establishes did not have as its principal purpose the avoidance of tax or payment of tax, shall be presumed to have as its principal purpose the avoidance of tax or payment of tax.
(7) An election under this subsection for any taxable year shall be made not later than two years after the date on which the commissioner has begun collection activities with respect to the individual making the election.
(d) (1) The portion of any deficiency on a joint return allocated to an individual electing under subsection (c) of this section shall be the amount which bears the same ratio to such deficiency as the net amount of items taken into account in computing the deficiency and allocable to the individual under this subdivision bears to the net amount of all items taken into account in computing the deficiency.
(2) If a deficiency or portion thereof is attributable to the disallowance of a credit, and such item is allocated to one individual under subdivision (3) of this subsection, such deficiency or portion thereof shall be allocated to such individual. Any such item shall not be taken into account under subdivision (1) of this subsection.
(3) Except as provided in subdivisions (4) and (5) of this subsection, any item giving rise to a deficiency on a joint return shall be allocated to individuals filing the return in the same manner as it would have been allocated if the individuals had filed separate returns for the taxable year. If the commissioner establishes that the allocation of any item is appropriate due to fraud of one or both individuals, the commissioner may provide for such allocation in a manner as prescribed in regulations adopted in accordance with chapter 54.
(4) If an exemption under section 12-702 or a credit under section 12-703 would be disallowed in its entirety solely because a separate return is filed, such disallowance shall be disregarded and the item shall be computed as if a joint return had been filed and then allocated between the joint filers appropriately.
(5) If the liability of a child of a taxpayer is included on a joint return, such liability shall be disregarded in computing the separate liability of either joint filer and such liability shall be allocated appropriately between the joint filers.
(e) (1) The commissioner shall determine what relief, if any, is available to an electing individual under this section and shall mail notice of the proposed determination to such individual. Such notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of the determination in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to such individual. Sixty days after the date on which it is mailed, a notice of proposed determination shall constitute a final determination except only for such amounts as to which such individual has filed a written protest with the commissioner in accordance with subdivision (2) of this subsection.
(2) On or before the sixtieth day after the mailing of the proposed determination, such individual may file with the commissioner a written protest against the proposed determination in which such individual sets forth the grounds on which the protest is based. If a protest is filed, the commissioner shall reconsider the proposed determination and, if such individual has so requested, may grant or deny such individual or such individual's authorized representative an oral hearing.
(3) The commissioner shall mail notice of the commissioner's determination to such individual, which notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of decision in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to such individual.
(4) The action of the commissioner on such individual's protest shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which the commissioner mails notice of the commissioner's action to such individual unless within such period such individual seeks judicial review of the commissioner's determination pursuant to section 12-730.
(f) Under procedures prescribed by the commissioner, if taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold such individual liable for any unpaid tax or any deficiency, or any portion of either, and relief is not otherwise available to such individual under this section, the commissioner may relieve such individual of such liability.
(g) The commissioner shall adopt regulations, in accordance with chapter 54, as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, including regulations providing the opportunity for an individual to have notice of, and an opportunity to participate in, any administrative proceeding with respect to an election made under this section by the other individual filing the joint return.
(h) The provisions of this section shall be applicable with respect to any liability arising after May 27, 1999, and any liability arising on or before May 27, 1999, if such liability remains unpaid as of said date, provided the two-year period to make an election under this section shall not expire before the date that is two years after the date of the first collection activity after May 27, 1999.
(P.A. 99-48, S. 4, 10; P.A. 00-230, S. 12.)
History: P.A. 99-48 effective May 27, 1999; P.A. 00-230 made technical changes in Subsec. (a).

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Sec. 12-703. Credits based on adjusted gross income. (a)(1) Any person, other than a trust or estate, subject to the tax under this chapter for any taxable year who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a married individual filing separately or for taxable years commencing prior to January 1, 2000, who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual shall be entitled to a credit in determining the amount of tax liability for purposes of this chapter in accordance with the following schedule:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $12,000 but not over $15,000	75%
Over $15,000 but not over $15,500	70%
Over $15,500 but not over $16,000	65%
Over $16,000 but not over $16,500	60%
Over $16,500 but not over $17,000	55%
Over $17,000 but not over $17,500	50%
Over $17,500 but not over $18,000	45%
Over $18,000 but not over $18,500	40%
Over $18,500 but not over $20,000	35%
Over $20,000 but not over $20,500	30%
Over $20,500 but not over $21,000	25%
Over $21,000 but not over $21,500	20%
Over $21,500 but not over $25,000	15%
Over $25,000 but not over $25,500	14%
Over $25,500 but not over $26,000	13%
Over $26,000 but not over $26,500	12%
Over $26,500 but not over $27,000	11%
Over $27,000 but not over $48,000	10%
Over $48,000 but not over $48,500	9%
Over $48,500 but not over $49,000	8%
Over $49,000 but not over $49,500	7%
Over $49,500 but not over $50,000	6%
Over $50,000 but not over $50,500	5%
Over $50,500 but not over $51,000	4%
Over $51,000 but not over $51,500	3%
Over $51,500 but not over $52,000	2%
Over $52,000 but not over $52,500	1%

(2) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, any person, other than a trust or estate, subject to the tax under this chapter for any taxable year who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual shall be entitled to a credit in determining the amount of tax liability for purposes of this chapter in accordance with the following schedule:
(A) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, but prior to January 1, 2001:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $12,250 but not over $15,300	75%
Over $15,300 but not over $15,800	70%
Over $15,800 but not over $16,300	65%
Over $16,300 but not over $16,800	60%
Over $16,800 but not over $17,300	55%
Over $17,300 but not over $17,800	50%
Over $17,800 but not over $18,300	45%
Over $18,300 but not over $18,800	40%
Over $18,800 but not over $20,400	35%
Over $20,400 but not over $20,900	30%
Over $20,900 but not over $21,400	25%
Over $21,400 but not over $21,900	20%
Over $21,900 but not over $25,500	15%
Over $25,500 but not over $26,000	14%
Over $26,000 but not over $26,500	13%
Over $26,500 but not over $27,000	12%
Over $27,000 but not over $27,500	11%
Over $27,500 but not over $49,000	10%
Over $49,000 but not over $49,500	9%
Over $49,500 but not over $50,000	8%
Over $50,000 but not over $50,500	7%
Over $50,500 but not over $51,000	6%
Over $51,000 but not over $51,500	5%
Over $51,500 but not over $52,000	4%
Over $52,000 but not over $52,500	3%
Over $52,500 but not over $53,000	2%
Over $53,000 but not over $53,500	1%

(B) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2001, but prior to January 1, 2002:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $12,500 but not over $15,600	75%
Over $15,600 but not over $16,100	70%
Over $16,100 but not over $16,600	65%
Over $16,600 but not over $17,100	60%
Over $17,100 but not over $17,600	55%
Over $17,600 but not over $18,100	50%
Over $18,100 but not over $18,600	45%
Over $18,600 but not over $19,100	40%
Over $19,100 but not over $20,800	35%
Over $20,800 but not over $21,300	30%
Over $21,300 but not over $21,800	25%
Over $21,800 but not over $22,300	20%
Over $22,300 but not over $26,000	15%
Over $26,000 but not over $26,500	14%
Over $26,500 but not over $27,000	13%
Over $27,000 but not over $27,500	12%
Over $27,500 but not over $28,000	11%
Over $28,000 but not over $50,000	10%
Over $50,000 but not over $50,500	9%
Over $50,500 but not over $51,000	8%
Over $51,000 but not over $51,500	7%
Over $51,500 but not over $52,000	6%
Over $52,000 but not over $52,500	5%
Over $52,500 but not over $53,000	4%
Over $53,000 but not over $53,500	3%
Over $53,500 but not over $54,000	2%
Over $54,000 but not over $54,500	1%

(C) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2002, but prior to January 1, 2003:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $12,750 but not over $15,900	75%
Over $15,900 but not over $16,400	70%
Over $16,400 but not over $16,900	65%
Over $16,900 but not over $17,400	60%
Over $17,400 but not over $17,900	55%
Over $17,900 but not over $18,400	50%
Over $18,400 but not over $18,900	45%
Over $18,900 but not over $19,400	40%
Over $19,400 but not over $21,300	35%
Over $21,300 but not over $21,800	30%
Over $21,800 but not over $22,300	25%
Over $22,300 but not over $22,800	20%
Over $22,800 but not over $26,600	15%
Over $26,600 but not over $27,100	14%
Over $27,100 but not over $27,600	13%
Over $27,600 but not over $28,100	12%
Over $28,100 but not over $28,600	11%
Over $28,600 but not over $51,000	10%
Over $51,000 but not over $51,500	9%
Over $51,500 but not over $52,000	8%
Over $52,000 but not over $52,500	7%
Over $52,500 but not over $53,000	6%
Over $53,000 but not over $53,500	5%
Over $53,500 but not over $54,000	4%
Over $54,000 but not over $54,500	3%
Over $54,500 but not over $55,000	2%
Over $55,000 but not over $55,500	1%

(D) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2003, but prior to January 1, 2004:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $13,000 but not over $16,300	75%
Over $16,300 but not over $16,800	70%
Over $16,800 but not over $17,300	65%
Over $17,300 but not over $17,800	60%
Over $17,800 but not over $18,300	55%
Over $18,300 but not over $18,800	50%
Over $18,800 but not over $19,300	45%
Over $19,300 but not over $19,800	40%
Over $19,800 but not over $21,700	35%
Over $21,700 but not over $22,200	30%
Over $22,200 but not over $22,700	25%
Over $22,700 but not over $23,200	20%
Over $23,200 but not over $27,100	15%
Over $27,100 but not over $27,600	14%
Over $27,600 but not over $28,100	13%
Over $28,100 but not over $28,600	12%
Over $28,600 but not over $29,100	11%
Over $29,100 but not over $52,000	10%
Over $52,000 but not over $52,500	9%
Over $52,500 but not over $53,000	8%
Over $53,000 but not over $53,500	7%
Over $53,500 but not over $54,000	6%
Over $54,000 but not over $54,500	5%
Over $54,500 but not over $55,000	4%
Over $55,000 but not over $55,500	3%
Over $55,500 but not over $56,000	2%
Over $56,000 but not over $56,500	1%

(E) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2004, but prior to January 1, 2005:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $13,500 but not over $16,900	75%
Over $16,900 but not over $17,400	70%
Over $17,400 but not over $17,900	65%
Over $17,900 but not over $18,400	60%
Over $18,400 but not over $18,900	55%
Over $18,900 but not over $19,400	50%
Over $19,400 but not over $19,900	45%
Over $19,900 but not over $20,400	40%
Over $20,400 but not over $22,500	35%
Over $22,500 but not over $23,000	30%
Over $23,000 but not over $23,500	25%
Over $23,500 but not over $24,000	20%
Over $24,000 but not over $28,100	15%
Over $28,100 but not over $28,600	14%
Over $28,600 but not over $29,100	13%
Over $29,100 but not over $29,600	12%
Over $29,600 but not over $30,100	11%
Over $30,100 but not over $54,000	10%
Over $54,000 but not over $54,500	9%
Over $54,500 but not over $55,000	8%
Over $55,000 but not over $55,500	7%
Over $55,500 but not over $56,000	6%
Over $56,000 but not over $56,500	5%
Over $56,500 but not over $57,000	4%
Over $57,000 but not over $57,500	3%
Over $57,500 but not over $58,000	2%
Over $58,000 but not over $58,500	1%

(F) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2005, but prior to January 1, 2006:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $14,000 but not over $17,500	75%
Over $17,500 but not over $18,000	70%
Over $18,000 but not over $18,500	65%
Over $18,500 but not over $19,000	60%
Over $19,000 but not over $19,500	55%
Over $19,500 but not over $20,000	50%
Over $20,000 but not over $20,500	45%
Over $20,500 but not over $21,000	40%
Over $21,000 but not over $23,300	35%
Over $23,300 but not over $23,800	30%
Over $23,800 but not over $24,300	25%
Over $24,300 but not over $24,800	20%
Over $24,800 but not over $29,200	15%
Over $29,200 but not over $29,700	14%
Over $29,700 but not over $30,200	13%
Over $30,200 but not over $30,700	12%
Over $30,700 but not over $31,200	11%
Over $31,200 but not over $56,000	10%
Over $56,000 but not over $56,500	9%
Over $56,500 but not over $57,000	8%
Over $57,000 but not over $57,500	7%
Over $57,500 but not over $58,000	6%
Over $58,000 but not over $58,500	5%
Over $58,500 but not over $59,000	4%
Over $59,000 but not over $59,500	3%
Over $59,500 but not over $60,000	2%
Over $60,000 but not over $60,500	1%

(G) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2006, but prior to January 1, 2007:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $14,500 but not over $18,100	75%
Over $18,100 but not over $18,600	70%
Over $18,600 but not over $19,100	65%
Over $19,100 but not over $19,600	60%
Over $19,600 but not over $20,100	55%
Over $20,100 but not over $20,600	50%
Over $20,600 but not over $21,100	45%
Over $21,100 but not over $21,600	40%
Over $21,600 but not over $24,200	35%
Over $24,200 but not over $24,700	30%
Over $24,700 but not over $25,200	25%
Over $25,200 but not over $25,700	20%
Over $25,700 but not over $30,200	15%
Over $30,200 but not over $30,700	14%
Over $30,700 but not over $31,200	13%
Over $31,200 but not over $31,700	12%
Over $31,700 but not over $32,200	11%
Over $32,200 but not over $58,000	10%
Over $58,000 but not over $58,500	9%
Over $58,500 but not over $59,000	8%
Over $59,000 but not over $59,500	7%
Over $59,500 but not over $60,000	6%
Over $60,000 but not over $60,500	5%
Over $60,500 but not over $61,000	4%
Over $61,000 but not over $61,500	3%
Over $61,500 but not over $62,000	2%
Over $62,000 but not over $62,500	1%

(H) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2007:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $15,000 but not over $18,800	75%
Over $18,800 but not over $19,300	70%
Over $19,300 but not over $19,800	65%
Over $19,800 but not over $20,300	60%
Over $20,300 but not over $20,800	55%
Over $20,800 but not over $21,300	50%
Over $21,300 but not over $21,800	45%
Over $21,800 but not over $22,300	40%
Over $22,300 but not over $25,000	35%
Over $25,000 but not over $25,500	30%
Over $25,500 but not over $26,000	25%
Over $26,000 but not over $26,500	20%
Over $26,500 but not over $31,300	15%
Over $31,300 but not over $31,800	14%
Over $31,800 but not over $32,300	13%
Over $32,300 but not over $32,800	12%
Over $32,800 but not over $33,300	11%
Over $33,300 but not over $60,000	10%
Over $60,000 but not over $60,500	9%
Over $60,500 but not over $61,000	8%
Over $61,000 but not over $61,500	7%
Over $61,500 but not over $62,000	6%
Over $62,000 but not over $62,500	5%
Over $62,500 but not over $63,000	4%
Over $63,000 but not over $63,500	3%
Over $63,500 but not over $64,000	2%
Over $64,000 but not over $64,500	1%

(b) Any person subject to tax under this chapter who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, as defined in Section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, shall be entitled to a credit in determining the amount of tax liability for purposes of this chapter in accordance with the following schedule:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $19,000 but not over $24,000	75%
Over $24,000 but not over $24,500	70%
Over $24,500 but not over $25,000	65%
Over $25,000 but not over $25,500	60%
Over $25,500 but not over $26,000	55%
Over $26,000 but not over $26,500	50%
Over $26,500 but not over $27,000	45%
Over $27,000 but not over $27,500	40%
Over $27,500 but not over $34,000	35%
Over $34,000 but not over $34,500	30%
Over $34,500 but not over $35,000	25%
Over $35,000 but not over $35,500	20%
Over $35,500 but not over $44,000	15%
Over $44,000 but not over $44,500	14%
Over $44,500 but not over $45,000	13%
Over $45,000 but not over $45,500	12%
Over $45,500 but not over $46,000	11%
Over $46,000 but not over $74,000	10%
Over $74,000 but not over $74,500	9%
Over $74,500 but not over $75,000	8%
Over $75,000 but not over $75,500	7%
Over $75,500 but not over $76,000	6%
Over $76,000 but not over $76,500	5%
Over $76,500 but not over $77,000	4%
Over $77,000 but not over $77,500	3%
Over $77,500 but not over $78,000	2%
Over $78,000 but not over $78,500	1%

(c) Any husband and wife subject to tax under this chapter for any taxable year who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing joint returns or any person who files a return for such taxable year as a surviving spouse, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, shall be entitled to a credit in determining the amount of tax liability for purposes of this chapter in accordance with the following schedule:

Connecticut Adjusted Gross Income	Amount of Credit
Over $24,000 but not over $30,000	75%
Over $30,500 but not over $30,500	70%
Over $30,500 but not over $31,000	65%
Over $31,000 but not over $31,500	60%
Over $31,500 but not over $32,000	55%
Over $32,000 but not over $32,500	50%
Over $32,500 but not over $33,000	45%
Over $33,000 but not over $33,500	40%
Over $33,500 but not over $40,000	35%
Over $40,000 but not over $40,500	30%
Over $40,500 but not over $41,000	25%
Over $41,000 but not over $41,500	20%
Over $41,500 but not over $50,000	15%
Over $50,000 but not over $50,500	14%
Over $50,500 but not over $51,000	13%
Over $51,000 but not over $51,500	12%
Over $51,500 but not over $52,000	11%
Over $52,000 but not over $96,000	10%
Over $96,000 but not over $96,500	9%
Over $96,500 but not over $97,000	8%
Over $97,000 but not over $97,500	7%
Over $97,500 but not over $98,000	6%
Over $98,000 but not over $98,500	5%
Over $98,500 but not over $99,000	4%
Over $99,000 but not over $99,500	3%
Over $99,500 but not over $100,000	2%
Over $100,000 but not over $100,500	1%

(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 54, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 4, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 25, 85; P.A. 95- 160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 99-173, S. 6, 65.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 54, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 amended section to graduate the tax credits from seventy-five per cent to one per cent and to expand the income levels eligible for the credits from forty-eight thousand dollars to fifty-two thousand dollars for individuals, from seventy-four thousand dollars to seventy-eight thousand five hundred dollars for heads of households and from ninety-six thousand dollars to one hundred thousand five hundred dollars, effective January 1, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after said date; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (a) to adjust the credit schedule for unmarried single filers over an eight-year period from a starting amount of twelve thousand two hundred fifty dollars in 2000 to fifteen thousand dollars in 2007, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to tax years commencing on or after January 1,2000.

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Sec. 12-704. Credits for income taxes paid to other states. (a) Any resident or part-year resident of this state shall be allowed a credit against the tax otherwise due under this chapter in the amount of any income tax imposed on such resident or part- year resident for the taxable year by another state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia on income derived from sources therein and which is also subject to tax under this chapter. In the case of a resident, the credit provided under this section shall not exceed the proportion of the tax otherwise due under this chapter that the amount of the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources in the other taxing jurisdiction bears to such taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income under this chapter. In the case of a part- year resident, the credit provided under this section shall not exceed the proportion of the tax otherwise due during the period of residency under this chapter that the amount of the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources in the other jurisdiction during the period of residency bears to such taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income during the period of residency under this chapter, nor shall the allowance of the credit provided under this section reduce the tax otherwise due under this chapter to an amount less than what would have been due if the income subject to taxation by such other jurisdiction were excluded from Connecticut adjusted gross income.
(b) (1) If, as a direct result of the change to or correction of a taxpayer's income tax return filed with another state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia by the tax officers or other competent authority of such jurisdiction, the amount of tax of such other jurisdiction that the taxpayer is finally required to pay is different than the amount used to determine the credit allowed to any taxpayer under this section for any taxable year, the taxpayer shall provide notice of such difference to the commissioner by filing, on or before the date that is ninety days after the final determination of such amount, an amended return under this chapter, and shall concede the accuracy of such determination or state wherein it is erroneous. The commissioner may redetermine, and the taxpayer shall be required to pay, the tax for any taxable year affected, regardless of any otherwise applicable statute of limitations.
(2) If, as a direct result of a taxpayer filing an amended income tax return with another state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia, the amount of tax of such other jurisdiction that the taxpayer is required to pay is different than the amount used to determine the credit allowed to any taxpayer under this section for any taxable year, the taxpayer shall provide notice of such difference to the commissioner by filing, on or before the date that is ninety days after the date of filing of such amended return, an amended return under this chapter and shall give such information as the commissioner may require. The commissioner may redetermine and the taxpayer shall be required to pay the tax for any taxable year affected, regardless of any otherwise applicable statute of limitations.
(3) The commissioner may by regulation prescribe such exceptions to the requirements of this subsection as he deems appropriate.
(c) A taxpayer shall not be allowed credit under this section if such taxpayer has claimed or will claim a credit against the income tax imposed by such other jurisdiction for the tax paid or payable under this chapter.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (c) of this section, if an individual is not domiciled in this state but maintains a permanent place of abode in this state and is in this state for an aggregate of more than one hundred eighty-three days of a taxable year and such individual is domiciled in another state of the United States, a political subdivision of such state, or the District of Columbia for the taxable year, such individual shall be allowed a credit under this section against the tax otherwise due under this chapter for income tax imposed by and paid to the qualifying jurisdiction in which such individual is domiciled on such individual's income from intangible personal property, to the extent such income is from property not employed in a business, trade, profession or occupation carried on in this state, and on such individual's income derived from or connected with sources within another state of the United States or the District of Columbia that does not impose an income tax on such income. This subsection shall apply only where the jurisdiction in which such individual is domiciled allows an income tax credit for the tax imposed by this state to an individual who is domiciled in this state for a taxable year but maintains a permanent place of abode in such jurisdiction and is in such jurisdiction for an aggregate of more than one hundred eighty-three days of the taxable year that is analogous to that provided in this subsection.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 55, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 5, 37; P.A. 93-74, S. 40, 67; P.A. 96-94, S. 1, 2; P.A. 97-286, S. 4, 8; P.A. 98-244, S. 28, 35.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 55, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing January 1, 1992; P.A. 93-74 made technical change in Subsec. (c), effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on and after January 1, 1993; P.A. 96-94 amended Subsec. (b) to make it applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1991, effective May 8, 1996; P.A. 97-286 added new Subsec. (e) to enable commissioner to enter into agreements with other state taxing authorities, effective June 26, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 98-244 extended from thirty to ninety days the time period within which to report the filing of an amended return with another jurisdiction or changes or corrections made to the return filed by tax officials of another jurisdiction and eliminated the credit for taxes paid to a Canadian province, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998.
Cited. 44 CS 461.
Subsec. (a):
Cited. 44 CS 461.

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Secs. 12-704a and 12-704b. Tax credit for personal property taxes paid on motor vehicles. Tax credit for portion of property tax paid on primary residence or motor vehicle. Sections 12-704a and 12-704b are repealed, effective July 1, 1997.
(May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 79, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 31, 64, 69; P.A. 96-139, S. 7, 12, 13; 96-180, S. 138, 166; P.A. 97-309, S. 22, 23.)

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Sec. 12-704c. Credits for taxes paid on primary residence or motor vehicle. (a) Any resident of this state, as defined in subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of section 12-701, subject to the tax under this chapter for any taxable year shall be entitled to a credit in determining the amount of tax liability under this chapter, for all or a portion, as permitted by this section, of the amount of property tax, as defined in this section, first becoming due and actually paid during such taxable year by such person on such person's primary residence or motor vehicle in accordance with this section, provided in the case of a person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual, a married individual filing separately or a head of household, one motor vehicle shall be eligible for such credit and in the case of a husband and wife who file a return under federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly, no more than two motor vehicles shall be eligible for a credit under the provisions of this section.
(b) The credit allowed under this section shall not exceed two hundred fifteen dollars for the taxable year commencing on or after January 1, 1997, and prior to January 1, 1998; for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998, but prior to January 1, 1999, three hundred fifty dollars; for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999, but prior to January 1, 2000, four hundred twenty-five dollars; and for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, five hundred dollars. In the case of any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing a joint return, the credit allowed, in the aggregate, shall not exceed such amounts for each such taxable year.
(c) (1) (A) For taxable years commencing prior to January 1, 2000, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty-two thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(B) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, but prior to January 1, 2001, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty-three thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(C) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2001, but prior to January 1, 2002, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty-four thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(D) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2002, but prior to January 1, 2003, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty-five thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(E) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2003, but prior to January 1, 2004, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty-six thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(F) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2004, but prior to January 1, 2005, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty-eight thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(G) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2005, but prior to January 1, 2006, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds sixty thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(H) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2006, but prior to January 1, 2007, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds sixty-two thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(I) For taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2007, in the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds sixty-four thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(2) In the case of any such taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a married individual filing separately whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds fifty thousand two hundred fifty dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each five thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(3) In the case of a taxpayer who files under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds seventy- eight thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(4) In the case of a taxpayer who files under federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly whose Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds one hundred thousand five hundred dollars, the amount of the credit that exceeds one hundred dollars shall be reduced by ten per cent for each ten thousand dollars, or fraction thereof, by which the taxpayer's Connecticut adjusted gross income exceeds said amount.
(d) The credit allowed under the provisions of this section shall be available for any person leasing a motor vehicle pursuant to a written agreement for a term of more than one year. Such lessee shall be entitled to the credit in accordance with the provisions of this section for the taxes actually paid by the lessor or lessee on such leased vehicle, provided the lessee was lawfully in possession of the motor vehicle at such time when the taxes first became due. The lessor shall provide the lessee with documentation establishing, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Revenue Services, the amount of property tax paid during the time period in which the lessee was lawfully in possession of the motor vehicle. The lessor of the motor vehicle shall not be entitled to a credit under the provisions of this section.
(e) The credit may only be used to reduce such qualifying taxpayer's tax liability for the year for which such credit is applicable and shall not be used to reduce such tax liability to less than zero.
(f) The amount of tax due pursuant to sections 12-705 and 12-722 shall be calculated without regard to this credit.
(g) For the purposes of this section: (1) "Property tax" means the amount of property tax exclusive of any interest, fees or charges thereon for which a taxpayer is liable, or in the case of any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing a joint return, for which the husband or wife or both are liable, to a Connecticut political subdivision on the taxpayer's primary residence or motor vehicles; (2) "motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle, as defined in section 14-1, which is privately owned or leased; and (3) property tax first becomes due, if due and payable in a single installment, on the date designated by the legislative body of the municipality as the date on which such installment shall be due and payable and, if due and payable in two or more installments, on the date designated by the legislative body of the municipality as the date on which such installment shall be due and payable or, at the election of the taxpayer, on the date designated by the legislative body of the municipality as the date on which any earlier installment of such tax shall be due and payable.
(P.A. 97-309, S. 7, 23; 97-322, S. 4, 7, 9; P.A. 98-110, S. 1, 27; 98-262, S. 15, 22; P.A. 99-173, S. 2, 7, 65.)
History: P.A. 97-309 effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 97-322 amended Subsec. (b) to increase amount of credit for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998, from two hundred seventy-five to two hundred eighty-five dollars, effective July 1, 1997, and changed effective date of P.A. 97-309 but without affecting this section; P.A. 98-110 amended Subsec. (b) to increase amount of credit from two hundred eighty-five dollars to three hundred fifty dollars, effective May 19, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 98-262 allowed credit for instalment in January 1998, and amended definition of property tax to clarify that interest, fees and charges are excluded, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 99-173 amended Subsec. (b) to increase credit from three hundred fifty dollars to four hundred twenty-five dollars for tax years commencing on or after January 1, 1999, and from four hundred twenty-five dollars to five hundred dollars for tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2000, effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999, amended Subsec. (c) to divide into Subdivs. and to add new Subparas. (B) to (I) inclusive, re income limits for unmarried single filers in Subdiv. (1), effective June 23, 1999, and applicable to tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2000.

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Sec. 12-705. Withholding of taxes from wages and other payments. (a) Each employer maintaining an office or transacting business within this state and making payment of any wages taxable under this chapter to a resident or nonresident individual shall deduct and withhold from such wages for each payroll period a tax computed in such manner as to result, so far as practicable, in withholding from the employee's wages during each calendar year an amount substantially equivalent to the tax reasonably estimated to be due from the employee under this chapter with respect to the amount of such wages during the calendar year. The method of determining the amount to be withheld shall be prescribed by regulations of the Commissioner of Revenue Services adopted in accordance with chapter 54.
(b) The commissioner may, if such action is deemed necessary for the protection of the revenue and under such regulations as he may adopt, require persons other than employers (1) to deduct and withhold taxes from payments made by such persons to residents of this state, nonresidents and part-year residents, (2) to file a withholding return as prescribed by the commissioner and (3) to pay over to the commissioner, or to a depositary designated by the commissioner, the taxes so required to be deducted and withheld, in accordance with a schedule established in such regulations.
(c) The commissioner may adopt regulations providing for withholding from (1) remuneration for services performed by an employee for his employer which does not constitute wages, (2) wages paid to an employee by an employer not maintaining an office or transacting business within this state or (3) any other type of payment with respect to which the commissioner finds that withholding would be appropriate under the provisions of this chapter if the employer and the employee, or, in the case of any other type of payment, the person making and the person receiving such payment, agree to such withholding. Such agreement shall be made in such form and manner as the commissioner may, by regulation, prescribe. For purposes of this chapter remuneration, wages or other payments with respect to which such an agreement is made shall be regarded as if they were wages paid to an employee by an employer maintaining an office or transacting business within this state to the extent that such remuneration or wages are paid or other payments are made during the period for which the agreement is in effect.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 56, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 6, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 56, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-706. Agreements with other jurisdictions. Employer to furnish statement to employees regarding wage and taxes withheld. Treatment of taxes withheld. (a) The Commissioner of Revenue Services may enter into agreements with the tax officers of other states, which require income tax to be withheld from the payment of wages and salaries, so as to govern the amounts to be withheld from the wages and salaries of residents of such states under this chapter. Such agreements may provide for recognition of anticipated tax credits in determining the amounts to be withheld and, under regulations prescribed by said commissioner, may relieve employers in this state from withholding income tax on wages and salaries paid to nonresident employees. The agreements authorized by this subsection are subject to the condition that the tax officers of such other states grant similar treatment to residents of this state.
(b) Every employer required to deduct and withhold tax under this chapter from the wages of an employee shall furnish to each such employee in respect to the wages paid by such employer to such employee during the calendar year, on or before January thirty- first of the next succeeding year, a written statement as prescribed by the commissioner of revenue services showing the amount of wages paid by the employer to the employee, the amount deducted and withheld as tax, and such other information as said commissioner shall prescribe.
(c) Wages upon which tax is required to be withheld shall be taxable under this chapter as if no withholding were required, but any amount of tax actually deducted and withheld in any calendar year shall be deemed to have been paid to said commissioner on behalf of the person from whom withheld, and such person shall be credited with having paid that amount of tax for the taxable year beginning in such calendar year.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 57, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 57, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-707. Payment to commissioner of taxes withheld by employers. Each employer required to deduct and withhold tax under this chapter shall be liable for such tax and shall file a withholding return as prescribed by the Commissioner of Revenue Services and pay over to the commissioner, or to a depositary designated by the commissioner, the taxes so required to be deducted and withheld at the same times that such employer is required, under federal law and regulations, to pay over federal taxes that are required to be deducted and withheld from wages of employees, except if the amount of taxes required to be deducted and withheld in a calendar quarter is less than five hundred dollars and if the employer is required, under federal law and regulations, to pay over federal taxes that are required to be deducted and withheld from wages of employees on or before the last day of the month next succeeding such calendar quarter, the employer shall file a withholding return and pay over such taxes on or before the last day of the month next succeeding the calendar quarter for which the taxes were deducted and withheld. Such amount of tax required to be deducted and withheld and paid over to the commissioner under this chapter, when so deducted and withheld, shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the state. No employee or other person shall have any right of action against the employer in respect to any moneys deducted and withheld from wages and paid over to the commissioner in compliance or in intended compliance with this chapter.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 58, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 7, 37; P.A. 94-139, S. 1, 2; P.A. 96-221, S. 21, 25.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 58, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 94-139 allowed employer withholding less than five hundred dollars to file return and pay over taxes on or before the last day of the month next succeeding the calendar quarter for which the taxes were deducted and withheld, effective May 24, 1994, and applicable to taxes deducted and withheld on or after January 1, 1995; P.A. 96-221 limited provision re payment of taxes withheld of less than $500 per quarter to cases where federal law requires employer to pay withheld federal taxes on or before the last day of the month next succeeding such calendar quarter, effective June 4, 1996.

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Sec. 12-708. Determination of taxable year and method of accounting changes. (a) For purposes of the tax imposed under this chapter, a taxpayer's taxable year shall be the same as such taxpayer's taxable year for federal income tax purposes and a taxpayer's method of accounting shall be the same as such taxpayer's method of accounting for federal income tax purposes.
(b) If a taxpayer's taxable year is changed for federal income tax purposes, the taxable year for purposes of the tax under this chapter shall be similarly changed. If a change in taxable year results in a taxable period of less than twelve months, the exemption allowed under section 12-702 shall be prorated under regulations adopted by the Commissioner of Revenue Services in accordance with chapter 54.
(c) If no method of accounting has been regularly used by the taxpayer, Connecticut taxable income shall be computed under such method that in the opinion of the commissioner, fairly reflects income. If a taxpayer's method of accounting is changed for federal income tax purposes, the method of accounting for purposes of this chapter shall similarly be changed.
(d) In computing a taxpayer's Connecticut taxable income for any taxable year under a method of accounting different from the method under which the taxpayer's Connecticut taxable income for the previous year was computed, there shall be taken into account those adjustments which are determined, under regulations adopted by the commissioner, to be necessary solely by reason of the change in order to prevent amounts from being duplicated or omitted.
(e) If a taxpayer's method of accounting is changed, other than from an accrual to an installment method, any additional tax which results from adjustments determined to be necessary solely by reason of the change shall not be greater than if such adjustments were ratably allocated and included for the taxable year of the change and the preceding taxable years, not in excess of two years, during which the taxpayer used the method of accounting from which the change is made. If a taxpayer's method of accounting is changed from an accrual to an installment method, any additional tax for the year of such change of method and for any subsequent year which is attributable to the receipt of installment payments properly accrued in a prior year, shall be reduced by the portion of tax for any prior taxable year attributable to the accrual of such installment payments.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 59, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 59, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-709. Exemption under section 12-702 not applicable to trusts or estates. Taxes payable by fiduciary. The tax imposed under this chapter on a trust or estate shall be computed on the Connecticut taxable income of such trust or estate without allowance for any exemption under section 12-702 and shall be paid by the fiduciary.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 60, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 60, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-710. Persons subject to corporation business tax not taxable under this chapter. Persons exempt from federal taxation exempt from taxation under this chapter. Any person taxable as a corporation for the purposes of chapter 208 shall not be subject to tax under this chapter. Any person which by reason of its purposes or activities is exempt from federal income tax shall be exempt from tax imposed under this chapter.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 61, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 8, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 61, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-711. Determination of income, gain, loss and deduction derived from or connected with sources within this state. (a) The income of a nonresident natural person derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be the sum of the net amount of items of income, gain, loss and deduction entering into his Connecticut adjusted gross income for the taxable year, derived from or connected with sources within this state, including: (1) His distributive share of partnership income, gain, loss and deduction, determined under section 12-712, and (2) his pro rata share of S corporation income, gain, loss and deduction, determined under section 12-712, and (3) his share of estate or trust income, gain, loss and deduction, determined under section 12-714.
(b) (1) Items of income, gain, loss and deduction derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be those items attributable to: (A) The ownership or disposition of any interest in real or tangible personal property in this state; or (B) a business, trade, profession or occupation carried on in this state; or (C) in the case of a shareholder of an S corporation, the ownership of shares issued by such corporation, to the extent determined under section 12-712.
(2) Income from intangible personal property, including annuities, dividends, interest and gains from the disposition of intangible personal property, shall constitute income derived from sources within this state only to the extent that such income is from property employed in a business, trade, profession or occupation carried on in this state.
(3) Deductions with respect to capital losses and net operating losses shall be based solely on income, gain, loss and deduction derived from or connected with sources within this state, under regulations adopted by the commissioner, but otherwise shall be determined in the same manner as the corresponding federal deductions.
(4) Income directly or indirectly derived by an athlete, entertainer or performing artist from closed-circuit and cable television transmissions of an event, other than events occurring on a regularly scheduled basis, taking place within this state as a result of the rendition of services by such athlete, entertainer or performing artist shall constitute income derived from or connected with sources within this state only to the extent that such transmissions were received or exhibited within this state.
(c) If a business, trade, profession or occupation is carried on partly within and partly without this state, as determined under rules or regulations of the commissioner, the items of income, gain, loss and deduction derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be determined by apportionment under such rules or regulations.
(d) Compensation paid by the United States for active service in the armed forces of the United States, performed by an individual not domiciled in this state, shall not constitute income derived from sources within this state.
(e) If a husband and wife determine their federal income tax on a joint return but are required to determine their Connecticut income taxes separately, they shall determine their incomes derived from or connected with sources within this state separately as if their federal adjusted gross incomes had been determined separately.
(f) Any nonresident, other than a dealer holding property primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business, shall not be deemed to carry on a trade, business, profession or occupation in this state solely by reason of the purchase or sale of intangible property or the purchase, sale or writing of stock option contracts, or both, for his own account.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 62, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 9, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 13, 59; P.A. 98- 244, S. 29, 35.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 62, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (a) to make a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 added Subsec. (f), concerning the treatment of the trading of intangible property and stock option contracts, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 98- 244 amended Subsec. (b) to add Subdiv. (4) specifying that income derived directly or indirectly by an athlete, entertainer or performing artist from certain closed-circuit and cable television transmissions shall constitute income derived from or connected with sources within this state to the extent that such transmissions were received or exhibited within this state, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998.

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Sec. 12-711a. Repayment of income by taxpayer. (a)(1) If an item of income was included in the Connecticut adjusted gross income of an individual for a preceding taxable year or years because it appeared that the individual had an unrestricted right to such item, and, based on the repayment of such item by such individual during the taxable year, such individual properly determines his or her federal income tax liability for the taxable year under Section 1341(a)(4) or (5) of the Internal Revenue Code, then the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year on such individual shall be an amount equal to (A) the tax for the taxable year computed without regard to this section, minus (B) the decrease in tax under this chapter for the preceding taxable year or years which would result solely from the exclusion of such item or portion thereof from the Connecticut adjusted gross income of such individual for such preceding taxable year or years. This section shall not apply if such repayment is properly deductible in determining the individual's federal adjusted gross income for the taxable year, and such individual properly determines his or her federal income tax liability for the taxable year under Section 1341(a)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code by deducting such repayment.
(2) In determining the decrease in tax under this chapter for the preceding taxable year or years which would result solely from the exclusion of such item or portion thereof from the Connecticut adjusted gross income of such individual for such preceding taxable year or years, any item excluded from the Connecticut adjusted gross income of an individual for a preceding year or years in which such individual was a nonresident individual or part-year resident individual, shall, to the extent that such item is derived from or connected with sources within this state, be excluded from Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state for such preceding year or years.
(3) If the decrease in tax under this chapter for the preceding taxable year or years which would result solely from the exclusion of such item or portion thereof from the Connecticut adjusted gross income of such individual for such preceding taxable year or years exceeds the tax for the taxable year computed without regard to this section, such excess shall be considered to be a payment of tax on the last day prescribed under this chapter for the payment of tax for the taxable year, and, subject to the provisions of sections 12-35f, 12-739 and 12-742, shall be refunded or credited in the same manner as if it were an overpayment for such taxable year.
(b) If an individual properly determines his or her liability for the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year under subsection (a) of this section, and properly determines his or her federal income tax liability for the taxable year under Section 1341(a)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code, then, in any case where the deduction under Section 1341(a)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code results in a net operating loss for federal income tax purposes, no claim for refund shall be allowable by the commissioner for an overpayment of the tax imposed by this chapter for a preceding taxable year or years to the extent attributable to such loss being carried back to such year or years.
(P.A. 00-174, S. 46, 83.)
History: P.A. 00-174 effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999, except that no interest shall be allowed or paid on any overpayment resulting from the application of this section to the taxable year commencing January 1, 1999.

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Sec. 12-712. Determination of nonresident partner's, shareholder's or beneficiary's share of income within the state. (a) (1) The portion of a nonresident partner's distributive share of partnership income that is derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be determined pursuant to regulations adopted by the commissioner, which regulations shall be consistent with the provisions of section 12-711.
(2) The portion of a nonresident shareholder's pro rata share of S corporation income that is derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be determined pursuant to regulations adopted by the commissioner, which regulations shall be consistent with the provisions of section 12-711.
(3) The portion of a nonresident beneficiary's share of trust or estate income that is derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be determined under regulations adopted by the commissioner, which regulations shall be consistent with the provisions of section 12-711.
(b) In determining the sources of a nonresident partner's income, no effect shall be given to a provision in the partnership agreement which: (1) Characterizes payments to the partner as being for services or for the use of capital; or (2) allocates to the partner, as income or gain from sources without Connecticut, a greater proportion of his distributive share of partnership income or gain than the ratio of partnership income or gain from sources without this state to partnership income or gain from all sources, except as authorized in subsection (c) of this section; or (3) allocates to the partner a greater proportion of a partnership item of loss or deduction connected with sources within this state than his proportionate share, for federal income tax purposes, of partnership loss or deduction generally, except as authorized in subsection (c) of this section.
(c) (1) The character of partnership or corporation items for a nonresident partner or S corporation shareholder shall be determined in accordance with section 12-715.
(2) The effect of a special provision in a partnership agreement, other than a provision referred to in subsection (b) of this section, having the principal purpose of avoidance or evasion of tax under this chapter shall be determined under subsection (c) of section 12-715.
(d) The commissioner may, on application, authorize the use of such other methods of determining a nonresident partner's portion of partnership items derived from or connected with sources within this state, and the modifications related thereto, as may be appropriate and equitable, on such terms and conditions as he may require.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 63, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 10, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 63, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 added Subsec. (d), effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-713. Determination of income within this state of nonresident trusts and estates. (a) The income derived from or connected with sources within this state of a nonresident estate or trust shall be determined as follows:
(1) There shall be determined its share of income, gain, loss and deduction from Connecticut sources under section 12-714.
(2) There shall be added or subtracted, as the case may be, the amount derived from or connected with Connecticut sources of any income, gain, loss and deduction which would be included in the determination of federal adjusted gross income if the estate or trust were an individual and which is recognized for federal income tax purposes but excluded from the definition of federal distributable net income of the estate or trust. In the case of a trust, there shall be added the amount of any includable gain, reduced by any deductions properly allocable thereto, upon which tax is imposed for the taxable year pursuant to Section 644 of the Internal Revenue Code. The source of such income, gain, loss and deduction shall be determined in accordance with the applicable rules of section 12-711 as in the case of a nonresident individual.
(b) Deductions with respect to capital losses and net operating losses shall be based solely on income, gains, losses and deductions derived from or connected with sources within this state, under rules or regulations of the commissioner, but otherwise determined in the same manner as the corresponding federal deductions.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 64, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 64, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-714. Determination of share of nonresident estate or trust and nonresident beneficiary in income within this state. (a) The share of a nonresident estate or trust under subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of section 12-713, and the share of a nonresident beneficiary of any estate or trust under subsection (a) of section 12-711, in estate or trust income, gain, loss and deduction derived from or connected with sources within this state shall be determined as follows:
(1) There shall be determined the items of income, gain, loss and deduction which are derived from or connected with sources within this state, which would be included in the determination of federal adjusted gross income if the estate or trust were an individual and which enter into the definition of federal distributable net income of the estate or trust for the taxable year, including any such items from another estate or trust of which the subject estate or trust is a beneficiary. Such determination of source shall be made in accordance with the provisions of section 12-711 in the same manner as for a nonresident individual.
(2) The amounts determined under subdivision (1) of this subsection shall be allocated among the estate or trust and its beneficiaries, including, solely for the purpose of this allocation, resident beneficiaries, in proportion to their respective shares of federal distributable net income.
(3) The amount allocated under subdivision (2) of this section shall have the same character under this chapter as for federal income tax purposes. Where an item entering into the computation of such amounts is not characterized for federal income tax purposes, it shall have the same character as if it were realized directly from the source from which it was realized by the estate or trust, or as if it were incurred in the same manner as it was incurred by the estate or trust.
(b) (1) If the estate or trust has no federal distributable net income for the taxable year, the share of each beneficiary, including, solely for the purpose of this allocation, resident beneficiaries, in the net amount determined under subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of this section shall be in proportion to his share of the estate or trust income for such year, under local law or the governing instrument, which is required to be distributed currently and any other amounts of such income distributed in such year. Any balance of such net amount shall be allocated to the estate or trust.
(2) The commissioner may by regulation establish such other method or methods of determining the respective shares of the beneficiaries and of the estate or trust in its income derived from sources within this state as may be appropriate and equitable. Such method may be used by the fiduciary in his discretion whenever the allocation of such respective shares under subsection (a) of this section or subdivision (1) of this subsection would result in an inequity which is substantial in amount.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 65, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 65, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-715. Determination of income of resident partner or S corporation shareholder. (a) In determining the Connecticut adjusted gross income of a resident partner of a partnership or a resident shareholder of an S corporation, any modification described in section 12-701 which relates to an item of partnership or S corporation income, gain, loss or deduction shall be made in accordance with the partner's distributive share or a shareholder's pro rata share, for federal income tax purposes, of the item to which the modification relates. Where a partner's distributive share or a shareholder's pro rata share of any such item is not required to be taken into account separately for federal income tax purposes, the partner's or shareholder's share of such item shall be determined in accordance with his share, for federal income tax purposes, of partnership or S corporation taxable income or loss generally.
(b) Each item of partnership and S corporation income, gain, loss or deduction shall have the same character for a partner or shareholder under this chapter as for federal income tax purposes. Where an item is not characterized for federal income tax purposes, it shall have the same character for a partner or shareholder as if it were realized directly from the source from which it was realized by the partnership or S corporation or as if it was incurred in the same manner as it was incurred by the partnership or S corporation.
(c) Where a partner's distributive share of an item of partnership income, gain, loss or deduction is determined for federal income tax purposes by special provision in the partnership agreement with respect to such item, and where the principal purpose of such provision is the avoidance or evasion of tax under this chapter, the partner's distributive share of such item, and any modification required with respect thereto, shall be determined as if the partnership agreement made no special provision with respect to such item.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 66, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 11, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 66, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-716. Attribution of Connecticut fiduciary adjustment. (a) (1) The respective shares of an estate or trust and its beneficiaries, including, solely for the purpose of this allocation nonresident beneficiaries, in the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment shall be in proportion to their respective shares of federal distributable net income of the estate or trust.
(2) If the estate or trust has no federal distributable net income for the taxable year, the share of each beneficiary in the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment shall be in proportion to his share of the estate or trust income for such year, determined under local law or the governing instrument, which is required to be distributed currently and any other amounts of such income distributed in such year. Any balance of the Connecticut fiduciary adjustment shall be allocated to the estate or trust.
(b) The commissioner may, by regulation establish such other method or methods of determining to whom the items comprising the fiduciary adjustment shall be attributed as may be appropriate and equitable. Such method may be used by the fiduciary in his discretion whenever the allocation of the fiduciary adjustment pursuant to subsection (a) would result in an inequity which is substantial both in amount and in relation to the amount of the fiduciary adjustment.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 67, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 67, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-717. Determination of income within this state of a part-year resident. Change of status. (a) The income derived from or connected with sources within this state of a part-year resident individual shall be the sum of the following: (1) Connecticut adjusted gross income for the period of residence, computed as if his taxable year for Connecticut income tax purposes were limited to the period of residence; (2) the income derived from or connected with sources within this state for the period of nonresidence determined in accordance with section 12-711 as if his taxable year for Connecticut income tax purposes were limited to the period of nonresidence; and (3) the special accruals required by subsection (c) of this section.
(b) The income derived from or connected with sources within this state of a part- year resident trust shall be the sum of the following: (1) The share of Connecticut adjusted gross income for the period of residence, determined as if such trust were an individual whose taxable year for federal income tax purposes were limited to the period of residence, allocated to the trust in accordance with the methods of allocation set forth in section 12-714. Such share of Connecticut adjusted gross income shall include the amount of any includable gain, reduced by any deductions properly allocable thereto, upon which tax is imposed for the taxable year pursuant to Section 644 of the Internal Revenue Code; (2) the income derived from or connected with sources within this state for the period of nonresidence determined in accordance with section 12-713 as if its taxable year for federal income tax purposes were limited to the period of nonresidence; and (3) the special accruals required by subsection (c) of this section.
(c) (1) If an individual changes his status from resident to nonresident he shall, regardless of his method of accounting, accrue to the portion of the taxable year prior to such change of status any items of income, gain, loss or deduction accruing prior to the change of status, if not otherwise properly entering into his federal adjusted gross income for such portion of the taxable year or prior taxable year under his method of accounting.
(2) If an individual changes his status from nonresident to resident he shall, regardless of his method of accounting, accrue to the portion of the taxable year prior to such change of status any items of income, gain, loss or deduction accruing prior to the change of status, other than items derived from or connected with Connecticut sources, if not otherwise properly entering into his federal adjusted gross income for such portion of the taxable year or for a prior taxable year under his method of accounting.
(3) No item of income, gain, loss or deduction which is accrued under this subsection shall be taken into account in determining Connecticut adjusted gross income or income derived from or connected with sources within this state for any subsequent taxable period.
(4) The accruals otherwise required under this subsection shall not be required if the individual files with the commissioner a bond or other security acceptable to the commissioner, conditioned upon the inclusion of amounts accruable under this subsection in Connecticut adjusted gross income or income derived from or connected with sources within this state for one or more subsequent taxable years as if the individual had not changed his resident status.
(5) If a trust changes its status from resident to nonresident or from nonresident to resident, the provisions of subdivisions (1) to (4), inclusive, of this subsection shall apply, except that the term "individual" shall be read as "trust", reference to "items of income, gain, loss or deduction" shall mean the trust's share of such items determined in accordance with the methods of allocation set forth in section 12-714, reference to "gain" shall include any modification for includable gain under subsection (9) of section 12-701 and federal adjusted gross income shall be determined as if the trust were an individual.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 68, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 12, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 68, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-718. Exempt dividends. If, at the close of each quarter of its taxable year, at least fifty per cent of the value of the total assets of a regulated investment company consists of obligations with respect to which taxation by this state is prohibited by federal law, the company shall be qualified to pay exempt dividends, as defined in section 12- 701, to its shareholders. The value of the total assets of a regulated investment company shall be the value as defined in Section 851(c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code. If the aggregate amount of dividends designated as exempt dividends with respect to a taxable year of any company is greater than an amount equal to the sum of the amount of interest income derived from obligations with respect to which taxation by this state is prohibited by federal law less the amount allowed as a deduction under Section 212 of the Internal Revenue Code for the production or collection of such interest income, the portion of such distribution which shall constitute an exempt dividend shall be only that portion of the amount so designated as the amount of such excess for such taxable year bears to the amount so designated.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 69, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 13, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 69, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-719. Filing of returns. Composite returns of S corporations, partnerships and nonresident athletes of national teams. (a) The income tax return required under this chapter shall be filed on or before the fifteenth day of the fourth month following the close of the taxpayer's taxable year. A person required to make and file a return shall, without assessment, notice or demand, pay any tax due thereon to the Commissioner of Revenue Services on or before the date fixed for filing such return, determined without regard to any extension of time for filing the return. The commissioner shall prescribe by regulation the place for filing any return, declaration, statement or other document required pursuant to this chapter and for the payment of any tax.
(b) In lieu of filing a return pursuant to this section, the commissioner may, pursuant to requirements and conditions set forth in forms and instructions, provide for the filing of a group return for electing nonresident partners by a partnership doing business in this state or having income derived from or connected with sources within this state. As required by the commissioner, the partnership as agent for the electing partners shall make the payments of tax, estimated tax, additions to tax, interest and penalties otherwise required to be paid by the electing partners. The provisions of this subsection shall also apply to trusts and estates, and to S corporations, and wherever reference is made in this subsection to partnerships and partners, such reference shall be construed as including trusts and estates and beneficiaries thereof, and S corporations and shareholders thereof.
(c) (1) With respect to each of its nonresident shareholders, each S corporation doing business in this state or having income derived from or connected with sources within this state shall, for each taxable period, either (A) timely file with the commissioner an agreement as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection or (B) make payment to the commissioner as provided in subdivision (3) of this subsection. Any S corporation which timely files an agreement as provided in said subdivision (2) with respect to a nonresident shareholder for a taxable period shall be considered to have timely filed such an agreement for each subsequent taxable period. Any S corporation which does not timely file such an agreement for a taxable period shall not be precluded from timely filing such an agreement for subsequent taxable periods.
(2) An agreement under this subdivision shall be an agreement by a nonresident shareholder of the S corporation (A) to file a return in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and to make timely payment of all taxes imposed on the shareholder by this state with respect to the income of the S corporation and (B) to be subject to personal jurisdiction in this state for purposes of the collection of income taxes, together with related additions to tax, interest and penalties, imposed on the shareholder by this state with respect to the income of the S corporation. Such an agreement shall be considered to be timely filed for a taxable period and for all subsequent taxable periods if it is filed on or before the date the annual return for such taxable period is required to be filed pursuant to section 12-726.
(3) Any payment under this subdivision shall be in an amount equal to the highest marginal tax rate in effect under section 12-700 multiplied by the sum of (A) to the extent derived from or connected with sources within this state as reflected on the S corporation's annual return for the taxable period under section 12-726, the amount of the subject shareholder's pro rata share of such corporation's separately computed items, as defined in Section 1366 of the Internal Revenue Code, and (B) to the extent derived from or connected with sources within this state as reflected on the S corporation's annual return for the taxable period under section 12-726, the amount of such shareholder's pro rata share of such corporation's nonseparately computed items, as defined in Section 1366 of the Internal Revenue Code, to the extent includable, if the shareholder is an individual, in such shareholder's Connecticut adjusted gross income or, if the shareholder is a trust or estate, in such shareholder's Connecticut taxable income. Any amount paid by an S corporation to this state with respect to any taxable period pursuant to this subdivision shall be considered to be a payment by the shareholder on account of the income tax imposed on the shareholder for such taxable period pursuant to this chapter. An S corporation shall be entitled to recover a payment made pursuant to this subdivision from the shareholder on whose behalf the payment was made. Any estimated tax installment shall be made on or before the due date of such installment pursuant to section 12-722, and any other payment for a taxable period shall be made at or before the date the annual return for such taxable period is required to be filed pursuant to section 12-726.
(d) (1) In lieu of filing a return pursuant to this section, the commissioner may, if he determines that the enforcement of this chapter would not be adversely affected and pursuant to requirements and conditions set forth in forms and instructions, provide for the filing of a composite return for every qualifying nonresident member of a professional athletic team by such team, if such team is doing business in this state or the members of such team have compensation which is received for services rendered as members of such team and which is derived from or connected with sources within this state.
(2) If a professional athletic team is required to file a composite return pursuant to this subsection, the commissioner may, if he determines that the enforcement of this chapter would not be adversely affected, require such team, in lieu of deducting and withholding Connecticut income tax as may otherwise be required under section 12- 705, to make payment to the commissioner of tax, estimated tax, additions to tax, interest and penalties otherwise required to be paid to the commissioner by such qualifying nonresident members.
(3) The commissioner may, if he determines that the enforcement of this chapter would not be adversely affected, require a professional athletic team, in lieu of deducting and withholding Connecticut income tax as may otherwise be required under section 12-705, to make payment to the commissioner of tax, estimated tax, additions to tax, interest and penalties otherwise required to be paid to the commissioner by every (A) resident member, but only with respect to compensation which is received for services rendered as a member of a professional athletic team and (B) nonresident member who is not a qualifying nonresident member, but only with respect to compensation which is received for services rendered as a member of a professional athletic team and which is derived from or connected with sources within this state.
(4) Any amount paid by a professional athletic team to this state with respect to any taxable period pursuant to this subsection shall be considered to be a payment by the member on account of the income tax imposed on the member for such taxable period pursuant to this chapter. The team shall be entitled to recover a payment made pursuant to this subsection from the member on whose behalf the payment was made.
(5) For purposes of this subsection, "qualifying nonresident member" means a member of a professional athletic team who is a nonresident individual for the entire taxable year, who does not maintain a permanent place of abode in Connecticut at any time during the taxable year, who does not have income derived from or connected with sources within this state other than compensation which is received for services rendered as a member of a professional athletic team and which is derived from or connected with sources within this state.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 70, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 14, 37; P.A. 95-263, S. 1, 4; P.A. 96-175, S. 4, 5; P.A. 98-262, S. 11, 22.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 70, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 95-263 added Subsec. (d) to permit filing a composite return for qualifying nonresident members of professional athletic teams, effective July 6, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1996; P.A. 96-175 amended Subsec. (c)(3) to add the amount of the shareholder's pro rata share of the corporations' nonseparately computed items, reduced by the amount subject to tax under chapter 208 to the calculation of payment, effective May 31, 1996, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 98-262 amended Subsec. (c)(3) to clarify language relating to how a nonresident shareholder must calculate tax for nonseparately stated income derived from or connected with sources within this state, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998.

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Secs. 12-720 and 12-721. Declaration of estimated tax. Filing dates for declarations of estimated tax. Sections 12-720 and 12-721 are repealed, effective July 6, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1996.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 71, 72, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 14, 15, 59; P.A. 95-263, S. 3, 4.)

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Sec. 12-722. Payment of estimated tax. Payment schedule for farmers and fishermen. Interest. Penalty. Credits. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, in the case of any underpayment of estimated tax by an individual, there shall be added to the tax an amount determined by applying interest (1) at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof, (2) to the amount of the underpayment, (3) for the period of the underpayment.
(b) For purposes of subsection (a) of this section, the amount of the underpayment shall be the excess of the required installment, over the amount, if any, of the installment paid on or before the due date for the installment. For purposes of subsection (a) of this section, the period of the underpayment shall run from the due date for the installment to whichever of the following dates is earlier: The fifteenth day of the fourth month of the next succeeding taxable year, or, with respect to any portion of the underpayment, the date on which such portion is paid. For purposes of this subsection, a payment of estimated tax shall be credited against unpaid required installments in the order in which such installments are required to be paid.
(c) For purposes of this section, there shall be four required installments for each taxable year. The due date for the first required installment is the fifteenth day of the fourth month of the taxable year. The due date for the second required installment is the fifteenth day of the sixth month of the taxable year. The due date for the third required installment is the fifteenth day of the ninth month of the taxable year. The due date for the fourth required installment is the fifteenth day of the first month of the next succeeding taxable year.
(d) (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, the amount of any required installment shall be twenty-five per cent of the required annual payment, as defined in section 12-701.
(2) (A) In the case of any required installment, if the taxpayer establishes that the annualized income installment is less than the amount determined under subdivision (1) of this subsection, the amount of such required installment shall be the annualized income installment, and any reduction in a required installment resulting from the application of this subdivision shall be recaptured by increasing the amount of the next required installment by the amount of such reduction and by increasing subsequent required installments to the extent that the reduction has not previously been recaptured under this subdivision. (B) In the case of any required installment, the annualized income installment is the excess, if any, of (i) an amount equal to the applicable percentage of the tax for the taxable year computed by placing on an annualized basis the Connecticut taxable income and the adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income for months in the taxable year ending before the due date for the installment, over (ii) the aggregate amount of any prior required installments for the taxable year. (C) For purposes of this subdivision, the applicable percentage for the first required installment is twenty-two and one-half, the applicable percentage for the second required installment is forty-five, the applicable percentage for the third required installment is sixty-seven and one-half, and the applicable percentage for the fourth required installment is ninety.
(e) The application of this section to taxable years of less than twelve months shall be in accordance with regulations adopted by the commissioner.
(f) In applying this section to a taxable year beginning on any date other than January first, there shall be substituted, for the months specified in this section, the months which correspond thereto.
(g) At the election of the individual, any installment of the estimated tax may be paid prior to the date prescribed for its payment.
(h) Payment of the estimated income tax, or any installment thereof, shall be considered payment on account of the income tax imposed under this chapter for the taxable year.
(i) If an individual has paid as an installment of estimated tax an amount in excess of the amount determined to be the correct amount of such installment, such amount shall be credited against any unpaid installment or against the tax. If the amount already paid, whether or not on the basis of installments, exceeds the amount determined to be the correct amount of the tax, then, unless the individual has given written notice to the commissioner that such overpayment is to be refunded, such overpayment shall be credited against any installment of estimated tax due for the next succeeding taxable year.
(j) (1) No addition to tax shall be imposed under subsection (a) of this section for any taxable year if the tax shown on the return for such taxable year, or, if no return is filed, the tax, reduced by the tax withheld under this chapter, is five hundred dollars or less.
(2) No addition to tax shall be imposed under said subsection (a) for any taxable year if (A) the preceding taxable year was a taxable year of twelve months and (B) the individual did not have any liability for tax for the preceding taxable year and throughout such year the individual was (i) a resident individual or (ii) a nonresident individual or part-year resident individual with income, gain, loss or deduction derived from or connected with sources within this state.
(k) For purposes of applying this section, the tax withheld under this chapter shall be deemed a payment of estimated tax, and an equal part of such tax withheld shall be deemed paid on each due date for such taxable year, unless the taxpayer establishes the dates on which such tax was actually withheld, in which case the tax so withheld shall be deemed payments of estimated tax on the dates on which such tax was actually withheld.
(l) If, on or before January thirty-first of the following taxable year, the taxpayer files a return for the taxable year and pays in full the amount computed on the return as payable, then no addition to tax shall be imposed under subsection (a) of this section with respect to any underpayment of the fourth required installment for the taxable year.
(m) For purposes of this section, if an individual is a farmer or fisherman for any taxable year, the following provisions shall apply: (1) There shall be only one required installment for the taxable year, (2) the due date for such installment shall be January fifteenth of the following taxable year, (3) the amount of such installment shall be equal to the lesser of (A) sixty-six and two-thirds per cent of the tax shown on the return for the taxable year, or, if no return is filed, sixty-six and two-thirds per cent of the tax for such year, or (B) if the preceding taxable year was a taxable year of twelve months and the individual filed a return for the preceding taxable year, one hundred per cent of the tax shown on the return for the preceding taxable year, (4) if, on or before March first of the following taxable year, the farmer or fisherman files a return and pays in full the amount computed on the return as payable, no addition to tax shall be imposed under subsection (a) of this section with respect to any underpayment of the required installment, as provided in subdivision (3) of this subsection, for the taxable year, and (5) an individual is a farmer or fisherman for any taxable year if such individual is a farmer or fisherman, as defined in Section 6654(i)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code, for the taxable year.
(n) (1) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, this section shall apply to any trust or estate.
(2) With respect to any taxable year ending before the date two years after the date of the decedent's death, this section shall not apply to (A) the estate of such decedent, or (B) any trust (i) all of which was treated under Sections 671 to 679, inclusive, of the Internal Revenue Code as owned by the decedent and (ii) to which the residue of the decedent's estate will pass under his will or, if no will is admitted to probate, which is the trust primarily responsible for paying debts, taxes, and expenses of administration.
(3) In the case of any trust or estate to which this section applies, for any required installment, the annualized income installment is the excess, if any, of (A) an amount equal to the applicable percentage of the tax for the taxable year computed by placing on an annualized basis the Connecticut taxable income and the adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income for months in the taxable year ending before the date one month before the due date for the installment, over (B) the aggregate amount of any prior required installments for the taxable year.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 73, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 16, 17, 37; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 15, 59; P.A. 93-74, S. 41, 67; 93-332, S. 16, 42; P.A. 95-26, S. 38, 52; 95-263, S. 2, 4; P.A. 97-81, S. 1, 2; 97-286, S. 5, 8.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 73, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (h) to make a technical change and added Subsec. (i), effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subsec. (b) to reduce the levels of estimated payments by ten per cent and to remove the minimum fifty-dollar penalty for nonpayment, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 93-74 replaced existing Subsec. (b) with new provisions to conform instalment and estimated payments with the federal procedure, effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on and after January 1, 1993; P.A. 93-332 amended Subdiv. (3) of Subsec. (b) to change statutory reference from Subdiv. (4) to Subdiv. (2), effective June 25, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1993; P.A. 95-26 amended Subdiv. (4) of Subsec. (b) to lower interest rate from one and one-quarter to one per cent and made technical changes, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date, but failed to take effect, since those provisions were deleted by subsequent act P.A. 95-263; P.A. 95-263 deleted Subsec. (a) re declaration requirement, added new Subsecs. (a) and (b) re interest on underpayment and the amount of underpayment, relettered and renumbered remaining Subsecs. and Subdivs. added reference to adjusted federal alternative minimum taxable income, added new Subsec. (j) re when no addition to tax is imposed, new Subsec. (k) re tax withheld deemed payment of estimated tax, new Subsec. (m) re instalment payments by farmers and fishermen and new Subsec. (n) re application of section to trusts and estates, effective July 6, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1996; P.A. 97-81 amended Subsec. (j) to increase tax shown on return from two hundred to five hundred dollars, effective May 29, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 97-286 amended Subsec. (m) to require one instalment instead of two and made conforming changes, effective June 26, 1997, and applicable to years commencing on or after January 1, 1997.

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Sec. 12-723. Extensions. The commissioner may for reasonable cause extend the time for the filing of any return, statement or other document due or required under this chapter and the payment of tax due pursuant to this chapter in accordance with regulations adopted in accordance with chapter 54. Said commissioner may require the filing of a tentative return and the payment of the tax reported to be due thereon in connection with such extension. Any additional tax which may be found to be due on the filing of a return, statement or other document as allowed by such extension shall bear interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the original due date of such tax to the date of actual payment. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 12- 735, no penalty shall be imposed on account of any failure to pay the amount of tax reported to be due on a return, statement or other document within the time specified under the provisions of this chapter if the excess of the amount of tax shown on the return, statement or other document over the amount of tax paid on or before the original due date of such return, statement or other document is no greater than ten per cent of the amount of tax shown on such return, statement or other document, and any balance due shown on such return, statement or other document is remitted with such return, statement or other document on or before the extended due date of such return, statement or other document.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 74, 168; P.A. 95-26, S. 39, 52; P.A. 98-244, S. 30, 35; P.A. 99-121, S. 22, 28; P.A. 00- 174, S. 41, 83.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 74, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 95-26 lowered interest rate from one and one-fourth to one per cent, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date; P.A. 98-244 removed penalty when at least ninety per cent of the tax shown on the return was paid by the original due date and any balance was paid on or before the extended due date of the return, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 99-121 provided that balance is to be remitted with return in order to avoid penalty, effective June 3, 1999, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999; P.A. 00-174 added requirement for payment to be received on or before the extended due date in order to avoid penalty, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to returns for taxable years commencing January 1, 2000.

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Sec. 12-724. Special rules for certain members of the armed forces. (a)(1) In the case of an individual serving in the armed forces of the United States, or serving in support of such armed forces, in an area designated by the President of the United States by executive order as a "combat zone" at any time during the period designated by the President by executive order as the period of combatant activities in such zone, or hospitalized inside or outside the state as a result of injury received while serving in such an area during such time, the period of service in such area, plus the period of continuous hospitalization inside or outside the state attributable to such injury, and the next one hundred eighty days thereafter, shall be disregarded in determining the timeliness of actions under this chapter with respect to income tax liability, including any interest, penalty or addition to the tax, related to such individual.
(2) The provisions of this subsection shall also apply in the case of an individual serving in the armed forces of the United States, or serving in support of such armed forces, in an area designated by Congress in a public law, and during a period beginning on a date designated by Congress in such public law and ending on a date designated either by the President by executive order or by Congress in a public law, or hospitalized inside or outside the state as a result of injury received while serving in such an area during such time, if such public law provides that, in such area and during such period, such services by such individual are to be treated in the same manner as services as a member of the armed forces of the United States in an area designated by the President of the United States by executive order as a "combat zone" during the period designated by the President by executive order as the period of combatant activities in such zone.
(b) (1) In the case of any person who dies while in active service as a member of the armed forces of the United States, if such death occurred while serving in a combat zone during a period of combatant activities in such zone, as described in subsection (a) of this section, or as a result of wounds, disease or injury incurred while so serving, the tax imposed by this chapter shall not apply with respect to the taxable year in which falls the date of his or her death, or with respect to any prior taxable year ending on or after the first day so served in a combat zone, and no returns shall be required in behalf of such person or his or her estate for such year; and the tax for any such taxable year which is unpaid at the date of death, including interest, additions to tax and penalties, if any, shall not be assessed and, if assessed, the assessment shall be abated and, if collected, shall be refunded to the legal representative of such estate if one has been appointed and has qualified, or, if no legal representative has been appointed or has qualified, to the surviving spouse.
(2) The provisions of this subsection shall also apply in the case of an individual who dies while in active service as a member of the armed forces of the United States, if such death occurred while serving in an area designated by Congress in a public law, and during a period beginning on a date designated by Congress in such public law and ending on a date designated either by the President by executive order or by Congress in a public law, or, as a result of wounds, disease or injury incurred while so serving, if such public law provides that, in such area and during such period, the death of such individual while in active service in such area and during such period, or as a result of wounds, disease, or injury incurred while so serving, are to be treated in the same manner as the death of any individual while in active service as a member of the armed forces of the United States in an area designated by the President of the United States by executive order as a "combat zone" during the period designated by the President by executive order as the period of combatant activities in such zone.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 75, 168; P.A. 96-221, S. 23, 25.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 75, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 96-221 made existing Subsecs. (a) and (b), Subsec. (a)(1) and (b)(1) and added new Subdiv. (2) to Subsecs. (a) and (b) re service in the armed forces in areas and during times designated by Congress if Congress provides that services in such areas and during such times are to be treated the same as service in presidentially designated combat zones and times, effective June 4, 1996, and applicable to income years commencing on or after January 1, 1995.

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Sec. 12-725. Documents to be signed. Certification. (a) Any return, declaration, statement or other document required to be made pursuant to this chapter shall be signed in accordance with regulations adopted or instructions prescribed by the commissioner. The fact that an individual's name is signed to a return, declaration, statement or other document shall be prima facie evidence for all purposes that the return, declaration, statement or other document was actually signed by such individual.
(b) Any return, statement or other document required of a partnership shall be signed by one or more partners. The fact that a partner's name is signed to a return, statement or other document shall be prima facie evidence for all purposes that such partner is authorized to sign on behalf of the partnership.
(c) Any return, statement or other document required of an S corporation shall be signed by one or more officers. The fact that an officer's name is signed to a return, statement or other document shall be prima facie evidence for all purposes that such officer is authorized to sign on behalf of the S corporation.
(d) The making or filing of any return, declaration, statement or other document or copy thereof required to be made or filed pursuant to this chapter, including a copy of a federal income tax return, shall constitute a certification by the person making or filing such return, declaration, statement or other document or copy thereof that the statements contained therein are true and that any copy filed is a true copy.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 76, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 18, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 76, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (d) to make a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-726. Partnership, trust, estate and S corporation informational returns. (a) Each partnership having any income derived from sources in this state, determined in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, shall make a return for the taxable year setting forth all items of income, gain, loss and deduction, and the name, address and social security or federal employer identification number of each partner, whether or not a resident of this state, who would be entitled to share in the net income if distributed and the amount of the distributive share of each partner derived from or connected with sources within this state, the amount of the distributive share of each partner derived from or connected with sources without this state and such other pertinent information as the Commissioner of Revenue Services may prescribe by regulations and instructions. Such return shall be filed on or before the fifteenth day of the fourth month following the close of each taxable year. The provisions of this subsection shall also apply to trusts and estates, and their beneficiaries. The partnership shall, on or before the day on which such return is filed, furnish to each person who was a partner during the taxable year a copy of such information as shown on the return. Wherever reference is made in this subsection to partnerships and their partners, such reference shall be construed as including trusts and estates and their beneficiaries, respectively.
(b) Each S corporation carrying on or having the right to carry on business in this state, as the term is used in section 12-214, shall make a return for the taxable year setting forth all items of income, gain, loss and deduction, and the name, address and social security or federal employer identification number of each shareholder, the pro rata share of each shareholder of S corporation income derived from or connected with sources within this state, the pro rata share of each shareholder of S corporation income derived from or connected with sources without this state, and such other pertinent information as the Commissioner of Revenue Services may prescribe by regulations and instructions. Such return shall be filed on or before the fifteenth day of the fourth month following the close of each taxable year. The S corporation shall, on or before the day on which such return is filed, furnish to each person who was a shareholder during the taxable year a copy of such information as shown on the return.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 77, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 19, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 77, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-727. Informational returns from persons making payments. Effect of changes in federal tax return. (a) The Commissioner of Revenue Services may adopt regulations requiring returns of information to be made and filed on or before the last day of February each year by any person making payment or crediting in any calendar year amounts of six hundred dollars or more, or ten dollars or more in the case of interest or dividends, to any person who may be subject to the tax imposed under this chapter. Such returns may be required of any person, including lessees or mortgagors of real or personal property, fiduciaries, employers, and all officers and employees of this state, or of any municipal corporation or political subdivision of this state, having the control, receipt, custody, disposal or payment of dividends, interest, rents, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensations, remunerations, pensions, gambling winnings, emoluments or other fixed or determinable gains, profits or income, except interest coupons payable to bearer. A duplicate of the statement as to tax withheld on wages, required to be furnished by an employer to an employee, shall constitute the return of information required to be made under this section with respect to such wages. The commissioner may adopt regulations providing standards for determining which returns must be filed on magnetic media or in other machine-readable form.
(b) (1) If the amount of a taxpayer's federal adjusted gross income, in the case of an individual, or federal taxable income, in the case of a trust or estate, reported on such taxpayer's federal income tax return for any taxable year is changed or corrected by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority, or as the result of a renegotiation of a contract or subcontract with the United States, the taxpayer shall provide notice of such change or correction in federal adjusted gross income or federal taxable income, as the case may be, to the commissioner by filing, on or before the date that is ninety days after the final determination of such change, correction or renegotiation, or as otherwise required by the commissioner, an amended return under this chapter and shall concede the accuracy of such determination or state wherein it is erroneous. The provisions of the preceding sentence shall also apply if an individual's computation of tax under Section 1341(a)(4) or (5) of the Internal Revenue Code is changed or corrected by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority. The commissioner may redetermine and the taxpayer shall be required to pay the tax for any taxable year affected, regardless of any otherwise applicable statute of limitations.
(2) Any taxpayer filing an amended federal income tax return shall also file, on or before the date that is ninety days after the date of filing of such amended return, an amended return under this chapter and shall give such information as the commissioner may require. The commissioner may redetermine, and the taxpayer shall be required to pay the tax for any taxable year affected, regardless of any otherwise applicable statute of limitations.
(3) The commissioner may by regulation prescribe such exceptions to the requirements of this subsection as he deems appropriate.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 78, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 20, 37; P.A. 98-244, S. 31, 35; P.A. 00-174, S. 42, 83.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 78, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (a) to make a minor change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 98-244 amended Subsec. (b) to allow commissioner to redetermine and to require the taxpayer to pay the tax for any affected tax year regardless of other statute of limitation provisions and required that the taxpayer file an amended return, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 00-174 amended Subdiv. (b)(1) to modify the requirement for notice of a change in a taxpayer's federal adjusted gross income or computation of tax, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to returns for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999.

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Sec. 12-728. Deficiency assessments. Notice. Penalty. (a) After a final return pursuant to the provisions of this chapter is filed, the commissioner shall cause the same to be examined and may make such further audit or investigation or reaudit as the commissioner deems necessary, and if the commissioner determines that there is a deficiency with respect to the payment of any tax due under this chapter, the commissioner shall assess or reassess the additional taxes, penalties and interest due to this state, give notice of such assessment or reassessment to the taxpayer and make demand upon the taxpayer for payment. Within sixty days of the mailing of such notice, the taxpayer shall pay to the commissioner, in cash or by check, draft or money order drawn to the order of the commissioner, the amount of the deficiency. Such amount shall bear interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the date when the original tax became due and payable. When it appears that any part of the deficiency for which a deficiency assessment is made is due to negligence or intentional disregard of the provisions of this chapter or regulations adopted thereunder, there shall be imposed a penalty equal to ten per cent of the amount of such deficiency assessment. When it appears that any part of the deficiency for which a deficiency assessment is made is due to fraud or intent to evade the provisions of this chapter or regulations adopted thereunder, there shall be imposed a penalty equal to twenty-five per cent of the amount of such deficiency assessment. No taxpayer shall be subject to more than one penalty under this section in relation to the same tax period. Any decision rendered by any federal court holding that a taxpayer has filed a fraudulent return with the Director of Internal Revenue shall subject the taxpayer to the twenty-five per cent penalty imposed by this subsection without the necessity of further proof thereof, except when it can be shown that the return to the state so differed from the return to the federal government as to afford a reasonable presumption that the attempt to defraud did not extend to the state.
(b) A notice of deficiency shall set forth the reason for the proposed assessment. The notice shall be mailed to the taxpayer at his last-known address. In the case of a joint return, the notice of deficiency may be a single joint notice except that if the commissioner is notified by either spouse that separate residences have been established he shall mail joint notices to each spouse. If the taxpayer is deceased or under a legal disability, a notice of deficiency may be mailed to his last-known address unless the commissioner has received notice of the existence of a fiduciary relationship with respect to such taxpayer.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 79, 168; P.A. 95-26, S. 40, 52; P.A. 99-121, S. 23, 28.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 79, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 95-26 amended Subsec. (a) to lower interest rate from one and one-fourth to one per cent, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date; P.A. 99-121 amended Subsec. (a) to make technical changes and to provide that twenty-five per cent penalty applies where federal court held taxpayer filed a fraudulent federal income tax return, effective June 3, 1999.

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Sec. 12-729. Final assessment of deficiency. Protest. Notice of determination. (a) Sixty days after the date on which it is mailed, a notice of proposed assessment of a deficiency shall constitute a final assessment of the amount of tax specified together with interest, additions to tax and penalties except only for such amounts as to which the taxpayer has filed a protest with the Commissioner of Revenue Services.
(b) Within sixty days after the mailing of a deficiency notice, the taxpayer may file with the commissioner a written protest against the proposed assessment in which he shall set forth the grounds on which the protest is based. If a protest is filed, the commissioner shall reconsider the assessment of the deficiency and, if the taxpayer has so requested, may grant or deny the taxpayer or the taxpayer's authorized representatives an oral hearing.
(c) Notice of the commissioner's determination shall be mailed to the taxpayer and such notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of decision in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to the taxpayer.
(d) The action of the commissioner on the taxpayer's protest shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which he mails notice of his action to the taxpayer unless within such period the taxpayer seeks judicial review of the commissioner's determination.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 80, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 80, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-729a. Jeopardy assessment. (a) If the commissioner believes that the collection of any tax imposed under this chapter, including any amount of tax required to be deducted and withheld and paid over to the commissioner, will be jeopardized by delay, the commissioner shall make a jeopardy assessment of the tax, noting that fact upon the assessment and serving written notice thereof, personally or by mail, in the manner prescribed for service of notice of proposed assessment, on the person against whom the jeopardy assessment is made. Ten days after the date on which it is served, such notice shall constitute a final assessment except only for such amounts as to which such person has filed a written protest with the commissioner as provided in subsection (c) of this section.
(b) The amount assessed is due and payable no later than the tenth day after service of the notice of assessment, unless on or before such tenth day the person against whom such assessment is made has obtained a stay of collection as provided in subsection (c) of this section. To the extent that collection has not been stayed, the commissioner may enforce collection of such tax by using the method provided in section 12-35 or by using any other method provided for in the general statutes relating to the enforced collection of taxes provided, if the amount of such tax has been definitely fixed, the amount so fixed shall be assessed and collected and if the amount of such tax has not been definitely fixed, the commissioner shall assess and collect such amount as, in the commissioner's opinion, from the facts available to the commissioner, is sufficient. If the amount specified in the notice of jeopardy assessment is not paid on or before the tenth day after service of notice upon the person against whom such jeopardy assessment is made, the penalty and the interest provided in section 12-735 shall attach to the amount of the tax.
(c) The person against whom the jeopardy assessment is made may file a written protest with the commissioner on or before the tenth day after the service upon such person of notice of the jeopardy assessment. If a written protest is filed, the commissioner shall reconsider the jeopardy assessment and, if such person has so requested, may grant or deny such person or such person's authorized representatives an oral hearing. Such person may obtain a stay of collection of the whole or any part of the amount of such jeopardy assessment by filing with the commissioner, on or before such tenth day, a bond of a surety company authorized to do business in this state or other security acceptable to the commissioner in such an amount, not exceeding double the amount as to which the stay is desired, as the commissioner deems necessary to ensure compliance with this chapter, conditioned upon payment of as much of the amount, the collection of which is stayed by the bond, as is found to be due from such person. At any time thereafter in respect to the whole or any part of the amount covered by such bond, the person against whom a jeopardy assessment has been made may waive such stay, and if, as the result of such waiver, any part of the amount covered by the bond is paid, the bond shall, at the request of such person, be proportionately reduced.
(d) Notice of the commissioner's determination, following reconsideration of the jeopardy assessment, shall be served, personally or by mail, on the person against whom the jeopardy assessment was made, and such notice shall set forth the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of decision in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to such person.
(e) The determination of the commissioner following reconsideration of the jeopardy assessment, shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which notice thereof is served, personally or by mail, on the person against whom the jeopardy assessment was made unless within such period the taxpayer seeks judicial review of the commissioner's determination under section 12-730.
(P.A. 96-221, S. 19, 25; P.A. 99-121, S. 24, 28.)
History: P.A. 96-221 effective June 4, 1996; P.A. 99-121 made technical changes, added provisions re service of notice, when jeopardy assessment is payable and surety company, and deleted former Subsec. (f), effective June 3, 1999.

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Sec. 12-730. Appeals. Notwithstanding the provisions of chapter 54 to the contrary, any taxpayer aggrieved because of any determination or disallowance by the commissioner under section 12-729 or 12-732 may, within one month after notice of the commissioner's determination or disallowance is mailed to the taxpayer, take an appeal therefrom to the superior court for the judicial district of New Britain, which shall be accompanied by a citation to the commissioner to appear before said court. Such citation shall be signed by the same authority, and such appeal shall be returnable at the same time and served and returned in the same manner, as is required in case of a summons in a civil action. The authority issuing the citation shall take from the appellant a bond or recognizance to the state of Connecticut, with surety to prosecute the appeal to effect and to comply with the orders and decrees of the court in the premises. Such appeals shall be preferred cases, to be heard unless cause appears to the contrary, at the first session by the court or by a committee appointed by it. Said court may grant such relief as may be equitable and, if such tax has been paid prior to the granting of such relief, may order the Treasurer to pay the amount of such relief, with interest at the rate of two- thirds of one per cent per month or fraction thereof, to the aggrieved taxpayer. If the appeal has been taken without probable cause, the court may charge double or triple costs, as the case demands, and upon all such appeals which may be denied, costs may be taxed against the appellant at the discretion of the court but no costs shall be taxed against the state.
(P.A. 88-230, S. 1, 12; P.A. 90-98, S. 1, 2; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 81, 168; P.A. 93-142, S. 4, 7, 8; P.A. 95-26, S. 41, 52; 95-220, S. 4−6; P.A. 99-215, S. 24, 29.)
History: P.A. 88-230 mandated replacement of "judicial district of Hartford-New Britain" with "judicial district of Hartford", effective September 1, 1991; P.A. 90-98 changed effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1991, to September 1, 1993, and expanded applicability to 1991 public and special acts; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 81, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 93-142 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1993, to September 1, 1996, effective June 14, 1993; P.A. 95-26 lowered interest rate from nine per cent per annum to two-thirds of one per cent per month, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date; P.A. 95-220 changed the effective date of P.A. 88-230 from September 1, 1996, to September 1, 1998, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 99-215 replaced "judicial district of Hartford" with "judicial district of New Britain", effective June 29, 1999.
Cited. 45 CS 368.

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Sec. 12-731. Understatement of tax due to mathematical error. In the event that the amount of tax is understated on the taxpayer's return due to a mathematical error, the Commissioner of Revenue Services shall notify the taxpayer that an amount of tax in excess of that shown on the return, plus interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof from the due date of such tax, is due and has been assessed. Such a notice of additional tax due shall not be considered a notice of a deficiency assessment nor shall the taxpayer have any right of protest or appeal as in the case of a deficiency assessment based on such notice, and the assessment and collection of the amount of tax erroneously omitted in the return shall not be prohibited by any provision of this chapter.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 82, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 21, 37; P.A. 95-26, S. 42, 52.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 82, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 95-26 lowered interest rate from one and one-fourth to one per cent, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date.

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Sec. 12-732. Refunds. (a)(1) If any tax has been overpaid, the taxpayer may file a claim for refund in writing with the commissioner within three years from the due date for which such overpayment was made, stating the specific grounds upon which the claim is founded, provided if the commissioner has extended the time for the filing of an income tax return by the taxpayer, the taxpayer may file a claim for refund within three years after the date on which the income tax return is filed by the taxpayer or within three years after the extended due date of the income tax return, whichever is earlier. Not later than ninety days following receipt of such claim for refund the commissioner shall determine whether such claim is valid and, if so, said commissioner shall notify the State Comptroller of the amount of such refund and the State Comptroller shall draw an order on the State Treasurer in the amount thereof for payment to the taxpayer. For purposes of this section, a claim for refund that is filed before the last day prescribed by law or by a regulation adopted pursuant to law for the filing of an income tax return, determined without regard to any extension of time for filing, shall be deemed to be filed on such last day. To the amount of such refund, there shall be added interest at the rate of two-thirds of one per cent for each month or fraction thereof which elapses between (A) the ninetieth day following receipt by the commissioner of such claim for refund on a permitted form, containing the taxpayer's name, address and Social Security number or federal employer identification number, the required signature, and sufficient required information, whether on the return or on required attachments, to permit the mathematical verification of tax liability shown on the return, and (B) the date of notice by the commissioner that such refund is due. Failure to file a claim within the time prescribed in this section constitutes a waiver of any demand against the state on account of overpayment. If the commissioner determines that such claim is not valid, either in whole or in part, said commissioner shall mail notice of the disallowance in whole or in part of the claim to the claimant and such notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of disallowance in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to the claimant. Sixty days after the date on which it is mailed, a notice of proposed disallowance shall constitute a final disallowance except only for such amounts as to which the claimant has filed, as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, a written protest with the commissioner.
(2) On or before the sixtieth day after the mailing of the proposed disallowance, the claimant may file with the commissioner a written protest against the proposed disallowance in which the claimant sets forth the grounds on which the protest is based. If a protest is filed, the commissioner shall reconsider the proposed disallowance and, if the claimant has so requested, may grant or deny the claimant or the claimant's authorized representatives an oral hearing.
(3) The commissioner shall mail notice of his determination to the claimant, which notice shall set forth briefly the commissioner's findings of fact and the basis of decision in each case decided in whole or in part adversely to the claimant.
(4) The action of the commissioner on the claimant's protest shall be final upon the expiration of one month from the date on which he mails notice of his action to the claimant unless within such period the claimant seeks judicial review of the commissioner's determination pursuant to section 12-730.
(b) (1) Notwithstanding the three-year limitation provided by subsection (a) of this section, if a taxpayer has timely complied with the requirements of subsection (b) of section 12-727, and, as a direct result of the change to or correction of the taxpayer's federal income tax return by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority, or as a direct result of a renegotiation of a contract or subcontract with the United States, the tax that has previously been reported to be due on a tax return under this chapter has been overpaid, or as a direct result of an amendment by the taxpayer of the taxpayer's federal income tax return, the tax that has previously been reported to be due on a tax return under this chapter has been overpaid, any claim for refund subsequently filed by such taxpayer will be deemed to be timely filed.
(2) Notwithstanding the three-year limitation provided by subsection (a) of this section, if a taxpayer has timely complied with the requirements of subsection (b) of section 12-704 and as a direct result of the change to or correction of taxpayer's income tax return by the tax officers or other competent authority of another state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia, the tax that has previously been reported to be due on a tax return under this chapter has been overpaid, or as a direct result of an amendment by the taxpayer of the taxpayer's income tax return to another state of the United States or a political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia, the tax that has previously been reported to be due on a tax return under this chapter has been overpaid, any claim for refund subsequently filed by such taxpayer will be deemed to be timely filed.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 83, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 22, 37; P.A. 95-26, S. 43, 52; P.A. 97-243, S. 63, 67; P.A. 98-244, S. 32, 35; P.A. 00-174, S. 43, 83.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 83, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes and added Subsec. (b), effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 95-26 amended Subsec. (a) to lower interest rate from three-fourths to two-thirds of one per cent and to provide that a return filed before the last day prescribed by law or regulation is deemed as filed on the last day, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (a) to require claim for refund on a form containing name, address, Social Security number or federal employer identification number, signature and sufficient information to verify tax liability, to provide for an administrative hearing with the department before taking an appeal to the Superior Court, establish the time for filing a claim and made technical changes, effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to claims for refund filed years commencing on or after said date; P.A. 98-244 amended Subsec. (b) to add Subdiv. (2) providing that a claim for refund is timely filed if requirements of Sec. 12-704 are met, numbered existing text as Subdiv. (1) and made technical changes, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 00-174 amended Subdiv. (a)(1) to add provisions re filing a claim for refund in the case of an extension of filing and made a technical change for purposes of gender neutrality, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to returns for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 2000.
Cited. 44 CS 126, 132.

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Sec. 12-733. Limits on time for making of deficiency assessments. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a notice of proposed deficiency assessment shall be mailed to the taxpayer within three years after the return is filed. No deficiency shall be assessed or collected with respect to the year for which the return is filed unless the notice is mailed within the three-year period or the period otherwise fixed. Where, within the sixty-day period ending on the day on which the time prescribed by this chapter for mailing a notice of proposed deficiency assessment for any taxable year would otherwise expire, the commissioner receives a written document signed by a taxpayer showing that the taxpayer owes an additional amount of tax for such taxable year, the period during which a notice of proposed deficiency assessment may be mailed shall not expire before the day sixty days after the day on which the commissioner receives such document.
(b) (1) If the taxpayer omits from Connecticut adjusted gross income, in the case of an individual, or from Connecticut taxable income, in the case of a trust or estate, an amount properly includable therein which is in excess of twenty-five per cent of the amount of Connecticut adjusted gross income or Connecticut taxable income, as the case may be, stated in the return, a notice of a proposed deficiency assessment may be mailed to the taxpayer within six years after the return is filed. For purposes of this subsection, there shall not be taken into account any amount which is omitted in the return if such amount is disclosed in the return, or in a statement attached to the return, in a manner adequate to apprise the Commissioner of Revenue Services of the nature and the amount of such item.
(2) If the taxpayer omits from the Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state, in the case of a nonresident individual or part-year resident individual, or from Connecticut taxable income derived from or connected with sources within this state, in the case of a nonresident trust or estate of part- year resident trust, an amount properly includable therein which is in excess of twenty- five per cent of the amount of Connecticut adjusted gross income derived from or connected with sources within this state or Connecticut taxable income derived from or connected with sources within this state, as the case may be, stated in the return, a notice of a proposed deficiency assessment may be mailed to the taxpayer within six years after the return is filed. For purposes of this subsection, there shall not be taken into account any amount which is omitted in the return if such amount is disclosed in the return, or in a statement attached to the return, in a manner adequate to apprise the Commissioner of Revenue Services of the nature and the amount of such item.
(c) If no return is filed or if a taxpayer makes, wilfully or otherwise, a false or fraudulent return, a notice of deficiency may be mailed to the taxpayer at any time.
(d) (1) If a taxpayer fails to comply with the requirements of section 12-727 by not reporting a change or correction by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority increasing, in the case of an individual, the individual's federal adjusted gross income or, in the case of a trust or estate, its federal taxable income, or by not reporting a change or correction which is treated in the same manner as if it were a deficiency for federal income tax purposes, or by not filing an amended return, a notice of a proposed deficiency assessment may be mailed to the taxpayer at any time. The provisions of the preceding sentence shall also apply if an individual's computation of tax under Section 1341(a)(4) or (5) of the Internal Revenue Code is changed or corrected by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority, and the individual fails to comply with the requirements of section 12-727.
(2) If a taxpayer fails to comply with the requirements of subsection (b) of section 12-704 by not reporting a change or correction by tax officers or other competent authority of another jurisdiction affecting the amount of tax of such other jurisdiction that the taxpayer is finally required to pay, or by not filing an amended return, a notice of a proposed deficiency assessment may be mailed to the taxpayer at any time.
(e) (1) If the taxpayer, pursuant to section 12-727, reports a change or correction by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority increasing, in the case of an individual, the individual's federal adjusted gross income or, in the case of a trust or estate, its federal taxable income or reports a change or correction which is treated in the same manner as if it were a deficiency for federal income tax purposes, or files an amended return, the assessment, if not deemed to have been made upon the filing of the report or amended return, may be made at any time not later than three years after such report or amended return is filed. The provisions of the preceding sentence shall also apply if an individual's computation of tax under Section 1341(a)(4) or (5) of the Internal Revenue Code is changed or corrected by the United States Internal Revenue Service or other competent authority, and the individual, pursuant to section 12-727, reports the change or correction.
(2) If the taxpayer, pursuant to subsection (b) of section 12-704, reports a change or correction by tax officers or other competent authority of another jurisdiction affecting the amount of tax of such other jurisdiction that the taxpayer is finally required to pay, or files an amended return, the assessment, if not deemed to have been made upon the filing of the report or amended return, may be made not later than three years after such report or amended return is filed.
(f) Where, before the expiration of the time prescribed in this section for the assessment of a deficiency, both the commissioner and the taxpayer shall have consented in writing to its assessment after such time, the deficiency may be assessed at any time prior to the expiration of the period agreed upon. The period so agreed upon may be extended by a subsequent agreement in writing made before the expiration of the period previously agreed upon and the commissioner may, in such a case, waive the statute of limitations against a claim for refund by such taxpayer.
(g) For purposes of this section an income tax return filed before the last day prescribed by law or by any regulation adopted pursuant to law for the filing thereof, determined without regard to any extension of time for filing, shall be deemed to be filed on such last day. If a return of withholding tax for any period ending with or within a calendar year is filed before April fifteenth of the succeeding calendar year, such return shall be deemed to be filed on April fifteenth of such succeeding calendar year.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 84, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 23, 37; P.A. 95-5, S. 5, 6; P.A. 97-243, S. 43, 67; P.A. 98-244, S. 33, 35; P.A. 99-121, S. 25, 28; P.A. 00-174, S. 44, 83.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 84, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 amended Subsec. (f) to make a technical change, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; P.A. 95-5 amended Subsec. (a) to allow sixty days for mailing a deficiency assessment notice after an amended tax return is filed, effective April 13, 1995, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1995; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (b) to add "Connecticut adjusted" before "gross income" and "Connecticut taxable income in the case of a trust or estate", effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; P.A. 98-244 amended Subsec. (b) to number existing text as Subdiv. (1) and added Subdiv. (2) re nonresident and part-year resident individuals, effective June 8, 1998, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1998; P.A. 99-121 amended Subsecs. (d) and (e) to allow commissioner to make an assessment at any time where a taxpayer's federal adjusted gross income is changed or corrected by the IRS, whether or not the taxpayer's federal taxable income increases, if the taxpayer does not file an amended Connecticut income tax return, and to make technical changes, effective June 3, 1999; P.A. 00- 174 amended Subsec. (c) to allow an assessment to be mailed at any time in the case of a false or fraudulent return, without regard to taxpayer's intent, amended Subsecs. (d) and (e) to allow a proposed assessment to be sent where computation of tax is changed or corrected by the Internal Revenue Service and amended Subsec. (g) to provide that determination of when return is deemed filed for purposes of section is without regard to any extension of time for filing, effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to returns for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999.

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Sec. 12-734. Collection. Warrants. Liens. Foreclosure. The amount of any tax, penalty or interest due and unpaid under the provisions of this chapter may be collected under the provisions of section 12-35. The warrant therein provided for shall be signed by the commissioner or his authorized representative. The amount of any such tax, penalty and interest shall be a lien, from the last day of the taxable year until discharged by payment, against all real estate of the taxpayer within the state, and a certificate of such lien signed by the commissioner may be filed for record in the office of the clerk of any town in which such real estate is situated, provided no such lien shall be effective as against any bona fide purchaser or qualified encumbrancer of any interest in any such property. When any tax with respect to which a lien has been recorded under the provisions of this section has been satisfied, the commissioner, upon request of any interested party, shall issue a certificate discharging such lien, which certificate shall be recorded in the same office in which the lien was recorded. Any action for the foreclosure of such lien shall be brought by the Attorney General in the name of the state in the superior court for the judicial district in which the property subject to such lien is situated, or, if such property is located in two or more judicial districts, in the superior court for any one such judicial district, and the court may limit the time for redemption or order the sale of such property or pass such other further decree as it judges equitable.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 85, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 85, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-735. Failure to pay tax or make return. Penalty. Waiver of penalties. Penalty for failure to file statement of payment to another person. (a) If any person fails to pay the amount of tax reported to be due on his return within the time specified under the provisions of this chapter there shall be imposed a penalty equal to ten per cent of such amount due and unpaid. Such amount shall bear interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof, from the due date of such tax until the date of payment.
(b) If any person has not made a return within three months after the time specified under the provisions of this chapter, the commissioner may make such return at any time thereafter, according to the best information obtainable and according to the form prescribed. The making of a return by the commissioner pursuant to the authority conferred under this section shall not constitute the filing of a return by such person for purposes of subsection (c) of section 12-733 or subsection (a) of section 12-737. To the tax imposed upon the basis of such return, there shall be added an amount equal to ten per cent of such tax or fifty dollars, whichever is greater. The tax shall bear interest at the rate of one per cent per month or fraction thereof, from the due date of such tax until the date of payment. No taxpayer shall be subject to a penalty under both subsections (a) and (b) of this section in relation to the same tax period.
(c) Subject to the provisions of section 12-3a, the commissioner may waive all or part of the penalties provided under this chapter when it is proven to his satisfaction that the failure to pay any tax was due to reasonable cause and was not intentional or due to neglect.
(d) In case of each failure to file a statement of payment to another person required under the authority of this chapter, including the duplicate statement of tax withheld on wages on the date prescribed therefor, determined with regard to any extension of time for filing, unless it is shown that such failure is due to a reasonable cause and not to wilful neglect, there shall be paid upon notice and demand by the commissioner by the person so failing to file the statement, a penalty of five dollars for each statement not so filed, but the total amount imposed on the delinquent person for all such failures during any calendar year shall not exceed two thousand dollars.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 86, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17, S. 16, 59; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 66, 85; P.A. 95-26, S. 44, 52; 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 00-174, S. 45, 83.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 86, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-17 amended Subsec. (b) to impose a fifty-dollar minimum penalty, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 amended Subsec. (b) to reduce interest rate from one and one-quarter per cent to one per cent and to provide that interest may only be applied on the tax rather than on tax and penalty, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after said date; P.A. 95-26 amended Subsec. (a) to lower interest rate from one and one-fourth to one per cent, effective July 1, 1995, and applicable to taxes due and owing on or after July 1, 1995, whether or not those taxes first became due before said date; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 00-174 amended Subsec. (b) to provide that commissioner's making of a return under this section shall not constitute a filing under Sec. 12-733(c) or 12-737(a), effective May 26, 2000, and applicable to returns for taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1999.

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Sec. 12-736. Penalty for evading or failing to collect, account for or pay over tax. Penalty for fraud. (a) Any person required to collect, truthfully account for and pay over the tax imposed under this chapter who wilfully fails to collect such tax or truthfully account for and pay over such tax or who wilfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat the tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be liable for a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over.
(b) Any person who with fraudulent intent shall fail to pay, to deduct or to withhold and pay any tax, to make, render, sign or certify any return or to supply any information within the time required by or under this chapter shall be subject to a penalty of not more than one thousand dollars, in addition to any other amounts required under this chapter to be imposed, assessed and collected by the commissioner.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 87, 168; P.A. 97-243, S. 44, 67.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 87, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 97-243 amended Subsec. (b) to delete reference to declaration of estimated tax, effective June 24, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997.

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Sec. 12-737. Penalties for wilful violations. (a) Any person required under this chapter to pay any tax, or required under this chapter or by regulations adopted in accordance with the provisions of this chapter to make a return, keep any records or supply any information, who wilfully fails to pay such tax, make such return, keep such records or supply such information, at the time required by law or regulations, shall, in addition to any other penalty provided by law, be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or both. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 54-193, no person shall be prosecuted for a violation of the provisions of this subsection committed on or after July 1, 1997, except within three years next after such violation has been committed.
(b) Any person who wilfully delivers or discloses to the commissioner or his authorized agent any list, return, account, statement or other document known by him to be fraudulent or false in any material matter shall, in addition to any other penalty provided by law, be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five years nor less than one year or both. No person shall be charged with an offense under both subsection (a) and (b) of this section in relation to the same tax period but such person may be charged and prosecuted for both such offenses upon the same information.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 88, 168; P.A. 97-203, S. 13, 20.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 88, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 97-203 amended Subsec. (a) to extend to three years the time within which persons wilfully failing to file tax returns or pay taxes may be criminally prosecuted, effective July 1, 1997.

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Sec. 12-738. Penalty for false statement relating to withholding allowance. In addition to any other penalty provided by law, if any individual, in claiming a withholding allowance, makes a statement which results in a decrease in the amounts deducted and withheld under this chapter and, as of the time such statement was made, there was no reasonable basis for such statement, he shall pay a penalty of fifty dollars for such statement, unless:
(1) Such statement did not result in a decrease in the amount deducted and withheld, or
(2) The taxes imposed with respect to the individual under this chapter for the next succeeding taxable year do not exceed the sum of: (i) The credits against such taxes and (ii) the payments of estimated tax which are considered payments on account of such taxes. The provisions of section 12-728 relating to deficiency procedure shall not apply in respect to the assessment or collection of any penalty imposed by this section.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 89, 168; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5, S. 24, 37.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 89, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 92-5 made various technical and minor changes, effective June 19, 1992, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1992.

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Sec. 12-739. Credit of overpayments. (a)(1) The commissioner, within the applicable period of limitations may credit an overpayment of income tax and interest on such overpayment against any liability in respect of any tax imposed by this state on the person who made the overpayment, and the balance shall be refunded by the Treasurer out of the proceeds of the tax retained by him for such general purposes.
(2) For purposes of subsection (a) of this section, any taxes for general or special purposes levied by a municipality, any taxes imposed under chapter 223 and payable to such municipality, any fines, penalties, costs or fees payable to such municipality for the violation of any lawful regulation or ordinance in furtherance of any general powers as enumerated in section 7-148, or any charge payable to such municipality for connection with or for the use of a waterworks or sewerage system shall be treated as if they were taxes due to the state, where, pursuant to section 12-2, an agreement exists between the commissioner and the governing authority of such municipality providing for the collection by the commissioner, on behalf of such municipality, of such taxes, fines, penalties, costs or fees, or charges, provided such taxes, fines, penalties, costs or fees, or charges are (A) unpaid and a period in excess of thirty days has elapsed following the date on which they were due and (B) not the subject of a timely filed administrative appeal or of a timely filed appeal pending before any court of competent jurisdiction.
(b) If the amount allowable as a credit for tax withheld from the taxpayer exceeds the tax to which the credit relates, the excess shall be considered as overpayment.
(c) If there has been an overpayment of tax required to be deducted and withheld under section 12-705, refund shall be made to the employer only to the extent that the amount of the overpayment was not deducted and withheld by the employer.
(d) The commissioner may prescribe regulations providing for the crediting against the estimated income tax for any taxable year of the amount determined to be an overpayment of the income tax for a preceding taxable year.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 90, 168; P.A. 97-309, S. 17, 23; 97-322, S. 7, 9.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 90, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 97-309 amended Subsec. (a) to designate existing Subsec. as Subdiv. (1) and added new Subdiv. (2) re treatment of municipal taxes as taxes due state if agreement entered into under Sec. 12-2, effective July 1, 1997; P.A. 97-322 revised effective date of P.A. 97-309 to specify applicability to income years commencing on and after July 1, 1997.

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Sec. 12-740. Administration and enforcement. Keeping of records. Examination of records. Hearings. Testimony. (a) The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall administer and enforce the tax imposed under this chapter and is authorized to adopt regulations and to require such facts and information to be reported as may be necessary to enforce the provisions of this chapter.
(b) The commissioner may prescribe the form and contents of any return or other document required to be filed under this chapter.
(c) The commissioner may adopt regulations as to the keeping of records, the content and form of returns and statements and the filing of copies of federal income tax returns and determinations. The commissioner may require any person, by regulation or notice served on such person, to make such returns, render such statements or keep such records as the commissioner may deem sufficient to show whether or not such person is liable under this chapter for tax or for the collection of tax.
(d) The commissioner or any person authorized by him may examine the books, papers, records and equipment of any person liable under the provisions of this chapter and may investigate the activities of the person in order to verify the accuracy of any return made, or, if no return is made by the person, to ascertain and determine the amount required to be paid.
(e) The commissioner and any representative of the commissioner authorized to conduct any inquiry, investigation or hearing under this chapter may administer oaths and take testimony under oath relative to the matter of inquiry or investigation. At any hearing ordered by the commissioner, the commissioner or his representative authorized to conduct such hearing and to issue such process may subpoena witnesses and require the production of books, papers and documents pertinent to such inquiry. No witness under subpoena authorized to be issued by the provisions of this chapter shall be excused from testifying or from producing books or other documentary evidence on the grounds that the production of such books or other documentary evidence would tend to incriminate him, but such evidence or the books or documentary evidence so produced shall not be used in any criminal proceeding against him. If any person disobeys such process or, having appeared in obedience thereto, refuses to answer any pertinent question put to him by the commissioner or his authorized representative, or to produce any books and other documentary evidence pursuant thereto, the commissioner or such representative may apply to the superior court for the judicial district wherein the taxpayer resides or to any judge of said court if the same is not in session, setting forth such disobedience to process or refusal to answer, and said court or such judge shall cite such person to appear before said court or such judge to answer such question or to produce such books and other documentary evidence and, upon his refusal so to do, shall commit such person to a community correctional center until he testifies, but not for a longer period than sixty days. Notwithstanding the serving of the term of such commitment by any person, the commissioner may proceed in all respects with such inquiry and examination as if the witness had not previously been called upon to testify. Officers who serve subpoenas issued by the commissioner or under his authority and witnesses attending hearings conducted by him hereunder shall receive fees and compensation at the same rates as officers and witnesses in the courts of this state, to be paid on vouchers of the commissioner on order of the Comptroller from the appropriation for the administration of this chapter.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 91, 168.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 91, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991.

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Sec. 12-741. Rules and rulings in lieu of regulations. Notwithstanding the provisions of chapter 54 and this chapter, the Commissioner of Revenue Services may, in any instance in which, in accordance with said chapter 54 or this chapter, he may or is required to adopt regulations, adopt rules and issue rulings in lieu of such regulations for the purposes of this chapter on a temporary basis, which shall have the force and effect of regulations, until such regulations are adopted and approved. On or before January 1, 1994, the commissioner shall submit such regulations to the legislative regulation review committee in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54 to implement the provisions of this chapter.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 92, 168; P.A. 93-361, S. 9; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-1, S. 111, 130.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 92, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 93-361 amended section by requiring commissioner to submit regulations implementing the income tax by January 1, 1994, the word "regulations" being inserted editorially by the Revisors to correct an obvious clerical error; May 25 Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-2 made technical change, effective July 1, 1994.

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Sec. 12-742. Withholding of refund from persons owing debts or obligations to the state. In cases where any person or entity is due a refund of state income taxes, and that same person owes a debt or obligation for which the Commissioner of Administrative Services is seeking reimbursement, the Commissioner of Revenue Services, upon notification by the Commissioner of Administrative Services, shall withhold the payment of said refund to such person or entity to the extent of such debt or obligation, provided the Commissioner of Revenue Services shall notify such debtor that he has the right to a hearing before an officer designated by the Commissioner of Administrative Services if he contests the validity or amount of the Commissioner of Administrative Services's claim, except that where the debt or obligation is a debt resulting from failure to pay an order for child support, the administrative review process will be held in accordance with subsection (c) of section 52-362e. If the debtor fails to apply in writing to the Commissioner of Administrative Services for a hearing within sixty days of the issuance of notice of withholding, the Commissioner of Revenue Services shall remit the amount of the withheld refund to the Commissioner of Administrative Services. If the debtor elects an administrative hearing within this time, the Commissioner of Revenue Services shall remit the amount of the withheld refund in accordance with any decisions of the hearing officer or the court upon an appeal of the hearing officer's decision.
(June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 93, 168; P.A. 92-253, S. 7.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-3, S. 93, effective August 22, 1991, and applicable to taxable years of taxpayers commencing on or after January 1, 1991; P.A. 92-253 added phrase "except that where the debt or obligation is a debt resulting from failure to pay an order for child support, the administrative review process will be held in accordance with subsection (c) of section 52-362e".

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Sec. 12-743. Contributions from refunds to special accounts. (a) Any taxpayer filing a return under this chapter may contribute any part of a refund under this chapter to (1) the organ transplant account established pursuant to section 17b-288, (2) the AIDS research education account established pursuant to section 19a-32a, (3) the endangered species, natural area preserves and watchable wildlife account established pursuant to section 22a-27l, (4) the breast cancer research and education account established pursuant to section 19a-32b, or (5) the safety net services account established pursuant to section 17b-112f, by indicating on the tax return, in a manner provided for by the Commissioner of Revenue Services pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, the amount to be contributed to the account.
(b) The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall revise the tax return form to implement the provisions of subsection (a) of this section which form shall include spaces on the return in which taxpayers may indicate their intention to make a contribution in accordance with this section. The spaces shall include three boxes for each account with suggested whole dollar amounts, with the lowest suggested contribution being at least two dollars, and one additional box for other whole dollar amounts. The commissioner shall include in the instructions accompanying the tax return a description of the purposes for which the organ transplant account, the AIDS research education account, the endangered species, natural area preserves and watchable wildlife account, the breast cancer research and education account and the safety net account were created.
(c) A designated contribution of all or part of any refund shall be irrevocable upon the filing of the return and shall be made in the full amount designated if the refund found due the taxpayer upon the initial processing of the return, and after any deductions required by this chapter, is greater than or equal to the designated contribution. If the refund due, as determined upon initial processing, and after any deductions required by this chapter, is less than the designated contribution, the contribution shall be made in the full amount of the refund. The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall subtract the amount of any contribution of all or part of any refund from the amount of the refund initially found due the taxpayer and shall certify the difference to the Secretary of the Office of Policy and Management and the Treasurer for payment to the taxpayer in accordance with this chapter. For the purposes of any subsequent determination of the taxpayer's net tax payment, such contribution shall be considered a part of the refund paid to the taxpayer.
(d) The Commissioner of Revenue Services, after notification of and approval by the Secretary of the Office of Policy and Management, may deduct and retain from the funds so collected an amount equal to the costs of implementing this section and sections 17b-288, 19a-32a, 22a-27l, 19a-32b and 17b-112f but not to exceed seven and one-half per cent of the funds contributed in any fiscal year and in no event shall exceed the total cost of implementation of said sections.
(P.A. 93-233, S. 1, 3, 5; P.A. 94-175, S. 14, 16, 32; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4, S. 80, 85; P.A. 95-160, S. 64, 69; P.A. 97-286, S. 7, 8; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-2, S. 4, 165.)
History: P.A. 93-233 S. 1, 3 and 5 regarding contributions from tax refunds to (1) the organ transplant fund account, (2) the endangered species, natural area preserves and watchable wildlife account, and (3) the AIDS research education fund account were combined editorially into one section by the Revisors who made necessary technical adjustments to the wording to permit this; P.A. 94-175, in Subsec. (a) changed account names from "organ transplant fund account" to "organ transplant account" and from "AIDS research education fund account" to "AIDS research education account", effective June 2, 1994; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 revised effective date of P.A. 94-175 but without affecting this section; in 1997 the Revisors editorially changed the reference in Subsec. (d) to "sections 19a-32a, 19a-32b and 22a-271", to "sections 17b- 288, 19a-32a and 22a-271", thereby correcting a clerical codification error; P.A. 95-160 revised effective date of May Sp. Sess. P.A. 94-4 but without affecting this section; P.A. 97-286 added breast cancer research and education account and made technical changes, effective June 26, 1997, and applicable to taxable years commencing on or after January 1, 1997; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-2 added the safety net services account, effective July 1, 1997.

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Sec. 12-744. Amount required to be shown on a form when item is other than a whole-dollar amount. (a) The commissioner shall allow any taxpayer, at his option, to provide with respect to any amount required to be shown on a form prescribed for any return, statement or other document required under the provisions of this chapter that if such amount of such item is other than a whole-dollar amount, either (1) the fractional part of a dollar shall be disregarded; or (2) the fractional part of a dollar shall be disregarded unless it amounts to one-half dollar or more, in which case the amount shall be increased by one dollar.
(b) The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not be applicable to items which must be taken into account in making the computations necessary to determine the amount required to be shown on a form, but shall be applicable only to such final amount.
(P.A. 93-74, S. 49, 67.)
History: P.A. 93-74 effective May 19, 1993, and applicable to taxable years commencing on and after January 1, 1993.

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Sec. 12-745. Order of credits. (a) Whenever a taxpayer is eligible to claim more than one income tax credit under this chapter, the credits shall be claimed for the taxable year in the following order: (1) Any credit under section 12-703; (2) any credit under section 12-704; (3) any credit under subsection (e) of section 12-700a; (4) any other credit that may not be carried forward to a succeeding taxable year or years, in the order in which the taxpayer may receive the maximum benefit; (5) any credit that may be carried forward to a succeeding taxable year or years with any credit carry-forward that will expire first being claimed before any credit carry-forward that will expire later or will not expire at all or if the credit carry-forwards will expire at the same time, in the order in which the taxpayer may receive the maximum benefit.
(b) In no event shall any credit be claimed more than once.
(P.A. 96-221, S. 18, 25.)
History: P.A. 96-221 effective July 1, 1996.

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Sec. 12-746. Rebate. (a) Any taxpayer subject to tax pursuant to this chapter who files a Connecticut income tax return for the taxable year commencing January 1, 1997, on or before May 1, 1998, or, for a taxpayer who has been granted an extension to file such return, October 16, 1998, and has paid property tax, which first became due and was paid in such income year, to a Connecticut political subdivision on the taxpayer's primary residence or motor vehicle, shall be entitled to a rebate in accordance with the following schedule:
(1) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as an unmarried individual or as a married individual filing separately, an amount equal to the lesser of the taxpayer's income tax liability as shown on such return or seventy-five dollars, but in no case less than fifty dollars;
(2) For any person who files a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as a head of household, an amount equal to the lesser of the taxpayer's income tax liability as shown on such return or one hundred twenty dollars, but in no case less than fifty dollars;
(3) For any husband and wife who file a return under the federal income tax for such taxable year as married individuals filing jointly or a person who files a return under the federal income tax as a surviving spouse, an amount equal to the lesser of the taxpayer's income tax liability as shown on such return or one hundred fifty dollars, but in no case less than fifty dollars.
(b) This section shall not apply to trusts and estates.
(c) Amounts rebated pursuant to this section shall be subject to the provisions for set-off as provided in sections 12-739 and 12-742.
(d) As used in this section, "income tax liability as shown on such return" means the liability after application of the credit for property taxes allowed and taken on such return pursuant to section 12-704c, as corrected for mathematical error by the Commissioner of Revenue Services on the original return filed by such taxpayer.
(e) Amounts rebated pursuant to this section shall not be considered income for purposes of sections 8-119l, 12-170d, 12-170aa, 17b-490, 17b-550, 17b-812, 47-88d and 47-287.
(f) The Commissioner of Revenue Services shall notify the State Comptroller of the amount of the rebates pursuant to this section, and the State Comptroller shall draw an order on the State Treasurer in the amount thereof for payment to the taxpayer. For taxpayers who have filed a Connecticut income tax return for the taxable year commencing January 1, 1997, on or before May 1, 1998, such rebates shall be issued no later than July 31, 1998. All remaining rebates shall be issued no later than December 15, 1998.
(P.A. 98-110, S. 2, 3, 27.)
History: P.A. 98-110 effective May 19, 1998.

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Secs. 12-747 to 12-799. Reserved for future use.

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